A nurse on a medical unit is administering heparin by continuous IV infusion to a client who has a pulmonary embolism. The client’s most recent aPTT is 70 seconds. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
a. Increase the IV infusion rate.
b. Decrease the IV infusion rate.
c. Discontinue the IV infusion.
d. Continue the IV infusion.

Answer:

The correct answer is carbon dioxide.

Explanation:

Respiration (physical) process involves inhalation and exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively in between the air and into the lungs to the blood. If the brain receptors sense the excess amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, they send signals the body to promote ventilation.  So, the most important chemical regulator of respiration is carbon dioxide that determines the respiratory rate.

An increase in carbon dioxide concentration in blood results in a decreasing pH level of the blood, causing the person to increase his rate of ventilation.

Thus, the correct answer is carbon dioxide.

Answer:

Prime movers.

Explanation:

Antagonist muscles are the muscles that oppose the action of other muscles. Biceps and triceps muscles acts as antagonist muscles.

Antagonist muscles mainly resist or oppose the action of prime movers of the muscle. These muscles produce the opposite action of the agonist muscles. Agonist muscle is also known as prime movers.

Thus, the answer is prime movers.

Antagonists are muscles that relax and resist the contraction of the Agonist muscles, thus enabling a movement to occur in the opposite direction. The Biceps (Agonist) and Triceps (Antagonist) relationship in the human arm is a practical example of this.

In the field of Biology, particularly human anatomy, Antagonists are muscles that resist the action of Agonists and cause movement in the opposite direction. To explain this concept better, an Agonist muscle is one that contracts and causes a particular movement. Concurrently, the Antagonist muscle will relax to allow this movement. However, when the Agonist muscle relaxes, the Antagonist muscle can then contract, moving the body part back to its original position. A practical example of this relationship can be found in the function of the Biceps (Agonist) and Triceps (Antagonist) muscles in the human arm while flexing and extending the elbow.

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Answer:

The correct option is D. Nitroglycerol

Explanation:

The drugs which are used to suppress the abnormal rhythms of the heart are called anti-arrhythmic agents or cardiac dysrhythmia medications.

Many anti-arrhythmic agents have multiple modes of action. Some examples of the anti-arrhythmia agents are- Amiodarone, Digoxin and Lidocaine.

Therefore, Nitroglycerol is not an anti-arrhythmic agent. It is used for the treatment of heart attack, angina, high blood pressure, coronary artery spasms.

Among the options provided, Nitroglycerol is not an anti-arrhythmia agent. While Amiodarone, Digoxin, and Lidocaine are used to treat different types of heart arrhythmias, Nitroglycerol is used for chest pain and heart failure, not for moderating the rhythm of the heart.

In the context of anti-arrhythmia agents, the medicine that does not fit the category among the provided options is Nitroglycerol.

Let's explore each option for better understanding:

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Answer:

The famous tennis elbow, best known medically as Lateral Epicondilytis, is basically a condition that arises in people who tend to use the joint of the arm and forearm, called the elbow joint, most likely tennis players and all racket players. This condition happens as the ligaments and tendons that support the joint, become overused and abused in such sports activities, although there are other such activities that can cause it.

The exact location where lateral epicondilytis happens, is known as the lateral epicondyle, and it is the exact spot where the humerus and the olecraneon of the forearm come together and form the elbow joint. To support and give this joint mobility, the arm and forearm count with several tendons, called the extensor tendons, and also the ECRB (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis), both muscle end and tendon. These are the ones that become irritated with the constant up-and-down movement used by tennis players and they become inflamed, causin severe pain, and sometimes, incapacity of movement to the joint.

Tennis elbow refers to the pain or discomfort felt in the elbow caused by overuse and repetitive motion of the arm and wrist. The pain is typically located in the lateral epicondyle, the outside bony part of the elbow. Proper sport techniques and equipment can help prevent this condition.

Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis, as it is medically known, refers to a condition of pain or discomfort in the elbow. This is usually caused by overuse and repetitive motion of the arm and wrist, particularly during activities like tennis. The pain typically arises from inflammation or small tears in the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outer side of the elbow.

Individuals with jobs or hobbies that require repetitive movements — like playing tennis — are at higher risk for developing this condition. Consequently, it's recommended to use correct techniques when playing sports, to minimize the chance of injury. Proper racquet selection, hitting the balls at the 'sweet spot', and avoiding over extension of the elbow can help reduce undue pressure on the elbow tendons.

Pain location for tennis elbow sufferers is usually felt in the region of the lateral epicondyle, the outside bony part of the elbow. In severe cases, the pain can spread into the forearm and wrist. In such cases, immediate medical attention should be sought to prevent potential long-term damage. Treatment measures for tennis elbow typically include rest, physical therapy, using ice packs, and in some severe cases, surgical repair under medical supervision.

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Answer:

All these elements: cardiac output, resistance and blood volume, are all factors that make part, and affect, blood pressure.

Blood pressure then is defined as the force excerted by blood, as it is pumped in a certain volume, from the heart, and passes through the arteries, to achieve an exchange of oxygen and nutrients, towards the tissues, and carrying out of elements of disposal from the tissues.

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped during one heartbeat, every minute, from the left ventricle towards the body. This output depends on several other elements, all of which form the blood pressure. Blood volume which is the amount of blood returned towards the heart by the veins, will fill the atria and ventricles, during a heart cycle, and then, during the heartbeat, whatever volume has filled up the left ventricle will be ejected with force towards the aorta. This force, caused both by the actual contraction of the heart muscle, and the amount of blood actually pumped from the ventricle, will generate a force against the arterial walls. It is this force, this play of physics, that will ensure the exchange of waste and nutrients to and from the tissues. But arterial walls also have a resistance, which means, they are built with tensile materials that will resist the force of the blood against them, preventing thus the walls from bursting.

