1) Rigor mortis occurs after a person dies because muscle cells are no longer supplied with ATP. This causes the muscles to become rigid and stuck in position. Based on your knowledge of muscle contraction, why would muscles become rigid, rather than limp, after death?

2) The term fibrillation refers to an irregular, ineffective heartbeat. Do you think ventricular fibrillation is more or less serious than atrial fibrillation in a human? Explain your reasoning.

Explanation:

The myelin sheath, lipoprotein structure deposited around axons selected in inner nodules, interrupted periodically by Ranvier nodules, allows saltatory, rapid and effective conduction in the nervous system of vertebrates. The cells that construct myelin are the oligodendrocyte in the nervous central nervous system (CNS) and the Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. An oligonucleotide myelinates one or more axons, while the Schwann always forms a single myelin internodule. The process of myelination begins when a cell-sheath projection involves the axon and a loose spiral shape around it. Over time the formed layers are compacted by the expulsion of the cytoplasm and the formation of a lamellar structure with thick electrodes bands - derived from the apposition of the cytoplasmic phases of the membranes - and fewer electrodes - derived of the external phases of the membranes.

Schwann cells form the myelin sheath by wrapping their membrane around an axon segment in the PNS, creating a lipid-rich layer that facilitates rapid transmission of electrical signals. This insulation ensures efficient nerve impulse conduction with nodes of Ranvier allowing impulses to travel quickly by 'jumping' from gap to gap.

Schwann cells are a type of glial cell responsible for the production of the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). During the process of myelination, a Schwann cell envelops an axon segment by wrapping its cell membrane around the axon multiple times. This wrapping forms a lipid-rich layer with very little cytoplasm between the layers, effectively insulating the axon and aiding in the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

The myelin sheath's appearance has been compared to a pastry wrapped around a hot dog, with the sausage representing the axon and the pastry the myelin layers. Unlike oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), which can myelinate several axons at once, a single Schwann cell myelinates just one segment of a peripheral nerve. Myelin is not only comprised of the phospholipids from the Schwann cell membrane but also includes proteins that help maintain the structure of the sheath, supporting fast electrical signaling along the nerve fiber.

The role of Schwann cells and myelin is crucial as they contribute to the formation of nodes of Ranvier—regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction, wherein nerve impulses 'jump' from node to node, drastically increasing the speed at which they travel down the axon.

Sterile broth should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for incubation.

At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, sterile broth should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for incubation.

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At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, a sterilizing agent such as ethanol or bleach should be added to the plates or tubes and everything should be soaked for a sufficient amount of time to kill any remaining bacteria.

At the conclusion of experiments involving growing bacterial cultures, a sterilizing agent such as ethanol or bleach should be added to the plates or tubes, and everything should be soaked for a sufficient amount of time to kill any remaining bacteria. This is done to prevent any contamination and to ensure the accuracy of the results.

For example, after completing an experiment to grow bacterial cultures, you would add ethanol or bleach to the plates or tubes and let them soak for at least 10 minutes. This ensures that any bacteria left on the surfaces are killed before handling or disposing of them.

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Answer:

The answer is A-2.

Explanation:

Even though four ATP molecules are produced in the second half. The net gain of glycolysis is only 2 ATP because 2 ATP molecules are used in the first half of the glycolysis.

The two main components of the extracellular matrix are Elastin and Collagen.

The extracellular matrix is an intricate macromolecular network that is found in the extracellular space. The matrix is composed of polysaccharides and very diverse proteins, locally secreted and assembled forming a complex network that surrounds the cells. The matrix is highly developed in connective tissue and its derivatives. The extracellular matrix is formed mainly by proteins, glycosaminoglycans,proteoglycans and glycoproteins, organized in diverse networks that constitute the different tissues. The most abundant proteins are collagen and elastin.

Collagen is a family of very abundant proteins in the body of animals. Collagen molecules can represent 25 to 30 % of all body proteins. Its main mission in the tissues is to form a framework that supports the tissues and that resists the forces of mechanical tension.

The elastin molecules are very close to each other through links between the regions rich in the amino acid lysine. It is an abundant protein in may extracellular matrices and appears as a component of the so called elastic fibers, which are onsoluble aggregates of proteins.

