A mutant cucumber plant has flowers that fail to open when mature. Crosses can be done with this plant by manually opening and pollinating the flowers with pollen from another plant. When closed x open crosses were done, all the F1 progeny were open. The F2 plants were 145 open and 59 closed. A cross of closed x F1 gave 81 open and 77 closed. How is the closed trait inherited? What evidence led you to your conclusion?

Answer:

Innate immunity includes non-specific immune responses to prevent the entry of pathogens and to kill the entered pathogen by first line of defenses.

Humoral immunity kills the entered pathogens by production of antibodies specific to the particular type of antigen. B lymphocytes are central to the humoral immunity.

Cell mediated immunity is another type of adaptive immune response wherein the killer T cells directly kill the infected cells.

Explanation:

Cell-mediated immunity is provided by killer T cells against virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. The cytotoxic T cells directly kill the entered pathogens.

Antibody-mediated immunity refers to the specific resistance to disease-causing agents. It includes the production of specific antibodies by B lymphocytes. it is also called humoral immunity.

Innate immune responses are the nonspecific immune responses that prevent the entry of all the diseases causing pathogens and antigens into the body. It includes the first line of defenses such as skin and mucous membranes as well as phagocytes and natural killer cells that kill all the pathogens and antigens non-specifically.

Answer:

-The skeletal muscle has long and cylindrical cells. The cardiac muscle cells are short and together they form a branch.

-The heart muscle fibers have only one nucleus in the center. The skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated.

-The skeletal muscle is voluntary and the cardiac is involuntary.

- Sarcoplasma and glycogen are more abundant in the heart muscle.

-The cardiac muscle is longitudinal striated and the skeletal is transverse striated

Answer:

Because cytotoxic T cells are activated with antigens.

Explanation:

Cytotoxic T cells are a type of white blood cell that expresses T-cell receptors that can recognize specific antigens to then be activated by them to neutralize an infected cell, antigens are structures that can stimulate an immune response, they are presented by the cells so T cells can identify them.

So, based on the previous information, cytotoxic T cells can't recognize or attack bacterias if their T cell receptors don't have an antigen presented by another cell to bind.

I hope this information clarifies your doubts!

Answer:

Quorum sensing.

Explanation:

Quorum sensing may be defined as the phenomena by which the bacteria can detect the specific stimuli and respond towards the cell population density. This process helps in coordinating gene expression.

Quorum sensing is used in prokaryotes for the cell to cell signalling and cell communication as well. The main evolution of quorum sensing in bacteria was to relay the information and helps in cell signalling by releasing the specific toxins. From the evolutionary point, the organism that are capable of quorum sensing would survive more in their environment, adapt well in their environment.

Thus, the answer is quorum sensing.

Answer:

The correct answer is 1.57 × 10⁶ codons.

Explanation:

It is given that the number of base pairs in E.coli DNA is 4.70 × 10⁶

1 codon = 3 DNA nucleotide adjacent that codes for a single amino acid

The number of bases or nucleotides in a single strand = number of base pairs in DNA = 4.70 × 10⁶

We only have to consider the coding strands triplet codons, that is,  

Number of triplet codon = 4.70 × 10⁶ / 3

= 1.57 × 10⁶ codons.  

Answer:

The correct answer is "Yes, β-galactosidase would be produced at induced levels".

Explanation:

The L-arabinose operon, also known as ara operon, is activated in the absence of glucose and in the presence of arabinose. In this study the ara operon was fused with the lac operon, therefore arabinose would active not only the genes of ara operon but also lac operon. Once the researchers provide E. coli with arabinose, the bacteria would produce β-galactosidase as a result of lac operon activation.

The false statement about the endomembrane system is that all its components are physically connected. While they work closely together, they are not all physically continuous, though they form a functional network for modifying, packaging, and transporting cellular substances.

The false statement regarding the endomembrane system is that it is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. In fact, the different components of the endomembrane system, such as the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth), and the Golgi apparatus, as well as the plasma membrane, are functionally connected though they are not all physically continuous with one another. Components like vesicles move between these structures, carrying substances within the cell, thus ensuring an interactive and dynamic system rather than a physically interconnected network.

The endomembrane system's main functions include the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. It also plays a crucial role in the production and modification of lipids and proteins which are necessary for building cellular membranes and for secretion out of the cell. It is important to note that the mitochondria and chloroplasts are not part of the endomembrane system despite being involved in various aspects of cell metabolism.

