33. A base is defined as a compound that produces
A. hydroxide ions in solution.
B. hydrogen ions in solution.
C. hydronium ions in solution.
D. sodium ions in solution.

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The correct answer would be option D

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They knew which substances could not be broken down by chemical means.

By definition, an element is the smallest part of a substance which has independent existence and can not be broken down by chemical means.

We must remember that the early chemists didn't have the luxury of the sophisticated equipment we have today many of which can literally "see through" a substance.

The had to depend on rather crude methods and instruments. Amidst all that, they still knew which substances could not be broken down by chemical means and those that could not. Those that could not be broken down by chemical means were labelled as elements and characterized.

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Answer: I think it’s C

Explanation:

Answer:

metamorphic

Explanation:

Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure changing the original or parent rock into a completely new rock. The parent rock can be either sedimentary, igneous, or even another metamorphic rock. -

samikshajadhav16

Answer:

Explanation:

D

Answer:

b.Electrons are shared between two atoms.

Answer:

The repeating nature of physical and chemical properties with atomic number

Explanation:

Periodic table is designed in a way in which elements are divided in groups and periods. Periods are rows and groups are columns. The elements in groups share similar properties due to the same number of valence electrons they have. Going along each period, we'll always get back to the same group at some point. This is why we have periodic trends, the trends repeat gradually when we finally reach the same group we're analyzing.

Physical and chemical properties vary periodically. For example:

The oxidation number of sulfur in BaSO₄ is +6.

The oxidation number of sulfur in BaSO₄ can be calculated using the guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers.

Guideline 3 suggests that the oxidation number for oxygen is -2.

By using this oxidation number and the ion's formula, guideline 4 can be used to calculate the oxidation number for sulfur:

Let x be the oxidation number for sulfur.

Since there are 4 oxygen atoms in the compound, the sum of the oxidation numbers for the oxygen atoms is -8.

This means that x + (-8) = 0, which implies that x = +6.

Therefore, the oxidation number of sulfur in BaSO₄ is +6.

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The oxidation number of sulfur in BaSO₄ is +6.

The oxidation number of sulfur in BaSO₄ can be determined using the rules for assigning oxidation numbers and ensuring the sum of the oxidation numbers equals the charge on the molecule.

Here’s a step-by-step explanation:

          4 x (-2) = -8.

         (+2) + x + (-8) = 0.

Therefore, the oxidation number of sulfur in BaSO₄ is +6.

Answer: i. 4g of MgO

ii. 1.12dm3

Explanation:Please see attachment for explanation

Answer:

[tex]80^oF[/tex]

Explanation:

We may only compare thermal energy of the two objects when they have identical masses. In this case, this is true: the two objects have equal masses.

The first glass of milk is at a lower temperature, while the second glass of milk is at a higher temperature. Remembering the second law of thermodynamics, heat spontaneously flows from hotter objects to colder ones. This means, the higher the temperature of an object, the greater the thermal energy.

Think about it this way: the higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy of the particles (since [tex]E_k = \frac{3}{2}kT[/tex]). The greater the kinetic energy, the greater the velocity. This means a greater amount of energy will be transferred by the object of the same mass but with a higher temperature, as particles are more likely to collide.

Answer:

298 kPa

Explanation:

Data Given:

initial Volume of oxygen V1= 48.0 L

Final Volume of oxygen V2= 16.0 L

initial pressure of oxygen P1= 99.3 kPa

initial Pressure of oxygen P2= ?

Solution:

The Boyle's law formula will be applicable here at constant temperature

Boyle's law formula

                  P1V1 = P2V2

As we have to find final pressure so rearrange the equation

                 P2 = P1V1 /V2 ....................(1)

Put values in Equation 1

                  P2 = 99.3 kPa x 48 L /16 L

                  P2 = 298 kPa

So the final pressure will be 298 kPa

Answer:

option a) 3 g

Explanation:

mass of Glucose = 5 g

Mass of H₂O = ?

Reaction Given:

                   6CO₂ + 6H₂O ----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Solution:

First we have to find mass of glucose from balanced reaction.

So,

Look at the reaction

                        6CO₂ + 6H₂O -------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

                                     6 mol               1 mol

As 6 mole of water (H₂O) give 1 mole of Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆ )

Convert moles to mass

molar mass of C₆H₁₂O₆  = 6(12) + 12(1) + 6(16)

molar mass of C₆H₁₂O₆  = 72 + 12 + 96

molar mass of C₆H₁₂O₆= 180 g/mol

molar mass of H₂O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 g/mol

Now

             6CO₂      +  6H₂O          --------->     C₆H₁₂O₆   +    6O₂

                              6 mol (18 g/mol)           1 mol (180 g/mol)

                                  108 g                            180 g

108 g of water (H₂O) produce 180 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

So

if 108 g of water (H₂O) produce 180 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) so how many grams of water (H₂O) will be required to produce 5 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).

