Answer:
C) tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.
Explanation
Tumor staging group client according to the extent and spread of the disease using the TNM system. TNM stands for tumor , node, metastasis. In the TNM system T1,T2,T3 and T4 describe tumor size. N0, N1, N2 and N3 describe the lymph node involvement. M0, M1 describes the absence or presence of metastasis.
The tumor clinical stage was given as T3, N2, M0.
This means the tumor is large( T3) and at least two lymph nodes(N2) are positive(M0) for cancer cells.
Answer:
option c:Tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.
Explanation:
communication between medical personnel e.g doctors, nurses and a patient about a patient diagnosis is very important. the way or manner the result is conveyed to the patient also matters and knowing if the patient is in the rest state of mind is very important. A tumor can be defined as mass of tissue growing abnormally in the human body. breast cancer tumors are generally of two types which are non-cancerous (benign) and cancerous, which (malignant).breast cancer are stage 1, 2, 3, or 4.patients with cancer needs a lot of care and attention. therefore those in the medical field e.g nurses should try as much as possible to give the patient maximum attention and care, understanding and foster good communication between them.the nursing care provided by nurses will help patient with their concern generally about the cancer.
Place the steps involved in the process of bacterial transformation in the correct order.
A. Donor cell DNA binds to a receptor site on the recipient cell.
B. One strand of the donor cell DNA is degraded.
C. Transformed DNA pairs with homologous region on the recipient cell chromosome.
D. Transformed DNA recombines with the recipient cell chromosome.
E. Donor cell lyses, releasing pieces of its chromosome into the environment.
Answer:
E-A-B-C-D
Explanation:
The steps involved in the process of bacterial transformation in the correct order are;
E. Donor cell lyses, releasing pieces of its chromosome into the environment.
A. Donor cell DNA binds to a receptor site on the recipient cell.
B. One strand of the donor cell DNA is degraded.
C. Transformed DNA pairs with homologous region on the recipient cell chromosome.
D. Transformed DNA recombines with the recipient cell chromosome.
Answer:
(A) Donor cell lyses, releasing pieces of its chromosome into the environment.
(b) Donor cell DNA binds to a receptor site on the recipient cell.
(c) One strand of the donor cell DNA is degraded.
(d) Transformed DNA pairs with homologous region on the recipient cell chromosome.
(E) Transformed DNA recombines with the recipient cell chromosome.
Explanation:
Process of bacteria transformation
This is a process of gene transfer that occurs in an horizontal manner; means by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the environment. Such bacteria are usually termed as competent cells and can be used in artificial selection processes.
Which five organs make up the vestibular system? A. Three semicircular canals and two otolith organs B. Two semicircular canals and three otolith organs C. One semicircular canal and four otolith organs D. Four semicircular canals and one otolith organ E. Five semicircular canals
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
The vestibular system is a part of the inner ear that provides the most important contribution to the sense of balance and coordinating movement with balance. This system is made up of two parts which are the three semicircular canals and the two otolith organs. The two otolith organs are the saccule and the utricle. The utricle is sensitive to changes with regards to horizontal movement and the saccule provides information about vertical acceleration. They are able to do this due to their orientation in the inner ear providing spatial orientation with regards to movement and balance. the three semi circular canals includes the horizontl, poterior and the superior semicircular canals. they provide sensory inputs.
Answer:
A. Three semicircular canals and two otolith organs
Explanation:
The vestibular system is the sensory system found in the inner ear. It helps in the coordination of balance and movement.
The vestibular system consists of two major parts : the semicircular canals which is responsible for rotational movements and are Three in number and the Otolith organ which is responsible for linear acceleration and are 2 in number.
The vestibular system sends signals mainly to the neural structures that control eye movements and to the muscles that keep an animal or human in their general control posture.
The thalamus relays sensory information to a.correct regions of the cerebral hemispheres b.relays motor information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei (basal ganglia) to the cerebrum c.plays a role in consciousness consists of a pair of oval masses d.all of these choices are correct
Answer: eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Explanation:
Lobsters are crustaceans related to crayfish, crabs, and shrimp. Most lobsters are a reddish brown color, but on rare occasions, they can be orange, blue, or even multicolored. These color differences can be caused by__________.
Different organisms have changed thier colors as caused by evolution and natural selection as they better adapt in thier habitat.
What is evolution?The term evolution has to do with the changes that occurs in an organism as they move from one form to another.
Many different organisms have changed thier colors as caused by evolution and natural selection as they better adapt in thier habitat.
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Final answer:
Lobsters' color differences can be due to genetic mutations or environmental influences, leading to rare blue or multicolored appearances among the predominantly reddish brown crustaceans.
Explanation:
The color differences in lobsters can be caused by genetic mutations or variations in their environment. While most lobsters appear reddish brown due to the mix of pigments in their shells, on rare occasions, lobsters can be blue, orange, or even multicolored. These unique colorations result from different levels or the absence of certain pigments. For example, a blue lobster has a genetic mutation that causes an overproduction of a particular protein, leading to the blue pigment. The colorful variations, although infrequent, showcase the biodiversity within the subphylum Crustacea, which includes a vast array of aquatic and a few terrestrial species ranging from shrimp and krill to woodlice.
The primary immune response ________.
a. has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
b. occurs when memory cells are stimulated
c. occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
d. is another name for immunological memory
Answer: a. has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Explanation:
When the body comes in contact with foreign antigen for first time it is accompanied by primary immune responses, a lag period occurs in which no antibody is produced but activated B cells are transformed into plasma cells, this is called lag phase. The lag period may be as short as 2-3 days but is sometimes longer.
white blood cells consist of B cells which are formed in the bone marrow. Growing B cell (after first exposure) produces several copies of one type of antigens as a surface antigen receptor. The entire population of B cells has the ability to directly bind to millions of different antigens. If the antibody on a B cell's surface bind to an antigen, the cell will be primed to undergo proliferation and differentiation.
Hence, the correct option is a.
Final answer:
The primary immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. The secondary immune response occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the primary response.
Explanation:
The primary immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. During the primary response, some of the cloned B cells are differentiated into memory B cells programmed to respond to subsequent exposures. In contrast, the secondary response occurs more rapidly and forcefully than the primary response, with a decreased lag period and higher levels of antibodies produced.
In which process are the chromosomes separated into chromatids?
Answer:
During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle.
Explanation:
Fill in the blank with the correct word.
When a plant responds to changes in the length of day by flowering during certain seasons, it is called .
To survive the cold winter months, some plants go into a state of .
Answer:
The two answers are photoperiodism and dormancy
Explanation:
Think of photo at the beginning of the first answer and relate it to photosynthesis and think of dormancy as when flowers go at rest during the cold so they dont wither away
Photoperiodism is when plants respond to changes in day length by flowering, while dormancy is when plants slow down to survive winter.
Explanation:When a plant responds to changes in the length of day by flowering during certain seasons, it is called photoperiodism. To survive the cold winter months, some plants go into a state of dormancy.
Photoperiodism is a biological occurrence where organisms, such as flowering plants, react to the length of light and darkness within a 24-hour period. Plants have a light-sensitive system, the phytochrome system, which helps them detect the change of season. During different times of the year, due to the Earth's tilt, the length of daylight changes, and plants use this change in photoperiod to time their growth cycles, including when they flower, set winter buds, and grow vegetatively.
To cope with harsh winter climates, some plant species enter a phase known as dormancy. Dormancy is a period during which plants slow their metabolic processes, conserve energy, and often shed their leaves to survive extreme cold and scarcity of resources.
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How can you see change over time using topographic maps and satellite images?
Topographic maps and satellite images
Explanation:
A topographic map represents earth's surface features like land forms and structures, rivers and lakes, mountains and hills, elevations and other natural features along with man-made artificial features like cities, buildings, monuments, roads, bridges etc. These are formed by contour lines.
Topographic maps are printed with revision dates to observe the changes happening on the Earth's surface. Various land forms keeps changing due to natural and man-made causes and these needs to be updated accordingly to provide accurate details.
A satellite image provides details of the earth aerially from space. These provides details of a land form or any earth structure currently.
By comparing with older satellite images or topographic maps with the current one, the changes which occurred over time can be observed.
What causes spring and neep tides, and identify the phases of the moon when these tides occur
Answer spring tide occur when the moon, earth and the sun are in a straight line which causes regular higher tides and low tides to increase in their intensity
While neep tides occur when the moon, sun and the earth are formed at a right angle. This will make the regular higher tides and low tides to become much lower than the usual.