The extracellular matrix, a structure provided by cells that lack cell walls, majorly consists of proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen. Proteoglycans form the bulky mass, while fibrous proteins provide strength.

The two major components of the extracellular matrix are proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen. Proteoglycans form the bulky mass of the extracellular matrix. They are proteins that are heavily glycosylated, meaning they have several carbohydrate molecules attached to them. On the other hand, fibrous proteins such as collagen provide strength to the structure. They are long and stringy in structure and are known primarily for their tensile strength and resistance to stretching. Both of these components are attached to fibronectin proteins which, in turn, are connected to integrin proteins. These integrin proteins interact with transmembrane proteins in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls.

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Answer:

CFTR protein is found in the cells lining the lungs

Answer:

The harmful effects of chemicals on biological systems

Explanation:

Toxicology is an interdisciplinary subject that involves chemistry, pharmacology, biology and medicine. Mathieu Orfila is known as the father of modern toxicology.

Toxicology generally deals with the study of harmful effects of poison or chemicals on the living system. Rate of exposure, age, sex and duration of dosage are some factors that can influence chemical toxicity.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. False. In ventilation perfusion coupling, the goal is to match airflow and blood flow for optimal gas exchange in the lungs. However, there may be variations in blood flow and ventilation.

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. False. Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, while perfusion refers to the blood flow to the lungs. In the context of ventilation perfusion coupling, the goal is to match the airflow and blood flow to optimize gas exchange in the lungs. Ideally, blood flow would be directed towards functional alveoli, where there is adequate ventilation. However, in reality, there may be variations in blood flow and ventilation, resulting in some blood flowing past nonfunctional alveoli as well.

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Ventilation perfusion coupling is a crucial process that matches the flow of air and blood in our lungs. It optimizes the efficiency of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal by directing more blood past well-ventilated (functional) alveoli and less past poorly ventilated (non-functional) alveoli.

The statement about ventilation perfusion coupling is indeed true. Ventilation perfusion coupling is a mechanism by which the body ensures efficient gas exchange in the lungs by matching ventilation and blood flow. When ventilation is sufficient, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli remains high. If ventilation is insufficient, the body constricts the pulmonary arteriole serving the affected alveolus, which redirects blood flow towards alveoli with sufficient ventilation. Meanwhile, pulmonary arterioles serving well-ventilated alveoli dilate, allowing more blood flow. This process enhances the overall efficiency of oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal, ensuring more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

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Answer: the correct answer is Trabeculae .

The lattice or meshwork of trabeculae forms spongy bone.

Explanation:

Trabeculae of bone provide structural support to the spongy bone found at the ends of long bones.

Answer:

The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.

Explanation:

Question #1

To know which baby belongs to who you need to draw both families Punnett squares.

Let's start with the Jones family. Mr. Jones is AB this means, he has co-dominant alleles. Ms. Jones is 0 this means, she has two recessive alleles.

When you draw the Punnett square, you'll find that chances are 50% group A, and 50% group B.

Now, analyze the Smith family Mr. Smith is group A this means, he has either two A alleles or A0. Ms. Smith is group 0 this means, she has two recessive alleles.

If Mr. Smith is AA, 100% of children will be A, and if Mr. Smith is A0, 50% of children will be group A, and 50% will be group 0.

Baby Jane is group A, she could be either Smith or Jones, but baby Sara is group 0 the only chance is that her family was the Smith.

Question #2

Meiosis is a process in which gametes create. You have two stages: meiosis I, and II. At the end of meiosis I, you still have diploids cells (2n) this means, you have a pair of chromosomes in each cell. At the end of meiosis II, you have all haploid (n) cells, with half of the genetic charge.

Metaphase of meiosis II: Sister chromatids are in the equatorial plane to be pulled apart without being replicated. Here you have 46 chromosomes about to create two cells with 23 (n) chromosomes.

Metaphase of meiosis I: homologs chromatids are in the equatorial plane to be pulled apart after replication. Here you have 46 pairs of chromosomes about to create two cells with 46 chromosomes each (2n).