Apply Unity Formula

               108 g of water (H₂O) ≅ 180 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

                X g of water (H₂O) ≅ 5 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

Do cross multiply

                     mass of water (H₂O) = 108 g x 5 g / 180 g

                     mass of water (H₂O) = 3 g

So 3 g of water is required to produce 5 g of glucose.  

Answer:

This is because of Newton's third Law of motion :

For every action there is equal and opposite reaction .

Explanation:

When air is squeezed out from the balloon , the potential energy (Shape of balloon) is converted into Kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is possessed  by fast moving air particles coming out from balloon.These air particles are pushed backward,so according to Newtons third law , the balloon should fly upward.

[tex]F_{AB} = - F_{BA}[/tex]

Answer:

According to Newton’s third law of motion, the balloon is pushed forward as the air is forced out.

Explanation:

Action, Reaction

Answer:

[tex]Pd^{2+}[/tex] is the strongest oxidizing agent .

Explanation:

It is said in the question that given reactions are spontaneous.

As [tex]Np^{3+}[/tex] oxidizes Ce to  [tex]Ce^{3+}[/tex] we can say that  [tex]Np^{3+}[/tex] is a stronger oxidizing agent than  [tex]Ce^{3+}[/tex].

Similarly , [tex]Cd^{2+}[/tex] is stronger than  [tex]Np^{3+}[/tex] (from first reaction).

From second reaction we can see that  [tex]Pd^{2+}[/tex] is stronger than  [tex]Cd^{2+}[/tex].

The order of oxidizing strength is  [tex]Pd^{2+}[/tex] >  [tex]Cd^{2+}[/tex] >  [tex]Np^{3+}[/tex] >  [tex]Ce^{3+}[/tex] .

Final answer:

The Tragedy of the Commons, described by Garrett Hardin, highlights how individual actions based on self-interest can lead to the depletion of shared resources, exemplified by environmental issues like overfishing, deforestation, and air pollution. It underscores the conflict between individual interests and the common good.

Explanation:

The concept of the Tragedy of the Commons was introduced by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to describe a dilemma in which multiple individuals acting independently and rationally according to their own self-interest can ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen. This concept applies to environmental issues such as overfishing, deforestation, and air pollution. Hardin's essay illustrates the conflict between individual interests and the common good, and the need for responsible resource management.

Examples today include the overuse of fisheries, forest areas, and the Earth's atmosphere as a dumping ground for greenhouse gases. The Tragedy of the Commons extends to various aspects of the environment, where the absence of restrictions leads to the over-exploitation of resources and environmental degradation. The predicament lies in the freedom of individuals to use common resources without considering the long-term effects and sustainability, potentially leading to the ruin of the resources for everyone.

Explanation:

According to Newton law of gravity, the strength of gravitational pull between two objects is related to their masses, directly, and inversely by the distance between them;

F = G * (M₂ – M₁) / d where;

F – the force of gravity

G – gravitational constant

M₂ – the mass of one object

M₁ – the mass of the other object

d – the distance between the two objects

The rocky planets have a higher mass than the gas planets hence will be strongly ‘feel’ the gravitational pull of the star in the solar system revolves about.  This is why rocky planets are closer to their star while gas planets are towards the outer edges.

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Answer:

1 and 2

Explanation:

Releasing some of the gas would reduce the amount of atoms inside the container therefore reducing pressure.

Cold temperature would slow down the particles in the container leading to fewer collisions per second which translates to less pressure

Answer:

Hydration  

Explanation:

In water, ions are surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell. The process of forming this shell is called hydration.

Answer:

Here's what I get  

Explanation:

Assume that the piston is weightless and frictionless and has an area of 0.01 m², and that the cylinder contains 0.001 m³ of air at 1 bar.

Then the gas is slowly heated, making the gas expand and force the piston up until the volume is 0.002 m³.

The gas is doing work, because it is pushing back against the pressure of the atmosphere in order to expand. The sign is negative, because of the thermodynamic convention that anything going out of the system is negative.

How much work has the gas done?

w = F × d, and

p = F/A, so

F = p × A. Then

w =p × A × d

A × d is the change in volume (ΔV) swept out by the piston as the gas expands. Thus

w = -pΔV (negative sign because of the convention)

= -1 × 10⁵ Pa × 0.001 m³ =-100 Pa·m³ = -100 J

The gas has done 100 J of work by expanding against an external pressure.

Answer:

actually the sign convention in physics and chem varies:

Explanation:

In chem , work done by the system (gas) is taken as negative.