Answer:

b. allele

Explanation:

An allele is a variant form of a gene. In this problem, there is one gene (that determines seed color) with two possible alleles (green and yellow).

The other options are wrong because:

The genotype is the combination of alleles an individual has.

The karyotype is an individual's collection of chromosomes, paired and ordered.

A homozygote individual has the same alleles for a particular gene.

A heterozygote individual has different alleles for a particular gene.

Answer:

Enhancement in the life expectancy of humans can exhibit certain unwanted outcomes that could affect the quality of life. Some of the probable social and ecological outcomes due to an increase in life expectancy are:  

Social: Greater life expectancy would signify that the age of employment would get extended. As an outcome, the older individuals would hold the seats for a longer duration, leaving only some seats for the young. This would influence the life quality and development of the young.  

Due to the increase in life expectancy, there would be an elevation in the demand for basic needs, and increased consumption of food increased utilization of land, and larger population. The use of global resources would increase by humans, therefore, declining the resources at a greater rate. Hence, overall, the ratio of the old to the young would get influenced, and therefore, the quality of life would get affected.  

Ecological: With longer life expectancy, there will be an enhanced burden of human species on the planet Earth. Due to this, the balance between the humans and the other species would get disturbed. Human activities have been substantially related to the issues of global warming, issues of deforestation, endangering of other species resulting in ecological imbalance.  

Enhancement in the life expectancy of humans would cause further destruction of endangered species and huge imbalance in the ecosystems that would eventually influence life of human beings. Therefore, ecological in combination with socioeconomic influence of greater life expectancy incline towards reduced quality of life, and it is not desirable.  

Increased life expectancy due to enhanced understanding of aging at a cellular level could potentially yield social and ecological issues, due to increased demand for resources and societal changes. The role of telomeres, absence of telomerase in somatic cells, and the effects of oxidative stress are crucial in understanding the aging process.

The question posed involves the biological process of aging at a cellular level, tied to factors like the shortening of telomeres regions with repeated cell divisions. Primary and secondary aging, which concern molecular/cellular changes and controllable factors like exercise and diet respectively, play key roles in the aging process. The implication of an extended human life span involves exploring potential social and ecological impacts.

Social implications could cover areas like increased demand for healthcare, living spaces, and resources, and a shift in societal structures due to the increased proportion of aging populations. Ecological considerations may revolve around the fact that a larger aging population might drive greater consumption of resources, potentially exacerbating environmental issues.

Moreover, telomerase and aging are closely linked, as most somatic cells do not produce telomerase, leading to progressive telomere shortening and aging. With advancements in modern medicine and lifestyle changes, humans have extended their lifespan, prompting desires to maintain youth and a higher quality of life into old age.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be Option-C.

Explanation:

The pancreas is an organ which plays an important role in the digestion of the food.  Pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas which contains digestive enzymes as well as the sodium bicarbonate (base).

The sodium bicarbonate is required for the digestion of the food as after the acidic digestion of the food in the stomach, the food chyme enters small intestine. The inner lumpen is not structured to handle the acidic chyme so sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acid chyme that entered the lumen of the small intestine.

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-C.

Explanation:

Light-dependent reactions are the reaction of photosynthesis which takes place in the presence of light.

During light reaction, ATP and NADPH intermediates are produced which are utilized during the light-independent reaction. The main reactions that take place during light reactions are photolysis of water and ATP synthesis due to the electron transport chain.

Electron transport chain generates electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane sue to the accumulation of protons in the thylakoid lumen and fewer protons in the stroma of the chloroplast.

This causes the osmotic movement of protons down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase. The movement if hydrogen ions take place from thylakoid lumen to stroma forming ATP molecules.

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

ATP is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis when hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space into the stroma, a process facilitated by ATP synthase.

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced when hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space into the stroma. This is a process known as chemiosmosis, which harnesses the passive diffusion of hydrogen ions from a high concentration within the thylakoid lumen to a lower concentration in the stroma. This movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The correct answer to the question is:

c. Down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space into the stroma

Answer:

[tex]30,000[/tex] mL

Explanation:

Given -

Volume of buffer [tex]= 500[/tex] mL

Concentration of solution [tex]= 60[/tex] mM[tex]= 0.06[/tex]M

New concentration of the solution [tex]= 0.001[/tex]M

As we know

[tex]C_1* V_1= C_2*V_2[/tex]

Where

[tex]C_1, C_2[/tex] are the concentration of the solution before and after dilution.