Anaphase of meiosis II: all singles chromatids (n) are in the poles and the plasmatic membrane begins to close to obtain two haploids (23 chromosomes each) cells.

Egg cell is the result of meiosis II and is the breeding cell. Its chromosomic charge is 23.

Answer:

Oppositional growth

Explanation:

Oppsositional growth is that process by which osteoblasts add layers to the circumferential lamellae, and the growth of bone is in its width, which is because of addition of extracellular matrix at peripheries.

Answer:

Muscularis externa layer.

Explanation:

The muscularis externa layer lies adjacent to the submucosa membrane. This is the third layer of the gastro intestinal tract. The muscularis externa of the colon is thick as it carries and passes urine and feces.

Muscularis externa layer prevents the backward travelling of food. This layer is mainly responsible for the peristalsis movement of food in the gastro intestinal tract and responsible for the segmentation as well.

The muscularis externa, a layer in the alimentary canal, is responsible for both segmentation (mixing) and peristalsis (propulsion) of food through rhythmic muscle contractions, facilitating digestion and nutrient absorption.

The muscular layer of the alimentary canal, known as the "muscularis externa," is responsible for both segmentation and peristalsis. Peristalsis is the coordinated, rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externa that propels food through the digestive tract, while segmentation involves the mixing and churning of food to facilitate digestion and absorption.

These muscular movements are essential for moving food through the digestive system and breaking it down into smaller particles for nutrient absorption.

For more questions on alimentary canal:

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Answer:

The correct answer will be

1. Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate.

2. A hexose kinase is an enzyme.

3. Terminal phosphate of ATP to a substrate.

4. The product of this reaction is then to form isomer fructose-6-phosphate.

5. Fructose-6-phosphate is then phosphorylated by a second phosphate ester synthesis reaction,

6. giving fructose-1,6 bisphosphate.

Explanation:

Glycolysis is a sequential breakdown of glucose into product pyruvate releasing energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This reaction takes place in ten steps in which the first three steps are ATP consuming reactions while last steps yield ATP molecules.

Step 1: includes the breakdown of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of enzyme hexose kinase which helps in the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to intermediate formed. This reaction is known as Phosphate ester synthesis.

Step 2: includes isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate which is again broken down to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase which again transfers a phosphate group from ATP. This is also a Phosphate ester synthesis reaction.

Thus, filled options are the correct answer.

Answer: A. visceral control center of the body

Explanation:

The hypothalamus corresponds to a small area in the Central Nervous System responsible for vital phenomena within the animal organism. Due to its importance, evolutionarily, it was protected by its location in the central part of the brain and protected by the skullcap. It commands the Endocrinological system. It exerts its direct action on the pituitary and indirect on other glands such as adrenal, gonads, thyroid, mammary and even on various organic tissues (muscle, bone, viscera. It acts on HYPOPHYSIS and interferes with the regulation of metabolism in general. It indirect influence: sleep/wake, hunger, blood pressure, the regulation of body heat production and loss, among others.

The hypothalamus is the visceral control center of the body. It is involved in the release of hormones, regulation of body temperature, and maintaining daily physiological cycles.

The hypothalamus is best described as the visceral control center of the body (option A). It is a small region of the brain that plays a crucial role in many vital functions, including releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, and maintaining daily physiological cycles. It connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, allowing it to control various body functions. It's not directly involved in somatic motor control, it's not referred to as the gateway to the cerebellum, nor does it serve as the relay station for the special senses.

The hypothalamus is the visceral control center of the body and is located at the base of the brain. It helps regulate various functions in the body such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone release. For example, it controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which affects growth, reproduction, and stress response.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The central nervous system (CNS) does not have capacity to repair itself but, the PNS or the peripheral nervous system can repair and regenerate itself. The PNS can regenerate its damaged axon only when its cell body or cyton and its neurilemma are intact. The proximal end of the cyton has growth cones. The axon grows from the cones.    

The cell body or soma of a neuron is crucial for axon regeneration because it is the site of protein synthesis and energy production, which are necessary for the rebuilding of the axon and its myelin sheath. The myelin sheath allows for efficient signal transmission along the axon and requires proteins produced in the soma for its structure and function. New research involving intracellular signal peptide (ISP) shows promising results for supporting nerve regeneration.

The cell body of a neuron, or its soma, is the central part of the neuron that contains the nucleus. This part of the cell is critical for its survival and function. It is in the cell body where all the protein synthesis and energy production necessary for the neuron to function takes place. Somas produce the proteins that are necessary for the structure and function of the axon and its myelin sheath.

The myelin sheath, made by Schwann cells in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), is critical to the functioning of the axon. It acts as an insulator for the axon, allowing electrical signals to travel down the axon in a rapid and efficient manner. This is through a process known as saltatory conduction, where the signal jumps between gaps in the myelin called Nodes of Ranvier.

When an axon is damaged, the cell body is necessary to orchestrate the rebuilding of the myelin and the axon. If the cell body is not intact, these processes cannot occur, hence preventing regeneration. Recent scientific research has shown promise for supporting the regeneration process through a drug called intracellular signal peptide (ISP), potentially offering new avenues for nerve healing in the future.

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Answer:

C. carbon dioxide

Explanation:

In the citric acid cycle, CO2 is released, and radioactive carbon would be released in the form of CO2 from the citric acid cycle after 3 rounds.

In the citric acid cycle, radioactive carbon first appears in the cells of the mesophyll tissue.

In the citric acid cycle, radioactive carbon would first appear in the cells of the mesophyll tissue.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within the cells of living organisms. The cycle is a key process by which cells generate energy from the food they consume.

Radioactive carbon can be introduced into the cycle through the consumption of radioactive carbon-14, which is a radioisotope of carbon that is produced in the atmosphere when nitrogen-14 is bombarded with cosmic rays. This radioactive carbon-14 is then incorporated into the cells of the mesophyll tissue, where it undergoes a series of chemical reactions as part of the citric acid cycle.

The citric acid cycle begins with the breakdown of glucose molecules into pyruvate, which is converted into acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is then fed into the cycle, where it is converted into citrate through a series of chemical reactions involving enzymes such as citrate synthase, aconitase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase.

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Allosteric enzymes, often multisubunit proteins, can exhibit homoallostery and heteroallostery. There is, however, a difference in the binding curve for a cooperative binding versus a noncooperative binding enzyme.

Allosteric enzymes are indeed often multisubunit proteins that have multiple active sites. They can exhibit homoallostery, where they show cooperativity in substrate binding. This means that the binding of one substrate molecule to one active site increases the affinity of the rest of the active sites for the same substrate.

Allosteric enzymes also exhibit heteroallostery, meaning, their activity can be regulated by other effector molecules binding to a site other than the active site. Effectors can be either inhibitors or activators that decrease or increase the enzyme's activity respectively.

However, it's not accurate to say there is no difference in the binding curve for a cooperative binding versus noncooperative binding enzyme. The binding curve for allosteric enzymes (cooperative binding) is sigmoidal, while for non-allosteric enzymes (noncooperative binding), it is hyperbolic.

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Allosteric enzymes exhibit cooperativity in substrate binding and can be regulated by effector molecules. They typically show different binding curves for cooperative versus noncooperative binding. These enzymes are often multisubunit proteins, with multiple active sites that can be influenced by effector molecules.

The statements about allosteric enzymes given by the student consist of several true points. Allosteric enzymes do indeed exhibit cooperativity in substrate binding (also known as homoallostery), which means that the binding of a substrate molecule to one active site on the enzyme can enhance the binding of more substrate molecules to other active sites. Furthermore, allosteric enzymes can be regulated by effector molecules (referred to as heteroallostery), which can either inhibit or activate the enzyme.

However, there is a distinction in the binding curve for allosteric enzymes with cooperative versus noncooperative binding; cooperative binding often results in a sigmoidal (or S-shaped) enzyme kinetics curve, whilst noncooperative binding usually produces a hyperbolic curve. Also, allosteric enzymes are often multisubunit proteins, meaning they are composed of more than one polypeptide chain and possess multiple active sites. These active sites can be influenced by the binding of effector molecules, leading to changes in the enzyme's activity.

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Answer:

All cross bridges broken

Explanation:

Muscle contraction is explained by the most accepted sliding filament theory given by Huxley and Huxley. During the process of muscle contraction actin filament slide over the myosin filament by the formation of cross-bridges. In this process the length of I band reduces whereas the length of A band remains the same. Also we should note that the actin and myosin filament remains unchanged.

The release of acetylcholine at the neuro-muscular junction stimulates the release of calcium ions from endoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. During the relaxed condition troponin-tropomyosin complex always block the myosin binding site on the surface of actin.

Once calcium is released it binds to the TpC component of troponin causing the shift of troponn-tropomyosin complex. Now actin can attach and slide over myosin.

The myosin head binds to actin forming the cross bridge and the pulling of myosin head towards M-line along with actin is called the power stroke. But myosin head also has a site for binding of ATP. Binding of ATP causes the detachment of myosin head from actin filament. Now since its the analog of ATP i.e AMPPNP present in the solution, cross-bridges will be broken. And only if ATP undergoes hydrolysis, the angle of myosin head changes into high energy cocked head conformation. Since AMPPNP is non-hydrolyzable we can rule out the fourth option.

Answer:

Cancer cells lack contact inhibition; therefore, they do not stop reproducing

Explanation:

The impact on the human health as we try to stay ahead of the evolutionary process is actually very bad. It is a fact that the humans are living much longer nowadays than ever before, with the main reasons for that being the well developed medicine and healthcare, much better standard of living, and having less riskier jobs. On the other hand, the human health, without being treated, is actually at an all time low. The immune system is much weaker than it has been, with the main reason being the isolation of the outside world and the higher level of hygiene. The allergies are becoming an ever growing problem because of this, as the immune system doesn't even recognize certain outside bodies are they an enemies or not. The constant radiation for numerous sources has caused development of numerous diseases. The old age has increased the percentage of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinson, or sclerosis. The less active life-style and food over saturated with fats and sugars has caused numerous health problems as well. All in all, the human health has become dependent on the pharmacy and its products, and without it it will suffer badly.

Answer:

In some specialized cells of eukaryotes, a very high level of gene expression can be achieved when DNA is copied repeatedly without cell division for example, some insect larvae maximize production of salivary proteins by means of this process: polytene chromosomes.

Answer:

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

Explanation:

It consists of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Final answer:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, facilitating communication between the brain, limbs, and organs. It has two main subdivisions: the somatic and the autonomic systems and is further divided into sensory and motor divisions.

Explanation:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is an essential component of the human nervous system. It comprises a network of nerves that extend from the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, to various parts of the body. The PNS is responsible for connecting the CNS to limbs and organs, essentially serving as a communication relay back and forth between the brain and the extremities. It is made up of thick bundles of axons, known as nerves, which carry messages between the CNS and the muscles, organs, and sensory systems in the periphery of the body.

The PNS has two primary subdivisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is concerned with conscious perception and voluntary motor responses, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

The PNS is also divided into sensory and motor divisions. The sensory division is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the CNS, and the motor division is involved in transmitting motor commands from the CNS to the rest of the body.

Answer: Skin, hair, nails, and glands

Explanation:

The integumentary system is an organ system. It consists of skin, hair, feathers, scales, hooves, exocrine glands and nails. These structures provides the external protection to the body from different types of damage like loss of water, injury and invasion of pathogens.  

The skin is a thick outer cover of the entire body. It protects the body from incident UV rays, chemicals, physical damage and diseases.

The nails and hair are the extensions from the skin. They are composed of hard keratin material. They also provide protection against unfavorable external environmental conditions.

The exogenous glands are the glands which are present over the superficial tissues. These produce secretions which protects the entry of microbes inside the body.

Answer: c. 36

Explanation:

Cellular respiration oxidizes food molecules. The chemiosmotic model suggests that one ATP molecule is generated for each proton pump activated by the electron transport chain. Since the electrons from NADH activate three pumps and those from FADH2 activate two, we would expect each molecule of NADH and FADH2 to generate three and two ATP molecules, respectively.