Explanation:
After a major forest fire, the process of succession ultimately causes an ecosystem to?
Answer: The ecosystem becomes more stable and diverse
Answer:
Succession after an ecological disturbance causes the system to steadily return to its original state, theoretically. Smaller plants will grow back first, then gradually the whole ecosystem will return to how it was before the disturbance (i.e. the forest fire).
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both part of which division of the nervous system?
Answer:
Autonomic nervous system
Explanation:
Answer:
Autonomic nervous system
Explanation:
APE.X
When an animal confronts a "fight-or-flight" situation, the release of epinephrine promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver, heart and skeletal muscle. The end product of glycogen breakdown in the liver is glucose, but in muscle, it is pyruvate. What is the reason for the different products of glycogen breakdown in the two tissues? What is the advantage of these specific glycogen breakdown routes to an animal that must fight or flee?
Answer: and Explanation:
A.)The reason for the different products of glycogen breakdown in the two tissues is that glucose 6-phosphotase which is
a known enzyme that brings about hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate as a result of the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose is not available in heart and skeletal muscle, therefore,any glucose 6-phosphotase that is produced will just enters the glycolytic pathway and get converted to lactate through pyruvate, in the absence of Oxygen O2.
B) Whenever a situation involving fight or flight arises, the concentration of glycolytic precursors becomes high in order to prepare for muscular activity. Since the membrane is impermeable to any charged species, and at the same time glucose 6-phosphotase enzyme cannot be moved through the glucose transporter, then there cannot be a release of Phosphorylated intermediates from the cell. The blood glucose level must be maintained by the liver by releasing of glucose.
glucose that is later formed from glucose 6-phosphotase then enters the bloodstream.
Which of the following is used in medical imagery?
radio waves
X rays
blue light
ultraviolet light
Medical imagery includes many methods that uses different technologies. X-ray technology is the most common one, which uses X-rays for generating results.
What is medical imagery?Medical imagery is a technique which doctor uses to find any defect inside the body. There are many techniques for this purpose, ex. computed tomography scans, MRI, X-rays, etc.
X-rays are form of electromagnetic waves which are absorbed by the body in different amounts.
Thus, B is the correct option.
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Russ went for a run, and Nelly took a nap. They then watched a horror movie together. Usually, Russ and Nelly are about equally scared when they watch horror movies. In this situation, Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion predicts that
Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation constitute emotion. In the described scenario, Russ, who went running, may feel more scared during the movie due to an increase in physiological arousal, while Nelly, who took a nap, could possibly feel less scared due to a lower level of arousal.
Explanation:The question refers to Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion, which implies that emotions are composed of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. Considering the mentioned scenario, where Russ had a run (increasing his physiological arousal) and Nelly took a nap (thus, probably having a lower arousal state), it is likely that, when they watch the horror movie, Russ will feel more scared than usual while Nelly may feel less scared.
This is because, according to the two-factor theory of emotion, the same physiological arousal can be interpreted as different emotions, depending on the cognitive interpretation. For Russ, the excitement from the run could be misattributed as fear, intensifying his emotional reaction to the movie, whereas Nelly, who's likely more relaxed due to her nap, may not experience intense fear.
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According to Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion, Russ may experience a more intense emotional reaction to the horror movie due to misattributing the physiological ar-ousal from his run to the film, while Nelly, having rested, may not experience such heightened emotions unless influenced by Russ.
Explanation:The situation described can be analyzed through the lens of Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion, which posits that emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. Russ went for a run and presumably experienced physiological aro-usal from this intense physical activity. Nelly, on the other hand, took a nap and would likely have a lower level of physiological arousal. According to the theory, the physiological arousal experienced by Russ could potentially intensify his emotional response to the horror movie.
If Russ has no other explanation for his heightened physiological state, he could misattribute some of the arousal from the run to the horror movie, thereby experiencing a more intense emotional reaction. On the contrary, Nelly, having been at rest, would not have this extra arousal to misattribute, and would experience fear at her usual level when watching a horror movie, unless she is influenced by Russ's heightened emotion.
Having white wool (W) is dominant over having black wool (w). A heterozygous parent with white wool is crossed with a homozygous recessive parent with black wool. What is the probability that the offspring will have black wool?
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex...