And [tex]V_1, V_2[/tex] are the volume of solution before and after dilution.

Substituting the given values in above equation, we get -

[tex]500* 0.06 = V_2* 0.001\\V_2 = \frac{30}{0.001} \\V_2 = 30,000[/tex]mL

Answer:

The correct answer will be- homologous chromosomes fail to pair.

Explanation:

The seedless variety of the banana are triploid that is each cell contains three copies of the chromosomes.  The triploid variety of the organism is considered sterile or not able to produce offspring as they are unable to generate gametes for fertilization.

The formation of gametes relies upon a type of cell division called meiosis which proceeds in four phases of karyokinesis stage.

At metaphase of the meiosis, chromosomes fail to pair at the equatorial plate as two chromosomes pair leaving one extra chromosome which is not paired. The gametes are produced with unequal chromosomes and on fertilization zygote is not formed.

Thus, homologous chromosomes fail to pair is the correct answer.

Answer:

e. none of the above

Explanation:

Prophase-I of meiosis I include the pairing of homologous chromosomes followed by alignment of these pairs on the cell's equator in metaphase I.

During anaphase-I, the homologous chromosomes are separated from each other and begin to move towards opposite poles. Each homologous pair of chromosomes consists of one maternal and one paternal chromosome carrying corresponding alleles for the genes.

The separation of these homologous chromosomes during anaphase-I is random which means that each member of a homologous pair is randomly distributed to one of the poles. The independent separation of homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles results in unique allelic combinations in gametes.

Answer:

food webs are drawn in a diagram similar to a spider web

Answer:

Sex linked inheritance may be defined as the type of inheritance in which the trait or mutation is present on X chromosomes rather than on autosomes. Sex linked trait expression will depend upon the type of sex.

Two type of inheritance of sex linked trait are X linked dominant and X linked recessive trait. In X linked recessive trait, the male are more affected as they have only single X chromosome. Females should have both X chromosome affected for the expression of the trait. In sex linked dominant trait, a single X chromosome is enough for the expression of trait.

For example: Color blindness is an sex linked recessive trait, the mother generally passes the trait to their sons. Fragile X syndrome is a sex linked dominant trait in which the affected father will have all the affected daughter.

Answer: Option E

Explanation:

The loss of biodiversity can be defined as the loss of beneficial plants and animals that is found in the environment.

The destruction of habitat of animals, hunting, introduction of invasive species has led to the loss of biodiversity in case of animals and plants.

The global climate change has also resulted in the loss of species, the increased consumption of plants, animals and many more sources has led to loss of biodiversity.

Hence, all of the given parameter encourages loss of biodiversity.

Answer:

The Correct answer is E

Explanation:

Causes of the Loss of Biodiversity

According to most sources, the major direct source of loss of Biodiversity are such as:

There are five main sources of loss of Biodiversity

And, Climate change is now considering as the fifth reason behind the loss of Biodiversity.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

The energy from sunlight is used to split water molecule into H+ and O- and the emanating electron used to replace the lost electron at the reactive center of the Photosystem I & II. The lost electron is a high energy electron that is transferred from pigment to pigment in the Photosystem. As it does, its energy is harnessed and used to pump H+ protons into the lumen of the thylakoid from the stroma (creating a proton motive force that will be used to make ATPs). Ultimately this electron will then reduce NADP to NADPH.

The process that is most directly driven by light energy is ; ( C ) Transfer of energy from pigment molecule to pigment molecule

The light energy derived from the sunlight or a corresponding light source splits the H⁺ and O⁻ contained in water molecules. The split O⁻ replaces the electron which is lost at the center of photosystem I and II.

The lost electron at the reactive center contains energy while it is been transferred from one pigment molecule to another pigment molecule and this driven directly by the light energy.

Hence we can conclude that the process that is most directly driven by light energy is Transfer of energy from pigment molecule to pigment molecule.

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Answer:

The correct answer is a. suppression of LH release from the pituitary.

Explanation:

Anabolic steroids are synthetic steroids made up of mainly androgenic hormone like testosterone. These anabolic steroids are usually taken by young male bodybuilders because it helps in gaining muscles.