Work done on the system (gas) is taken as positive.

this is because when the gas does work , its internal energy decreases and thus it looses energy upon doing work , so it is taken as negative.  

delta V is the change in volume.

P is the ext. pressure.

Now , to make it simple , when external pressure is applied to the gas , it gets compressed and thus it (gas) does work by exerting more pressure on the walls of the cylinder, which is why it is -P.

Answer is C. 2-Pentene.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

This has diagonal lines, which indicates that it’s C.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer:

If atoms  lose energy during a change of state, they are pulled together by attractive forces and become more organized.

Explanation:

Change of state is the process by which substances pass from one state of agregation to another. The aggregation states are solid, liquid and gas. This state of aggregation depends on the cohesion forces that hold the particles together.

The change of state of substances consists of an exchange of energy.  If it occurs when the body or system gives energy to the environment, the changes in state that occur are:

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules. In the solid state, the intermolecular forces are relatively intense. In this case the molecules occupy a rigid position and have virtually no freedom to move. They only vibrate around the equilibrium positions. In the liquid state the intermolecular forces are not as strong as in the solid state, therefore, the particles have a certain freedom of movement. Liquids do not have a definite form, but take the form of the container that contains them. The molecules have limited movements of rotation, vibration and translation. Finally, in the gaseous state, the intermolecular forces between the particles are very weak, generating the particles great mobility. These particles tend to be great distances between them and there is no appreciable interaction between them.

Then it is possible to say that the intermolecular forces of attraction become stronger than before and become more organized and stable when the changes in the state of solidification, condensation and inverse sublimation occur.

Finally, If atoms  lose energy during a change of state, they are pulled together by attractive forces and become more organized.

Answer:

Number of atoms= [tex]1.004\times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms

Explanation:

1 mole is the mass of substance which contain [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex]

particles of that substance.Its symbol is 'n'.

Here the quantity[tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] is called Avogadro number and it is denoted by [tex]N_{0}[/tex].

Mass of the substance in grams is called is molar mass.It is denoted by'M'

Moles can be calculated by :

1) [tex]n=\frac{given\ mass}{molar\ mass}=\frac{w}{M}[/tex]

2)[tex]n=\frac{Number\ of\ particles}{Avogadro\ number}=\frac{N}{N_{0}}

[/tex]

compare 1) and 2) formula, we get

[tex]\frac{N}{N_{0}=\frac{w}{M}[tex].................(i)

For silver (Ag), M=107.86 g

w=18 g  (given) and [tex]{N_{0}=6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex]

Put the values of w,M and [tex]{N_{0}[tex] in equation (i) and solve for N

[tex]\frac{N}{6.022\times 10^{23}}=\frac{18}{107.86}[/tex]

[tex]N=\frac{18}{107.86}\times 6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex]

[tex]N= 1.004\times 10^{23}[tex]

Hence Number of atoms of silver= [tex]1.004\times 10^{23}[/tex] atoms

Answer:

[tex]^92^{234}U[/tex]

Explanation:

Plutonium is a heavy atom with a high mass to neutron ration (N/Z). Atoms with Z > 50 and an M/Z ratio of 1.25 or above tend to decay in a nuclear fission in which they release alpha particle, also known as a helium nucleus.

Let's say that our products are alpha particle and some unknown nucleus X with a mass of M and an atomic number of Z. Then our nuclear decay equation becomes:

[tex]_94^{238}Pu\rightarrow _2^4\alpha + _Z^M{X}[/tex]

In order to identif X, we need to apply the law of mass conservation first. That is, the mass of reactants should be equal to the mass of products:

[tex]238 = 4 + M\therefore M = 238 - 4 = 234[/tex]

Similarly, apply the law of charge conservation to identify Z:

[tex]94 = 2 + Z\therefore Z = 92[/tex]

Z = 92 corresponds to uranium, meaning X is:

[tex]^92^{234}U[/tex]

Answer:

The spectator ions in this equation are :

CrO²⁻₄ and Ba²⁺

Explanation:

Spectator ions : These are the ions which are present in the solution but do not take part in chemical reaction.They are present as such in  both reactant as well as product .

In this reaction,

1.H+ and OH- are combined and converted into water (H2O) : Changed to H2O

So , H+ and OH- are not Spectator ions

2.CrO²⁻₄ and Ba²⁺ are unchanged . Present as such in product and reactants

CrO²⁻₄ and Ba²⁺are Spectator ions

The spectator ions in this equation are CrO²⁻₄ and Ba²⁺. Therefore, option D is correct.

The term an ionic equations are defined as the chemical equations that show only ions that participate in a chemical reaction. In other words, the ions that react together in solution and form new substances. The other ions that don't participate are called spectator ions.

