Answer
C. Blind Spot
Explanation: The short explanation is that vertebrates blind spot is because it is part of our "visual field" that we get no information from. This so called "blind spot" is absent in octopods and squid (I hope I helped! :)
The vertebrate eye has a blind spot where the optic nerve exits the retina. This contrasts with the squid's eye design, which doesn't have a blind spot because of the different nerve connections.
Explanation:Compared to squid eyes, vertebrate eyes have an anatomical feature known as the blind spot. This is the point on the retina where the optic nerve exits, and as such, it lacks photoreceptor cells, resulting in a gap in the visual field. However, our brains interpolate the missing information so that we don't perceive this blind spot in normal vision. In squid eyes, the optic nerves connect in a way that doesn't create this blind spot. This is one reason why some argue that the squid's eye, evolutionarily speaking, exhibits better design over vertebrate eyes when considering this aspect.
Humans, bats, birds, and squids display various adaptations in their sensory organs. For example, some bats and birds have wings that enable them to fly, indicating different evolutionary paths with convergent outcomes, much like how different species develop structures like eyes independently.
A paramecium is a single-celled, freshwater protist that lacks a cell wall but contains a contractile vacuole. The contractile vacuole is surrounded by rings of proteins that can contract when the vacuole is filled with water, expelling the water from the paramecium. What would happen to a paramecium placed into a freshwater aquarium that has been treated with a chemical that disrupts the function of the contractile vacuole?
A) The paramecium will balance its water levels with exocytosis of water droplets through its membrane.
B) The paramecium will expel sodium ions from its cytoplasm to allow less water to enter through its membrane.
C) The paramecium will lose water to the environment without the ability to regulate its water levels, resulting in cell death.
D) The paramecium will gain water in the hypotonic environment and will be unable to regulate its water levels, resulting in lysis.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
This is coming straight from USAtestprep, The paramecium will gain water in the hypotonic environment and will be unable to regulate its water levels, resulting in lysis.
The paramecium will gain water in the hypotonic environment and will be unable to regulate its water levels, resulting in lysis. Thus, option D is correct.
What is paramecium?A paramecium is a single-celled, freshwater protist that lacks a cell wall but contains a contractile vacuole. The contractile vacuole is surrounded by rings of proteins that can contract when the vacuole is filled with water, expelling the water from the paramecium.
When the paramecium placed into a freshwater aquarium that has been treated with a chemical that disrupts the function of the contractile vacuole than the paramecium will gain water in the hypotonic environment and will be unable to regulate its water levels, resulting in lysis.
The paramecium will balance its water levels with exocytosis of water droplets through its membrane.The paramecium will expel sodium ions from its cytoplasm to allow less water to enter through its membrane.The paramecium will lose water to the environment without the ability to regulate its water levels, resulting in cell death.
Therefore, The paramecium will gain water in the hypotonic environment and will be unable to regulate its water levels, resulting in lysis. Thus, option D is correct.
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What is the difference between amino acids and carbohydrates?
How are proteins related to the cell membrane
Explanation:
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms: Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments. Transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane. ... Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact.
How many reactants and products are present in a double-replacement reaction?
one reactant and two products
one reactant and one product
two reactants and two products
two reactants and one product
Answer:
2 reactants and 2 products. All are compounds
Explanation:
Answer : The correct option is, two reactants and two products.
Explanation :
Double replacement reaction : It is a type of chemical reaction in which a positive cation and a negative anion of two reactants exchange their places to form two new products.
It is represented as,
[tex]XY+AB\rightarrow XB+AY[/tex]
(X and A are the cations, Y and B are the anions)
For example : Barium chloride react with magnesium sulfate to give barium sulfate and magnesium chloride as a product.
The balanced chemical reaction will be:
[tex]BaCl_2+MgSO_4\rightarrow MgCl_2+BaSO_4[/tex]
From this we conclude that, there are two reactants and two products are present in a double-replacement reaction.
Hence, the correct option is, two reactants and two products.
How does recycling runoff reduce agricultural pollution?
Answer:
Agricultural runoff can be described as the waste such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, soil waste etc which gets drained off into rivers with water. Agricultural runoff might occur due to irrigation, abundant rain etc.
If the agricultural run-off is recycled, then water will be less polluted. The water will therefore be not harmful for usage by the plants. The run-off can be diagnosed and essential minerals required by the plants can be recycled.
The recycling of the agricultural run off will make the drained water less contaminated for the animals living in the lakes or ponds.
Answer:
It keeps chemicals from entering the water shed.
Explanation:
Watershed are connected to water basins, rivers and ponds and therefore if its protected from being polluted through recycling runoff, it reduces polluting the waters and therefore agricultural pollution is reduces.
Watch the following Changing with the Times: Variations within Ecosystems tutorial. Write a summary paragraph (4-6 sentences) describing what you learned from the tutorial.
Answer:
Variations Within Ecosystems
Ecosystem diversity can be described as a term which is used o describe the changes within an ecosystem and the impact these changes have on the environment and humans.
Variations within an ecosystem can cause genetic drifts. Variations will cause those organisms to survive which are better adapted to survive to the changes which occur in an ecosystem. And the organisms which are not better suited become extinct over a period of time. Hence, this will lead to a wide rise in biodiversity.
The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is than ____ to protein.
a. Transferred
B. transduced
C. Transformed
D. Translated
Answer:
D. Translated
Explanation:
The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is than Translated to protein.
What is Central dogma principle?The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.
Francis Crick created the key dogma's underlying theory in 1958. His interpretation incorporated the idea that information does not transfer from proteins to nucleic acids and was a little more all-encompassing. Since then, researchers have found a number of deviations from the idea.
Prions are one famous example in particular. Prions are contagious proteins that can multiply without using intermediates like DNA or RNA.
Therefore, The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is than Translated to protein.
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Which ecosystems do NOT have
symbiotic relationships?
A. deserts
B. All ecosystems contain symbiotic relationships.
C tropical rainforests
Answer:
The correct option is B. All ecosystems contain symbiotic relationships.
Explanation:
Symbiotic relationship can be described as a relationship between the organisms of two species. It might be harmful for both the species, beneficial for both the species or just beneficial to one of the species. All ecosystems will have some kind of symbiotic relationships. Hence, option B is correct.
Other options like Option A is false because the desert ecosystem does has symbiotic relationships. For example, the Gobi woodpecker lives on a cactus in a desert. In return it eats the insects and other parasites which harm the cactus.
The correct answer is A. deserts.
Symbiotic relationships are interactions between two or more organisms from different species that live in close physical association with each other. These relationships can be beneficial to one or both organisms (mutualism), beneficial to one while having no effect on the other (commensalism), or beneficial to one while being harmful to the other (parasitism).
In ecosystems, symbiotic relationships are widespread and can be found in virtually all environments where life exists. This includes deserts, tropical rainforests, coral reefs, tundras, and even human bodies, where millions of bacteria form symbiotic relationships with their host.
Option B states that all ecosystems contain symbiotic relationships, which is generally true. However, the question asks for an option that does NOT have symbiotic relationships, which means we are looking for an exception to this general rule.
Deserts (option A) are often characterized by harsh conditions, including extreme temperatures, low precipitation, and limited resources. While it is true that deserts can have fewer visible examples of symbiotic relationships due to the sparse distribution of organisms, symbiotic relationships do still exist in desert ecosystems. For example, cacti may have mutualistic relationships with certain species of birds or insects that nest in them or help with pollination.
Tropical rainforests (option C) are known for their high biodiversity and complex web of interactions, including a multitude of symbiotic relationships.
Therefore, the most accurate answer to the question is that all ecosystems, including deserts, contain symbiotic relationships to some extent. However, if we were to identify an ecosystem with fewer symbiotic relationships compared to others, deserts might be considered due to their extreme conditions and lower organism density. It's important to note that the question's premise is somewhat flawed because symbiotic relationships, even if less visible or less diverse, are present in all ecosystems.
What ecological pyramid is "The rule of 10" associated with?
Answer:
'The rule of 10' is associated with the pyramids of quantifying energy flow.
Only a small amount of energy is transferred from one trophic level to another. Most of the energy is lost in the form of heat. Hence, we quantify that about 10% of energy travels from one trophic level to another.
Let's say the producers have 100% energy. The primary consumers will only receive 10% of this energy. The secondary consumers will receive 1% energy from the primary consumers. The tertiary consumers will receive 0.1% energy. This is known as the rule of 10.
When you’re wearing a big sweater, what kind of energy is keeping you warm?
A
chemical energy
B
thermal energy
C
sound energy
D
kinetic energy
Answer:
b. thermal
Explanation:
When you’re wearing a big sweater, thermal energy is the kind of energy that keeping you warm. Thus, option B is correct.
What is kinetic energy?
The energy of the body by the virtue of its motion is known as the kinetic energy of the body. It is defined as the product of half of mass and square of the velocity.
The passage of vibrations through matter is characterized as sound energy. When an item vibrates, sound energy is created, resulting in noise. Sound vibrations induce pressure waves to flow through a material like air, water, wood, or metal.
Each magnetic field, also known as magnetic energy, includes energy. Electric currents create magnetic fields, magnetic energy is a kind of energy for transporting charge carriers.
Therefore, When you’re wearing a big sweater, thermal energy is the kind of energy that keeping you warm. Thus, option B is correct.
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Question: Name the four major organic compounds that
make up your body. What is the role of each in your body
and what is the basic unit of each compound?
Answer:
Carbohydratesproteinslipidsnucleic acidsExplanation:
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen(Glucose). They are sources of energy as they are broken down during respiration to release energy. They are storage forms of food and components of structures that provide mechanical support in organism.
Proteins are compounds made up of small units called amino acids. Proteins are components of structures in living organisms, important as metabolic regulators and are broken down to release energy in extreme starvation.
Lipids are compounds made up of fatty acids and glycerol. They are a source of energy for they are oxidised to release energy, are constituents of plasma membrane and protoplasm and act as heat insulators.
Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides. They store genetic information in a coded form.
Why did the development of vascular systems help plants move to land
Answer:
During evolution, plants have acquired a vascular system, which has greatly contributed to the success of land plants. The vascular system allows plants to rapidly transport water and nutrients over long distances between roots, growing deeply in soil, and shoots, growing upward toward the sun.
Answer:
It made it possible to move water within the plant structure.
Explanation:
The evolution of plants occurred, mainly, after atmospheric changes due to the release of oxygen by autotrophic organisms. Thus, the first species to colonize the terrestrial environment were bryophytes and mosses, and the main characteristic that facilitated colonization after the formation of multicellular organisms was the formation of epidermal tissue and structures that guaranteed protection against water loss, the movement of water within the plant.
In the Paleozoic period, the first plants with vascular systems emerged, which developed from the first plant groups that colonized the terrestrial environment. The vascular system is composed of xylem and phloem which are the vessels that conduct nutrients and water within the plant.
About 400 million years ago, ancestral plants went through several events of adaptive irradiation, and diversified into the different species that we know today. These adaptive events were fundamental for the colonization of the terrestrial environment, so that diverse environments with adverse conditions were colonized by the plants.
After the appearance of sap-carrying vessels, plants evolved and tall species emerged that constituted the first forests, even at the end of the Devonian period.
Most of the plants survived the extinction events of the Triassic period, however, the environmental and atmospheric changes may have caused more evolutionary events, mainly in relation to the formation of flowers and fruits, which exponentially increased the biodiversity of terrestrial flora from the period Cretaceous.
In addition to the morphological and physiological changes over evolutionary events, another important process in the evolution of plants is reproduction and, indirectly, dependence on water for this process.
How does increasing and decreasing heart rate impact blood delivery, oxygen need, blood pressure, body temperature and glucose level?
Answer:
Homeostasis regulates heart rate by increasing heart rate when cells need more oxygen and decreasing heart rate when they need less oxygen.
Explanation:
Carlos is studying different types of transport in cells. He learns that osmosis is a type of passive transport involving water molecules. Which statement correctly describes passive transport?
A.
molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
B.
all of the molecules outside a cell membrane move into the cell
C.
molecules cross the cell membrane without the use of energy
D.
all of the molecules outside a cell use energy to cross the cell membrane
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
passive transport does not require energy to be used, and it goes from a higher to a lower concentration.
Answer:
C = molecules cross the cell membrane without the use of energy
Explanation:
One way that cells maintain homeostasis is through passive transport. In this process, small molecules and ions cross the cell membrane without the input of energy from the cell.
____________ is the principal compounds that living things use for energy
Which of the components in blood helps the blood to recognise and destroy microorganisms?
Answer:
white blood cells or WBCs
Explanation:
White blood cells are the cells that fight off infection and anyother thing that enters your blood stream
In dogs, gum coloration is co-dominant, with black coloration,
black & pink spotted and pink.
You have a lovely spotted gummed Labrador retriever who has
just had 8 pups. Four of the pups have spotted like your dog.
and 4 have pink gums.
What is the likely phenotype of the sneaky neighbor dog? Show
your work.
Answer:
The phenotype of the sneaky neighbor dog will be pink. Let's consider the phenotype of our spotted gummed Labrador to be CPCB and neighbors dog to be CPCP
CP CB
CP CPCP CPCB
CP CPCP CPCB
The results of this cross show that there will be a probability of having pink dogs as well as spotted dogs. Hence, this proves that the neighbors dog had pink gums.
Final answer:
The genotype of the sneaky neighbor dog is likely pp, resulting in a pink gum phenotype, because when this dog mated with a Bp (black and pink spotted gums) Labrador, half of the puppies had pink gums.
Explanation:
The observation that half of the Labrador retriever puppies have spotted gums while the other half have pink gums suggests that gum coloration in dogs displays a pattern of co-dominance. In this case, the phenotype of the puppies informs us about the possible genotype of the parents.
Since the Labrador mother has spotted gums, her genotype for gum color must be one allele for black and one for pink, expressed as Bp. The appearance of some puppies with pink gums indicates they must be pp, receiving a pink allele from both parents. Thus, the father (the sneaky neighbor dog) must have a pp genotype to produce pups with pink gums when mated with a Bp Labrador.
To conclude, the phenotype of the sneaky neighbor dog is likely to be pink gums.
This is the part of a biogeochemical cycle where nutrients are rapidly moving throughout the systole. The elements tend to only be here for a short period of time.
Answer:
Gaseous cycle
Explanation:
Gaseous cycle inclines to travel more frequently than the sedimentary ones. To adjust more steadily to the changes in the biosphere because of the large atmosphere reservoir. The buildup of carbon dioxide are soon dissipated by wind or taken up by the plants. The extraordinary disturbances i.e. global warming are more often than local disturbances which is wild fires and storm driven events. During the rock phase other salt deposits out as rock and sediment in shallow seas eventually to be weathered and can be recycled.
The question pertains to a stage in biogeochemical cycles where nutrients move rapidly; these cycles help maintain ecosystem health by keeping essential elements available.
The part of a biogeochemical cycle being described relates to a phase where nutrients are in a state of rapid movement and transition, typically referred to as the 'active' or 'main' cycle. In this stage, elements move swiftly through the ecosystem, being taken up by organisms, traveling through food webs, and also cycling through the physical environment, such as soil and water.
This rapid cycling ensures that essential elements remain available to support life. An example is the circulation of nitrogen, which can be rapidly integrated into biological systems through the process of nitrogen fixation and become part of the proteins and nucleic acids in living organisms.
These processes are a crucial part of maintaining ecosystem health because they regulate the availability of mineral nutrients. Through biogeochemical cycles, elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are recycled and converted into forms that can be used by plants and other organisms. The efficient functioning of these cycles is essential for the productivity and sustainability of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.Which of the following statements about stars is true?
A.) All stars are the same temperature
B.) None of these
C.) Stars rarely differ in temperature
D.) Stars vary greatly in temperature
Answer:
The correct option is D) Stars vary greatly in temperature
Explanation:
The temperature range for different type of stars varies from 3,000 Kelvin to 50,000 Kelvin. A red star is generally considered to be a lot cooler than a blue star or a white star. The stars which are bigger have more energy and usually have very high temperatures. The smaller stars are smaller star has less energy and has low temperatures. Hence, we can say that stars vary greatly in temperature.
Answer:
is D for a comman fact
Which of the Following is an Example of Parasitism?
A.Tree frogs using a tree to hide from predators
B. Fleas living on a dog, making the dog ill
C. Algae living on a sloth, giving it camouflage
D.Two fish protecting each other from preditors
Fleas on a dog represent parasitism because the fleas benefit by obtaining nutrients at the dog's expense, potentially causing illness to the dog. The example of parasitism among the options provided is B.
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another organism, the host. The flea acts as a parasite by living on the dog and deriving nutrients from it, while the dog suffers harm, often in the form of illness or discomfort. This detrimental effect on the host is a hallmark of parasitism.
What must be done to ensure DNA made is a laboratory is radioactive
A) Incorporating radioactive nucleotides.
The leaves of deciduous plants are broad, flat and designed to facilitate
photosynthesis. We know that plants need carbon dioxide and water in the
presence of light for photosynthesis to occur. We also know that plants take in
water through there roots and that water travels through xylem to reach the
leaves. These broad, flat leaves also facilitate transpiration, the loss of water through leaves. When subjected to a dry, hot environment, plants attempt to maintain homeostasis by
Answer:
Closing of stomata to reduce transpiration.
Explanation:
The portion of the membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is responsible for the making lipids and breaking down toxic substances is the
Answer:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation:
The endoplasmic reticulum is a series of interconnected channels running throughout the cytoplasm. Some endoplasmic reticular have granules called ribosomes on their surfaces. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum are more specialized responsible for synthesizing and transportation of Lipids and breaking down of toxic chemicals from all parts of the cell.
Answer:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Or Smooth ER
Explanation:
I was just asked this on USA test prep.
Amniocentesis is a process in which amniotic fluid is taken from the mother's womb to identify any genetic abnormalities in the fetus. How would the discovery of the human genome contribute to this process?
Answer:
The correct option is "the exact location of a particular disease-causing gene can be determined."
Explanation:
The discovery of the human genome will let us know the sequence of normal genes in a human. By comparing to this sequence, one can easily know if there is any abnormality in the fetus. The exact location where a fault has occurred can be recognized if the sequence of the normal human genome is known. Hence, the discovery of the human genome is very beneficial to the process of amniocentesis.
what will each newly formed cell form around the chromosomes
A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, and a nucleolus forms in each of the newly forming cells. Copied DNA coils into chromosomes. ... Kinetochore fibers move chromosomes to the cell's center.
Answer:
it will form a Telophase
Explanation:
During telophase, the newly separated chromosomes reach the mitotic spindle and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, thus creating two separate nuclei inside the same cell. As Figure 4 illustrates, the cytoplasm then divides to produce two identical cells.
Fill in the blank.
1. Increasing temperatures in the atmosphere have caused the temperature of the oceans to _____,leading to more powerful tropical storms.
2. Approximately 25% of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere is absorbed in the________
3. _____treatment is critical to removing pollutants from contaminated water by using
physical, chemical, or biological processes.
4. Water pollution can come from the ____ of dead organic matter or animal waste in
waterways.
5. Water pollution increases the amount of salinity and slows down major ocean______that are
responsible for regulating Earth's climate.
Respond to the following based on your reading.
6. Describe steps that can be taken to improve water quality through water conservation
Answer:
increase
oceans
wastewater
decomposition
currents
Individuals can control their use of water. Governments can help conserve water by encouraging farmers to plant climate-resistant crops that require less water. Switching to newer alternative energy technologies can reduce water used in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants for cooling.