However, because eukaryotic cells carry out glycolysis in their cytoplasm and the Krebs cycle within their mitochondria, they must transport the two molecules of NADH produced during glycolysis across the mitochondrial membranes, which requires one ATP per molecule of NADH. Thus, the net ATP production is decreased by two. Therefore, the overall ATP production resulting from aerobic respiration theoretically should be 4 (from substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis) + 30 (3 from each of 10 molecules of NADH) + 4 (2 from each of 2 molecules of FADH2) – 2 (for transport of glycolytic NADH) = 36 molecules of ATP

Answer:

release enzymes for chemical digestion of food

Explanation:

Liver is a large organ located on the right upper quadrant just below the diaphragm of an organism.

Liver detoxifies the drug and harmful substances of the body. Liver produces bile juice, regulate carbohydrate metabolism and regulates the cholesterol excretion. Liver doesn't produce any enzyme for the the digestion of food. The bile juice of liver contains salts and chemical that helps in the emulsification of food.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer:

White: A---

Black: aaB-

Brown: aabb

Explanation:

As per given information, the genotype of parent white sheep is AaBb (heterozygous white).

The gene "A" is dominant over gene "B". Hence, all the genotypes with one or two copies of "A" would exhibit white phenotype.

All the genotypes that have "aa" and one or two "B" alleles would exhibit black phenotype.

All the genotypes with "aabb" allele combination would exhibit brown phenotype.

That would be D(the last one).

Iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has 1 coordination site that bind to O2.

Each iron chelated in a tetrapyrrole/porphyrin ring can bind to one oxygen molecule. That is why we say hemoglobin can carry a maximum number of 4 O2 molecules. (See attached pic)

Final answer:

The false statement is that the iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has two coordination sites that bind to oxygen. Myoglobin has one vacant coordination site for O₂, not two, and in hemoglobin, each of the four iron atoms also has one binding site for oxygen.

Explanation:

The statement "The iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has two coordination sites that bind to oxygen" is the FALSE statement. In myoglobin, the heme iron is five-coordinate, meaning it has a single histidine imidazole ligand from the protein and the four nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin to bind, leaving one vacant coordination site for O₂ to bind. In contrast, while hemoglobin is a tetramer and each subunit binds a heme group, the iron at the center of these heme groups does not have two oxygen binding sites, but rather one like in myoglobin.

Myoglobin is a single polypeptide chain that includes a heme prosthetic group, and hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta units), each binding a heme group. Both proteins have iron chelated by a tetrapyrole ring system, which is a fundamental component of the heme group that allows these proteins to bind oxygen and function in oxygen transport or storage.

Answer:

Children tend to have high pitched voice because the larynx is small and thin.

Males have lower voices because they have larger and thicker larynx.

Explanation:

Its the larynx that makes noise, so known as voice box. Changes in the length and thickness of larynx cause voice modulation. This modulation helps male getting a deeper voice.

The larynx of children are small and thin which helps to a high pitched voice and during the time of puberty, larynx starts growing and thickening.This makes the voice low pitched and deep.

Thus, its the thickening and thinning of larynx that helps in voice modulation.

Answer:

There is 50% probability that a son of carrier mother (X^cX) and normal father (XY) is affected with colorblindness. Since father is normal, all the daughters will be normal.

Explanation:

Being X linked recessive trait, males can be affected with colorblindness if their mother is either colorblind or carrier for the disease. Since both the parents are normal, the mother is carrier for the disease and is heterozygous dominant with genotype X^c X. She would deliver the "X^C" to 50% of her sons making them colorblind.

Daughters can get affected with X linked disorder such as colorblindness if their father is affected with the disease. In the given question, father is normal (XY). So, none of the daughters can be colorblind.

Final answer:

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Boys can be colorblind if they inherit the colorblind gene from their mother, as they only have one X chromosome. Girls can be carriers of the colorblind gene but do not express color blindness due to the presence of a normal gene on their second X chromosome.

Explanation:

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, which means it is associated with the X chromosome. Since boys only have one X chromosome, if it carries the colorblind gene, they will be colorblind. On the other hand, girls have two X chromosomes, so even if one X chromosome carries the colorblind gene, the other X chromosome with a normal gene for color vision will mask the recessive colorblind gene. Thus, girls with one colorblind allele and one normal allele are carriers and do not express color blindness.