A. are specialized for processing spatial information and respond differentially to
the direction and speed of movement.
B. are the primary source of input to V1, V2 and V3.
C. respond selectively to objects.
D. integrate motor commands with spatial information.
Answer:
C. respond selectively to objects.
Explanation:
The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex are involved in:
Responding selectively to the objects.Letter and pseudoword readingGrapheme-phenomic conversionAudiovisual integration of syllabusPresentation of faces pronouncing syllabus.Hence option C is the right answer amongst the options mentioned.
All of the following substances are derived from petroleum except
Options are not provded in the question. The complete question is:
All of the following substances are derived from petroleum EXCEPT
A) asphalt
B) DDT
C) cellulose
D) polystyrene
E) nylon
Answer: C) cellulose
Explanation:
Cellulose is defined as an organic compound made up of many hundred to several thousands of β linked D-glucose units arranged in a linear chain. Cellulose is a significant structural part of green plant's primary cell wall, many types of oomycetes and algae.
Human beings can not digest cellulose but as a source of fibre, it is essential in the diet. Cellulose is used for storing clothes and paper.
Hence, cellulose is not a derivative of petroleum.
Among the substances listed, prostaglandin is not derived from petroleum; instead, it is a lipid compound from fatty acid chains. In contrast, fuel types like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, as well as certain plastics, are examples of products derived from petroleum.
From the given details, the substance not derived from petroleum is a prostaglandin. Numerous substances are produced from petroleum, including a variety of fuels - gasoline, diesel, kerosene - and even certain types of plastics. These products result from various chemical reactions that occur within an oil refinery through a process called fractional distillation.
On the other hand, prostaglandins are not derived from petroleum but are lipid compounds that originate from fatty acid chains. They play vital roles in multiple body processes, from immune responses to the regulation of inflammation.
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Which of these choices is considered an environment cost
Answer:
Where are the choices?
Explanation:
Answer:
C. Water contamination
Explanation:
Choose the term that does not belong with the rest
and explain your answer:
a genotype
b. phenotype
c. homozygous
d. heterozygous
Answer: PHENOTYPE
Explanation: This is due to homozygous and heterozygous being associated with Genotype.
Heterozygous is Bb
Homozygous is bb or BB
All of which is a genotype.
Phenotype, however, is focused on appearance, not code.
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Take __ away from microbes by using __ in jams and
putting___
on foods like meat was helpful in days before
refrigeration to stop microbes from growing.
a.SALT, SUGAR, WATER
b.WATER, SUGAR, WATER
c.WATER, SALT, SUGAR
d.WATER, SUGAR, SALT
Answer:
d. Water, sugar , salt.
Explanation:
Sugar in jams helps by drawing water from its surroundings, any microbe that tends to be arround then becomes dehydrated as water will be drawn through the cell wall making it difficult for them to grow and cause death. Salt also works in this same manner of sucking up water. This process used by salt and water is known as OSMOSIS.
Which organism in the food web contains the most energy
Answer:
The answer is grass
Explanation:
The organism that is having the highest energy here is grass, the correct option is B.
What is energy in ecosystem?Energy is transferred from producers to consumers by organisms in food webs.
Organisms use energy to carry out complex daily tasks. The vast majority of energy in food webs comes from the sun and is converted or transformed into chemical energy by the photosynthesis process in plants.
An ecosystem is a geographical area in which plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, coexist to form a life.
Ecosystems contain both biotic including living ones along with abiotic means nonliving components.
The producers store the most energy. Around 10% of the light energy converted into chemical energy by photosynthesis, as well as 10% of the energy produced, is transferred to the subsequent trophic levels.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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1 point
According to the binomial nomerklature rules the species should be
written in italics. *
O
true
true
O
false
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Binomial nomenclature rules state that the genus-species names for organisms must be written in italics. A couple examples -
Humans are genus homo, species sapiens, so we write it as H. sapiens.
White oaks are genus quercus, species alba, so we write it as Q. alba.
A DNA molecule contains FIFTY base pairs of nucleotides. Thirty of the nucleotides are paired with adenine. How many of the nucleotides are paired with guanine? *
A. 20
B. 50
C. 40
D. 30
Answer:
A. 20
Explanation:
According to Chargaff's rule, the ratio of purine to pyrimidine bases in a DNA sequence must be 1:1. More specifically, the number of guanine should balance that of cytosine while the number of adenine should balance that of thymine.
Hence, if 30 nucleotides are paired with adenine and only thymine can paired with adenine, it means that the remaining base pairs which is guanine/cytosine is 20. Therefore, the remaining 20 nucleotides (out of 50) must be paired with guanine.
The correct option is A.
Answer:
A. 20
Explanation:
A DNA molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains made up of four types of nucleotides viz: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine. Each chain is called STRAND. The complementary base pairing rule proposed by Chargaff states that, in a DNA molecule, Adenine nucleotide will always hydrogen bond to Thymine nucleotide i.e. A-T while Cytosine nucleotide will always hydrogen bond to Guanine nucleotide i.e. G-C.
According to Chargaff, the amount of each base is equal to the amount of its complementary pair i.e. Adenine=Thymine and Guanine=Cytosine. Based on this, if 30 of the 50 nucleotides are paired with adenine, this means that Thymine nucleotides are 30 in the DNA molecule.
However, the remaining 20 (50-30) nucleotide pairs will contain a pairing of Guanine to Cytosine. This means 20 of the Cytosine nucleotides will be paired with Guanine.
Earthworm behavior lab report. What is your hypothesis for this experiment?
Answer:
Explanation:
Instead, they can sense light through their skin. These natural light sensors let the earthworms know when they are getting too close to a bright light, such as the sun. Earthworms try to stay out of sunlight because the heat from the sun dries out their skin.
Earthworms tends to move towards light when they are placed in the dark area, as they can sense the light through their skin.
What is earthworm?Earthworms are terrestrial invertebrate, lives in soil. They belong to phylum annelid and feature a tube-in-tube body plan. They found everywhere in the world, where water, soil, and temperature are appropriate for them.
As earthworms live in soil, they obtain their nutrients from the soil. They eat wide variety of organic matter including, plant matter, living protozoa, rotifers, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms.
Earthworms can feel with the help of their skin, so they can sense the light and when placed in dark, it tends to move towards it. Earthworms tends to shrink in colder temperature, when they are placed in cold water they became slow.
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Substance R is too large to diffuse across the cell membrane or to be transported across by a protein. Molecules of Substance R can, however, cross the membrane and exit the cell. By which of the listed processes do they cross?
A. Active transport
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Diffusion
Answer:
A. Active transport
Explanation:
The process is called Exocytosis which falls under the Active transport system.
Active Transport describes the processes of moving materials through the cell membrane that requires the use of energy. Substance R was said to be too large to diffuse so it will certainly need some form of energy to make it pass through the membranes. This makes Active transport the correct choice.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
.facilitated Diffusion is the form of assisted diffusion through special protein channels in the membrane of cells. It is a passive form of diffusion because it still depends on the movements of the particular substance down the concentration gradient . It is the transport methods for large polar molecules e.g amino acids, glucose and ions to reach the inside of the cells.
The special proteins involved are the carrier, gated channels, and channels protein. These proteins provides hydrophylic medium for theses molecules to reach the cells.
Generally the channels proteins are fixed in shape , while the carrier proteins can change between the two shapes
The two most abundant elements in the oceans are sodium and chlorine. Together they make a salt, halite. Sodium is dissolved in groundwater and river water that flows into the ocean.
What is the MOST LIKELY source of chlorine?
A)volcanic gases
B)subduction zones
C)decomposing bedrock
D)decomposing sea animals
Answer:
Volcanic gases. (Ans A)
Explanation:
Ocean water is salty because of the presence of dissolved salt. When water contact with a rock it starts weathering processes and this process starts to dissolve the soluble elements such as sodium out of the rock.
In volcanic gases, lots of chlorine ions are present in the atmosphere, these ions easily dissolve with water and produce the large flux of chloride that splashes into the oceans. So, the most common source of chloride ions in ocean waters comes from the volcanic explosions.
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light. Which of the following statements describes a relationship that Engelmann's experiment helped to determine?A. amount of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis B. wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration C. wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis D. amount of carbon dioxide and the rate of anaerobic respiration
Answer:
C. wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis
Explanation:
The experiment by Theodor W. Engelman demonstrated the relationship between wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis.
Various experiments have reported that the optimal regions of white light that drive photosynthesis is the red and blue regions.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water is utilized to synthesize glucose and oxygen is produced as a result. Hence, the rate of production of oxygen is directly proportional to the rate of photosynthesis.
Therefore, the more the photosynthesis rate, the more the oxygen produced and the more the growth of aerobic bacteria. This is why more bacterial growth was observed around the red and blue region of white light according to Engelmann's observation.
The correct option is C.
Theodor W. Engelmann's determined the relationship between different wavelengths of light (specifically, red and blue light) and the rate of photosynthesis.
experiment
Explanation:Theodor W. Engelmann's experiment was designed to elucidate the relationship between wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis, thus the best option from the given ones would be C. wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis.
During Engelmann's experiment, different segments of algae were exposed to different wavelengths of light. He noticed that the largest bacterial clusters were positioned where the algae were exposed to red and blue light. Engelmann deduced that these areas must be producing the most oxygen (a byproduct of photosynthesis), which attracted the aerobic bacteria.
This experiment indirectly determined the rates of photosynthesis associated with specific light wavelengths, showcasing that blue and red light promote the highest rate of photosynthesis.
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Arrange the following steps from a typical genetic modification procedure into their correct sequence. Place the first step at the far left. Some steps my be equivalent. Rank the typical genetic modification procedure from the first step to the last step. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
1) Select the gene of interest + insert into plasmid
2) Protein product harvested from bacteria
3) Isolate bacterial plasmid
4) Bacteria replicate
5a) Cloned gene harvested from bacteria
5b) Plasmid taken up by bacterium
The sequence of steps in a genetic modification process starts with isolating a bacterial plasmid, then selecting and inserting a gene of interest into the plasmid. The modified plasmid is taken up by a bacterium, which then reproduces. The cloned gene is harvested, and the protein product is finally extracted from the bacteria.
Explanation:The correct sequence of steps from a typical genetic modification procedure is as follows:
Isolate bacterial plasmidSelect the gene of interest + insert into plasmidPlasmid taken up by bacteriumBacteria replicateCloned gene harvested from bacteriaProtein product harvested from bacteriaStarting from the isolation of the bacterial plasmid, moving to the selection of the gene of interest and its insertion into the plasmid. The prepared plasmid is then taken up by the bacterium. Subsequently, the bacteria replicate, producing many copies of the inserted gene. The cloned gene is then harvested from the bacteria, followed finally by the harvesting of the protein product.
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The correct sequence for a typical genetic modification procedure is to first isolate a bacterial plasmid, then select and insert the gene of interest into it, allow the plasmid to be taken up by a bacterium, let the bacteria replicate, then harvest either the cloned gene or the protein product from the bacteria.
Genetic modification is a complex process which involves multiple steps. Below is the sequence of steps that typically occur in gene cloning, a common genetic modification technique used in biotechnology.
Isolate bacterial plasmid: The first step is to obtain the bacterial plasmid, which acts as a vector to carry the gene of interest.Select the gene of interest + insert into plasmid: Known as ligation, this step involves cutting the plasmid DNA and inserting the gene of interest.Plasmid taken up by bacterium (transformation): The recombinant plasmid is introduced into the bacterial host so it can be replicated.Bacteria replicate: Bacteria carrying the recombinant plasmid reproduce, creating many copies of the plasmid and the gene of interest.Either Cloned gene harvested from bacteria if the goal is to isolate the gene or Protein product harvested from bacteria if the goal is to produce a protein product derived from the gene.The steps are typically conducted in this order to ensure efficient and successful genetic modification.
what causes water to runoff
Answer:
Runoff occurs when there is more water than land can absorb.
Explanation:
The excess liquid flows across the surface of the land and into nearby creeks, streams, or ponds. ... Glaciers, snow, and rain all contribute to this natural runoff. Runoff also occurs naturally as soil is eroded and carried to various bodies of water.
Answer:
water does not soak into the ground.
Explanation:
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What is the term for a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane?
Answer: OSMOSIS
Explanation:
OSMOSIS is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. It's very useful in biological systems and is dependent on the following factors:
- osmotic pressure and
- osmotic gradient.
Osmotic pressure: this is defined as the least pressure that needs to be applied in a solution to discontinue the transfer of solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic gradient: this compares the concentration of solutions divided by a semipermeable membrane. The concentration of a specific particle dissolved in a solution is known through osmotic gradient.