Explanation:
The branch of science which deals with a living being is called biology.
The current question is fill in the blanks. The correct answer is as follows:-
Increasing temperatures in the atmosphere have caused the temperature of the oceans to increase , leading to more powerful tropical storms. Approximately 25% of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere is absorbed in the oceansWater waste treatment is critical to removing pollutants from contaminated water by using Water pollution can come from the physical and biological waste of dead organic matter or animal waste in waterways.Water pollution increases the amount of salinity and slows down major ocean decomposition that are responsible for regulating Earth's climate
The amount of drinking water is limited on the earth. As the population increases the water will be deficient for every species.
The only way to resolve this issue is to conserve the water in all possible ways out. Water conservation help in increasing the water amount use for daily chores and the extra water is can be used by the deficient person.
Hence, these are the answer to the following.
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The most common type of blood cancer is
Answer:
The common type of blood cancer include the following
1.Leukaemia
2. Lymphoma.
3. Myeloma.
Explanation:
Leukaemia is cancer of blood-forming tissues, including bone marrow. Many types exist such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Which is true regarding all X-linked disorders?
Group of answer choices
they result in a longer lifespan
they are caused by mutations of the X chromosome
they are linked to an unknown chromosome
they are disorders that affect only women
Answer:
they are caused by mutations of the X chromosome
Explanation:
The X chromosome contains many genes in addition to those that determine sex. Certain hereditary defects determine by recessive genes are linked to the X chromosome. The disorders are caused by mutations of the X chromosomes.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE concerning enzymes?
A. Enzymes have optimal environmental conditions
B. Enzymes are consumed by the reactions they catalyze
C. Enzymes can catalyze only one or a very few different reactions
D. All enzymes are proteins
E. Enzymes can only catalyze spontaneous reactions
Answer:
It should be B.)
Explanation:
Enzymes are catalysts, which means they are not consumed by the chemical reactions they catalyze.
The correct answer is D. All enzymes are proteins.
Explanation:D. All enzymes are proteins is the correct answer as it is NOT TRUE concerning enzymes. While the majority of enzymes are proteins, there are a few exceptions. Ribozymes, for example, are enzymes that are composed of RNA molecules rather than proteins.
Enzymes have optimal environmental conditions, which refers to specific pH and temperature ranges where the enzyme operates most efficiently. They are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze, meaning that they can be reused. Enzymes can catalyze only one or a very few different reactions, and they can catalyze both spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions.
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What holds base pairs together? a pairs of double-ringed nucleotides b sugar-phosphate backbones c hydrogen bonds d nitrogen-carbon bonds
In DNA, base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds. Adenine and thymine are connected by two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine are connected by three. Sugar-phosphate backbones and nitrogen-carbon bonds do not hold the base pairs together.
Explanation:In DNA, base pairs which consist of double-ringed nucleotides, are held together by hydrogen bonds. The base pairs adenine (A) and thymine (T) are held together by two hydrogen bonds, while the base pairs cytosine (C) and guanine (G) are connected by three hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bonds allow these base pairs to hold together, providing DNA its double helix structure.
It should be noted that sugar-phosphate backbones form the outer sides of the DNA helix but do not hold the base pairs together.
Similarly, nitrogen-carbon bonds are present in the bases and the sugar molecule but these are not responsible for the bonding of the base pairs. They exist in the individual nucleotides and not in the double-ring structure formed by base pairs.
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In DNA, the base pairs (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine) are held together by hydrogen bonds. It's not the sugar-phosphate backbone or any other components that keep the base pairs connected.
Explanation:The base pairs in DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. Specifically, in the double helical structure of DNA, composed of nucleotides, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). Each of these base pairs is bound together by hydrogen bonds with A and T sharing two hydrogen bonds, and C and G sharing three.
The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA strand, consisting of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, is external to the base pairs and provides structure to the DNA molecule. However, these backbones do not hold the base pairs together.
So, between the options provided, the answer is c) hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together in DNA.
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