Spectator ions are defined as the ions which are present in the solution but do not take part in chemical reaction.They are present as such in  both reactant and product .

In the given reaction,

1.H+ and OH- are mixed and converted into water (H2O)

So , H+ and OH- are not Spectator ions

2.CrO²⁻₄ and Ba²⁺ are unchanged . Present as such in product and reactants.

Therefore, CrO²⁻₄ and Ba²⁺ are Spectator ions

Thus, option D is correct.

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Answer:

Because of these two trends, the largest atoms are found in the lower left corner of the periodic table, and the smallest are found in the upper right corner (Figure 2.8.

Explanation:

comment how it helps

Answer:

A. Biomass

Explanation:

Biomass must be burned to be useful as a fuel.

The combustion of biomass produces carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.

B, C, and C are wrong. Once these energy sources are built, they produce no greenhouse gases.

Answer:

The molarity (M) of the following solutions are :

A. M = 0.88 M

B. M = 0.76 M

Explanation:

A. Molarity (M) of 19.2 g of Al(OH)3 dissolved in water to make 280 mL of solution.

Molar mass of Al(OH)3 = Mass of Al + 3(mass of O + mass of H)

                                      = 27 + 3(16 + 1)

                                      = 27 + 3(17) = 27 + 51

                                      = 78 g/mole

[tex]Al(OH)_3[/tex] = 78 g/mole

Given mass= 19.2 g/mole

[tex]Mole = \frac{Given\ mass}{Molar\ mass}[/tex]

[tex]Mole = \frac{19.2}{78}[/tex]

Moles = 0.246

[tex]Molarity = \frac{Moles\ of\ solute}{Volume\ of\ solution(L)}[/tex]

Volume = 280 mL = 0.280 L

[tex]Molarity = \frac{0.246}{0.280)}[/tex]

Molarity  = 0.879 M

Molarity  = 0.88 M

B .The molarity (M) of a 2.6 L solution made with 235.9 g of KBr​

Molar mass of KBr = 119 g/mole

Given mass = 235.9 g

[tex]Mole = \frac{235.9}{119}[/tex]

Moles = 1.98

Volume = 2.6 L

[tex]Molarity = \frac{Moles\ of\ solute}{Volume\ of\ solution(L)}[/tex]

[tex]Molarity = \frac{1.98}{2.6)}[/tex]

Molarity = 0.762 M

Molarity = 0.76 M

Answer:

The correct answer is Ionization.

Explanation:

Ionization energy can be defined as minimum amount of energy that is required to remove an electron from the outer orbital or the valence orbital of an atom.

      Ionization energy depends on the size of the atom.If the atom is small in size that means the electrons of outer orbital are strongly attracted by the positively charged nucleus.As a result more energy is required to remove an electron from the outermost orbital of that atom.

  As a result the ionization energy of that atom will be high.

Answer:

b. 0,99atm

c. Answer is in the explanation

d. Answer is in the explanation

Explanation:

b. Using Gay-Lussac's law:

P₁T₂ = P₂T₁

P₁: 0,70 atm; T₂: 425K; P₂: ??; T₁: 299K

0,70atm×425K / 299K = 0,99 atm

c. Using kinetic molecular theory, the increasing of temperature increases the kinetic energy of gas particles and if kinetic energy increases, the pressure increases. That means the increasing of temperature increases the pressure in the system.

d. Now, the increases in kinetic energy of gases increase the collisions betwen particles. As these intermolecular forces that are not taken into account in ideal gas law, the observed pressure will be different to the pressure predicted by ideal gas law.

I hope it helps!

The pressure of the gas increases from 0.70 atm to 0.99 atm as the temperature is increased. The interaction of the gas molecules causes the pressure of the gas to deviate from the predicted value.

From the information in the question;

Initial temperature(T1) =  299 K

Initial pressure (P1) = 0.70 atm

Final pressure (P2) = ?

Final temperature (T2) = 425 K

Given that;

P1/T1 = P2/T2

P1T2 = P2T1

P2 = P1T2/T1

P2 = 0.70 atm × 425 K/ 299 K

P2 = 0.99 atm

In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, we know that the pressure of a gas has to do with its bombardment of the walls of the container. When the temperature of the gas is increased, the gas molecules become more energetic and bombard the walls of the container more frequently hence the pressure of the gas increases.

The particles of an ideal gas do not to interact with each other according to theory. However, real gases molecules interact with each other. Hence, actual pressure of the CO2(g) in the container at 425 K is less than the pressure predicted by the ideal gas law. More significant particle interaction decreases the pressure of the gas compared the value predicted based on the ideal gas law.

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Answer: Uranium

Explanation: