A _____ is a person who influences legislation on behalf of his or her clients.

It was concerned with the absurdity of "war".

Joseph Heller was an American writer of books, short stories, plays etc. His most famous novel is Catch-22, a parody on war and organization, whose title has turned into an equivalent word for a preposterous or conflicting decision. It is said that the basic concept for Catch-22 depended on Joseph Heller's own involvement in World War II.

Final answer:

Joseph Heller's book 'Catch-22' deals with the absurdity of war and the ridiculous situation defined by the contradictory rule of Catch-22, reflecting existentialism and anti-war sentiments.

Explanation:

Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 is a satirical work that captures an aspect of existentialism through the absurdity of war. The narrative follows the experiences of Yossarian, a bomber pilot in World War II, who is caught in a frustrating and seemingly paradoxical situation where he cannot escape ongoing combat missions. This contradictory rule, Catch-22, is that a pilot deemed insane can be relieved from duty, but requesting to be relieved for insanity reasons is seen as a rational act, therefore proving sanity.

The absurdity depicted in the novel is not just a comedic backdrop but also an exploration of the nonsense and circular logic found in bureaucratic systems and war itself. Heller uses exaggerated and ridiculous scenarios to convey his message, reflecting on the irrational nature of such institutions and their impact on the individual. His work is essential in understanding anti-war sentiments and the need for individual autonomy against overwhelming systems.

The move towards high-stakes testing in the U.S. has sparked debate over education quality and equity, with criticism of teaching to the test and calls for student-centered learning. Policy shifts from No Child Left Behind to ESSA highlight these concerns, as do issues of school funding and standardized proficiency standards.

As the United States moves increasingly toward high-stakes testing, there is a growing concern about the impact on education quality and equality, which can be seen in the funding tie-ins of policies such as the No Child Left Behind Act and its subsequent replacement, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). These policies have led to the phenomenon commonly called teaching to the test, which prioritizes student performance on standardized tests over broader educational goals. Critics argue this approach leads to a narrow focus on fact regurgitation, while proponents of student-centered learning advocate for teaching that develops problem-solving abilities and learning skills. Federal education policy has evolved, as seen in the shift from national to state accountability with the ESSA, though this has been impacted by delays including the COVID-19 pandemic. The Common Core State Standards sparked controversy not just for the standards themselves, but the associated assessments and the high stakes they carry. This has drawn criticism not only from educators and parents but has also highlighted inequalities in school funding and student performance.

The debate extends to the economic and social realms, emphasizing the inequities in the education system and the potential long-term effects on the economy and society. It points to the stark disparities in educational resources and achievements between affluent and less affluent communities, compounded by a lack of consensus on proficiency standards among states. Moreover, international comparisons reveal that U.S. students lag behind other countries in standardized test scores, suggesting systemic problems within the education system.

Because Ethan Nadelmann the use of mood-altering substances is customary in almost all human societies. He argues that the benefits of legalizing drugs outweighs the costs/negative consequences of keeping many drugs illegal.  He is also the founder and director of drug policy alliance of war on drugs in New York. 

B) Self-serving bias; The self-serving bias is an attribution error where people attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external ones. This bias helps maintain a positive self-image.

The question asks which type of attribution error involves people attributing their successes to internal characteristics. The correct answer is self-serving bias.

Self-serving bias is a perceptual error where individuals attribute their own successes to internal personal factors, such as their abilities, talents, or effort, while attributing their failures to external factors beyond their control. For example, a student who gets a high score on a test might think, 'I am so smart' (an internal attribution), but if they receive a low score, they might blame it on 'the test was too hard' or 'the classroom was too noisy' (external factors).

This bias helps preserve a positive self-image and maintains self-esteem by shifting the blame for failures and taking personal credit for successes.

Complete Question:

In which type of attribution error do people tend to attribute their successes to internal characteristics?

A. Fundamental attribution error

B. Self-serving bias

C. Actor-observer bias

D. Correspondence bias

Their are two teams and they are led by ralph and jack who share physical similarities and are the same age ralph is in charge of the builders and they take care of building shelter while jacks team are the hunters and they are in charge of looking for food

Final answer:

Ender's use of jeers from onlookers as a learning opportunity reveals his resilience, leadership, and emotional intelligence. Narrative resolution and the role of trickster are significant devices that provide depth and challenge perspectives, while the transformation of characters in literature often reflect changes due to material conditions.

Explanation:

When Ender uses the jeers of the onlookers as a teaching tool, it reveals a significant aspect of his character: his resilience and insight. Ender is able to take negativity from his environment and turn it into a constructive experience. This capacity demonstrates his leadership qualities and his emotional intelligence. He understands that the mockeries can serve a purpose beyond humiliation and uses them to educate others, reflecting his strategic mind and profound empathy.

Furthermore, the narrative resolution and Ender's reflections at the end of the story are designed to provide closure and summarize the lesson he's learned through his experiences. This resolution often includes an acknowledgment of humiliation but also encapsulates a broader understanding or transformation of character.

In literature, the role of trickster is employed as a rhetorical device to challenge the status quo and to offer a new perspective to readers. The trickster's actions and wit often reveal deeper truths about society and human nature, engaging the reading audience in a profound way.

The last excerpt mentioned highlights another character's fantasies of grandeur and ambition, thanks to their newfound fortune. The character's transformation in morale and future aspirations as a direct result of his circumstances demonstrates the common literary theme of personal change in response to material conditions.

Answer:

The Federalist Papers were written to explain and defend the newly proposed U.S. Constitution and gain support for its ratification.

Explanation:

The Federalist Papers were a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published in 1787, to explain and defend the newly proposed U.S. Constitution and gain support for its ratification.

In these papers, the authors addressed constitutional principles, explained the deficiencies of the Articles of Confederation, gave details of the new proposed Constitution, and argued why its ratification would preserve the Union and empower the federal government to act firmly and coherently in the national interest.

mentally absorb your surroundings

make sense of and understand your environment

order and reorder ideas and images

These three alternatives are related to the ability of the human brain to react to sensory stimuli. Through the five human senses we have the ability to understand objects, relationships, events around us, and associate them in an organized way with reality and with our individual perception of the world.

Answers:

Explanation:

The act of thinking consists on formulating ideas based on a given context.

In order to think, one must first understand the situation at hand by analyzing their surroundings and make sure they are comprehensible to the mind. Aditionally, one can make sense of a situation by taking the images perceived by the eyes and transform these into well-constructed ideas.

Thinking is an action that holds an effect in only one being: The individual that thinks. Whether this individual chooses to act based on their thought ideas (such as manipulating somebody using speech), this practice is out of the scope of the act of thinking.

What are your options?

Final answer:

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring and is correctly described in option d: 'something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response'.

Explanation:

The term negative reinforcement can best be described as a situation in which something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response. This is captured in option d: 'something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response'. Negative reinforcement is a concept in behaviorism where the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. For example, the beeping sound in your car stops when you buckle your seat belt, which increases the likelihood that you'll wear your seatbelt. It's important to differentiate between negative reinforcement, which increases a behavior, and punishment, which aims to decrease a behavior.

Final answer:

Interest groups are organizations that bind together individuals with common concerns or goals to influence political outcomes in American politics. There are various types, including economic, single-issue, and public interest groups, which all employ strategies such as offering incentives and lobbying to organize and recruit members.

Explanation:

An interest group is an organization of people who come together to advocate for a common interest or goal, particularly within the realm of politics and policy making. These groups play a significant role in American politics, seeking to influence political outcomes and alter public policies based on their common concerns or ideologies.

Three Types of Interest Groups in American Politics

Common Organization and Recruitment Characteristics :

All interest groups must contend with collective action challenges. They often use incentives to attract and retain members, like selective benefits or solidarity. Additionally, they might organize campaigns to lobby for policy changes, employing various methods such as advocacy, public campaigns, or direct lobbying of lawmakers. Recruitment can involve appeals based on shared ideologies, tangible benefits, or networking opportunities.

FALSE. The house of lords is not more powerful than the house of commons.

The House of Lords is not more powerful than the House of Commons; reforms such as the Parliament Act of 1911 have limited the power of the Lords. Today, the House of Commons is the primary legislative body that reflects the democratic will of the populace and controls legislative powers.

The statement that the House of Lords is more powerful than the House of Commons is false. Historically, both houses played significant roles in the British Parliament. However, over time, a number of reforms have reduced the power of the House of Lords. Notably, the Parliament Act of 1911 significantly limited its power, making it unable to veto legislation, but rather to delay it. Moreover, the House of Commons, as the elected body, holds the primary power to create and pass legislation, control finances, and ultimately reflects the democratic will of the populace.

Throughout history, events like the Civil War demonstrated the increasing power of the Commons, especially when Charles I tried and failed to arrest its radical leaders, leading to a war which the Commons-aligned forces eventually won. Additionally, after the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, the power balance significantly tilted towards the Commons. Therefore, the assertion that the House of Lords outpowers the House of Commons is not supported by current or historical UK constitutional arrangements where the Commons is the primary legislative body.