These anabolic steroids have many side effects and infertility in males is one of its side effects. Excessive use of these steroids stops the secretion of gonadotropic hormones such as LH in males from pituitary glands by inducing negative feedback to the pituitary.

LH is important in the production of testosterone from Leydig cells and testosterone is important for sperm production. Therefore if LH is stopped no sperm production will occur and it leads to infertility in males.

Answer:

The cortisol is generally nothing but a hormone of a steroid category, which is produced by the adrenal glands as a reciprocation to any type of stress or low concentrations of glucose in the blood, also called glucocorticoid. It plays an essential role in all the vertebrates as it is accountable for conducting various activities associated with the metabolism, cardiovascular system, homeostasis, and immunity.  

The glucocorticoid receptors or the cortisol receptors are found to take place in the cytoplasm and carry the heat shock proteins alongside. When the hormone reaches these receptors and combines with them some modification in their conformation takes place, and two things occur, that is, the heat shock proteins are discharged, and a complex is produced by the hormone and the receptor, known as the G. R complex.  

This complex exhibits the tendency to move into the cytoplasm and performs the process of translation and transcription by combining it with the DNA. Here, it again can do two kinds of activities, that is, via transactivation it can result in the expression of the inflammatory proteins in the cytoplasm or via transrepression, it can repress the similar proteins.  

Starch is broken down into maltose by the enzyme amylase. Maltose is then further hydrolyzed into glucose by the enzyme maltase, primarily in the small intestine.

Starch is broken down into maltose by the enzyme amylase. Initially, starch is hydrolyzed by salivary amylase in the mouth and later by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine, producing shorter polysaccharides, dextrins, and disaccharides like maltose. These smaller sugars are easier for the body to absorb. Following this, the enzyme maltase, which is produced by the cells in the small intestine, further breaks down maltose into individual glucose molecules, which are used by the body for energy.

Answer:

Explanation:

1. In prokaryotes , the reproduction takes place by asexual means such as binary fission whereas in eukaryotes the reproduction takes place by sexual means.

2. In eukaryotes mates are required which allows the fusion of males and female gametes, whereas in prokaryotes no mates are required offspring produce from single parent.

3. In prokaryotes many offspring produce from a single parent whereas in eukaryotes only few offspring are produced.

4. Growth of offspring development is complex in eukaryotes whereas the offspring development is simple in prokaryotes.

Final answer:

Eukaryotic reproduction is more complex than prokaryotic due to the presence of membrane-bound organelles, a larger and more complex genome with multiple linear chromosomes, a detailed process of cell division called mitosis, and a slower replication rate requiring tight regulation.

Explanation:

Eukaryotic reproduction is more complex than prokaryotic reproduction for several key reasons.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-D.

Explanation:

Photosynthesis proceeds in two stages: light-dependent and light-independent reaction.

The light-dependent begins when the chlorophyll pigment of the photosystem absorbs light energy.  This absorption causes the excitation of the electrons provided by the chlorophyll molecule.  

The excited electrons accepted by electron acceptor molecule from reaction center and a chain of electron flow begin called electron transport chain.

This transport of electrons creates a scarcity of electron in photosystem which causes splitting of the water molecule as a result of which oxygen gas is released.  

Thus, option-D is the correct answer.

Final answer:

All of the options given (electron transport, the splitting of water, and establishing a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP) occur during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which takes place in the chloroplast thylakoids of plants.

Explanation:

The correct option for the question about what occurs during the light-dependent reactions of plants is d. All the above. During these reactions, multiple processes take place:

The initial source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain is the splitting of water (photolysis), which occurs at PSII. The primary function of Photosystem II is to capture energy from sunlight to start these processes, while Photosystem I primarily works to produce NADPH.

Answer:

True, earth's upper crust that is lithosphere is made of lightweight rocks and is thinner as compared to that of the rock that are found in the below layers.

Explanation:

The Earth's crust consists of lighter elements because during Earth's formative, molten state, elements with lower densities floated toward the surface, while heavier elements sank, forming the denser core and mantle.

The Earth's crust is composed of lighter elements than the mantle or core due to the process known as planetary differentiation. When Earth was molten during its formation, materials with different densities separated under the force of gravity. The heavier elements, such as iron and nickel, sank to the center to form the core, while the lighter elements, like silicon, oxygen, and aluminum, floated towards the surface, forming the crust.

The crust is broken up into two main types: oceanic and continental crust. Oceanic crust is denser and predominantly made of basalt, whereas continental crust is composed largely of granite, which is less dense. As a result of these processes, the crust is much less dense than the mantle, which is made of solid but deformable rock, and the core, which has the highest density due to its metal composition.

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Answer:

c. they both gave birth to underdeveloped young

Explanation:

a. they both have nipples for sucking: this is a characteristic that monotremes don't have. They produce milk but babies are fed through skin openings.

b. they both have a single opening for reproduction, excretion and defecation: marsupials have a separate genital tract.

d. they both have members that retain the primitive reptile-gait: Monotremes, like reptiles, have a single cloaca. Marsupials don´t.

Both groups will finished their development inside a mothers sack.

Answer and Explanation:

a) Although the DNA is made up of only four possible building blocks, these blocks are combined from a 3 (form triplets of nitrogenous bases) giving rise to a large variety of nucleotide sequences that carry a large amount of genetic information.

b) DNA is a polymer formed  by nucleotides, which we could consider as the building blocks.

Each of these nucleotides is, at the same time, formed by a carbohydrate, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group (derived from phosphoric acid). The nitrogen base may be adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) or guanine (G).

The nitrogenous bases are located in a complementary manner between the two strands of DNA, with thymine-adenine being joined by a double bridge of hydrogen and cytosine-guanine by three hydrogen bonds.

Example of questions A and B: AAA, AAT, AAC, AAG, ATT, ACC, AGG, ATA, ACA, AGA, etc.

c) In RNA the carbohydrate that is present is ribonucleic acid while in DNA it is deoxyribonucleic acid.

In addition, in the RNA, the thymine nitrogenous base is replaced by the Uracil.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-C.

Explanation:

The functional groups are the group of atoms which gets attached to the skeleton of carbon in a molecule and provides certain characteristics to the molecule.  The main functional group includes hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl carbonyl and sulfhydryl.

These groups could be acidic or basic depending upon them if their structure will be able to take H⁺ ions from solution or donate H⁺ ions.  In the given question, the basic group among these is an amino group which has the ability to accept  H⁺ ions from the solution and form NH₃⁺ ions.

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

Answer:

In gram-negative bacteria, the thin layer of peptidoglycan is surrounded by an outer membrane made of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, and proteins. This statement accurately describes specific bacterial cell walls.

Explanation:

The Gram- negative bacteria constitute of an outer membrane which is richly made up of lipopolysaccharides, phopholipids and proteins. The lipopolysaccharides function mainly as a virulence factor and are involved in causing variety of diseases in animals.

Gram- negative bacteria can be seperated from gram- positive bacteria mainly because of the thickness of peptidoglycan and by the presence of the outer membrane of Gram- negative bacteria. The outer membrane is absent in Gram- positive bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan layer anchored by lipoteichoic acid, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides and proteins, including porins.

The question pertains to distinguishing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall structure. The correct statement regarding these bacterial cell walls is that Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid, which contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is composed of proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids, and it is encircled by a thin layer of peptidoglycan. Porins, which are proteins that allow substances to pass through, are present only in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria; they are not found in Gram-positive bacteria.

Additionally, unlike Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria do not contain teichoic acids in their cell walls. The inner membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide define the cytoplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. This outer membrane and the associated structures account for the complex Gram stain reaction observed with Gram-negative bacteria as compared to the simpler cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.

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Answer: C. Radical global climate change.

Explanation:

The entire taxa of the species can be wiped out due to an large catastrophic event associated with the change in the climate. As the climate becomes warm the chances of undergoing the global precipitation rate will change. The climate being an important abiotic factor under unstability is likely to affect the amount of rainfall, snow fall, drought and conditions of desertification. All these factors can be responsible for the removal of the entire taxa of the species in short time.

Answer:

The correct answer is option b. "Malnutrition has no significant effect on the genomic base pair content of a person's muscles".

Explanation:

Chargaff's Rules state that the content of nucleotides in the cells have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and  the composition of DNA varies from one species to another but not within the same specie. Therefore according to Chargaff's Rules malnutrition has no significant effect on the genomic base pair content of a person's muscles, since no variation of the genomic base pair content should occur within the same person or specie.