This is the influence of cardiac output, resistance and blood volume on blood pressure. All of them will directly influence the blood pressure that a person has.

Answer:

The water and electrolyte balances in the human body are vital for survival. Through a series of activities, either facilitated by energy, the use of certain carrier proteins and gateways in cells, or simply by the size and charge of an ion, this is the way that living cells are able to perform their activities every single second.

In a normal tissue, a cell has an outer an inner environment, that, aside from water, which is the medium that sustains all tissues, also counts with certain molecules and ions that ensure activity and survival. Thus, the human body counts with: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium and phosphate. These all play a central role. However, none as important as sodium, potassium, calcium and water.

In order for a cell to perform certain activities, like for example, a mucle to move, there is the need for something called the action potential, and this is regulated by the influx and exit of sodium and potassium, as well as calcium. When a signal for depolarization arrives at a cell, like a muscle, then, the channels that are on a cell´s membrane will open up, allowing sodium to enter and potassium to leave (usually the are stable, Sodium outside on the extracellular environment, and potassium in the cytoplasm). The influx of positive sodium, changes the membranes electrical charge. Calcium, especially in muscle cells, will follow sodium, but mostly, it will be released from its storage inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum. While Sodium and potassium will ensure that the cell is electrically charged to fire, calcium will ensure that in a muscle cell, and in other types of cells, activities like muscle fiber contraction, and excitation, happens.

Water plays an important role as it is the medium on which both electrolytes and cells are suspended. It will always be equalized, but it tends to move to where there is a higher concentration of particles like sodium. Water does not play a role in action potential, but it will leak in and out of the cells during this process as the gateways open and close for its passage. It will later on help to take out unnecessary waste, and excess ion particles from the cell and into the bloodstream.

Answer:

C, syphilis

Explanation:

Condyloma  Lata is a medical condition characterized by the appearance of wart-like lesions on the genitals. They appear in the first phase of the disease and can disappear later. They are highly infectious.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium. It is usually spread after people have unprotected sex.

The first symptoms of syphilis include having open, wound like sores around the mouth and the genitals areas. They are usually pain free but very unpleasant and they tend to heal on their own. During a later stage of this disease they symptoms may become latent and even disappear for months or years. The no visible symptoms stage is very dangerous one, as the bacterium can damage the internal organs in the body, including the brain.

Vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy. However, taking large doses of certain vitamins can be harmful. It's bet we get the vitamins our bodies need from eating healthy unprocessed foods.

Answer:

Intramembranous ossification:

Intramembranous ossification, the development of osseous tissue occurs without the cartliage formation. The bone forms on the mesenchyme tissue. No intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of flat bones.

Endochondral ossification:

Endochondral ossification, the development occurs from the center and true bone tissue is replaced in this type of ossification. The cartilage formation occur in this process. An intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of long bones.

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly, while endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone in long bones.

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are two distinct processes by which bone is formed in the body, each having unique characteristics and functions. Intramembranous ossification occurs directly from mesenchymal tissue, where flat bones like the skull and clavicle develop.

In this process, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix and form ossification centers. The bone develops as a result of the mineralization of the matrix and the subsequent formation of trabecular bone.

In contrast, endochondral ossification involves a cartilage model that gradually transforms into bone. This process is typical for long bones, such as the femur and humerus.

Initially, mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, forming a cartilage template that is replaced by bone through a series of stages, including the calcification of cartilage, invasion by blood vessels, and the formation of bone marrow.

Both processes play critical roles in skeletal development but differ in their mechanisms, timelines, and the types of bones they form.

Answer:

B. Basal Ganglia

Explanation:

Basal Ganglia is in charge of the regulation of normal motor behavior regulation. Parkinson occurs because of a degeneration of:

-Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of pars compact

-Dopamine in striated nuclei and cytoplasmic protein inclusions known as Lewy bodies

Answer: Opcion A. "You will receive a Mantoux test before the initial medication dose"

Explanation: The INFLIXIMAB is one of the medications used for treating Rheumatoid arthritis, among other inflammatory diseases as psoriasic arthritis,  ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease. It is used when the regular treatment has not worked. It helps to reduce pain and joint inflammation.

The mechanism of action of the INFLIXIMAB is to reduce a substance called TNFα (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) responsible for the inflammatory response that helps the body against an antigen. Because this medication reduces this body defense, it is important for the health providers to know in advance if there is a condition or disease in the immune system, cancer, or something that per se, could predispose to infections.

The Mantoux test is a tuberculin skin test that is used to know if a person has an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible of causing Tuberculosis. In the test, a tuberculin protein called PPD is used to be injected into the skin, specifically in the forearm. If the person is infected with the bacteria, it is expected that between 48 and 72 hours, the health professional would see an induration in the site of injection.

If someone has a positive tuberculin test, then it would not be possible to administer INFLIXIMAB.

Opcion B. Incorrect. There is no description of diarrhea as an adverse event for using this medication. The adverse effects could be headache, stomach ache, cough or skin allergy. Also, for the suppression of part of the immune system, it is recommended to be aware of symptoms of infection as fever, sweats, muscle pain.

Opcion C. Incorrect. The usual dose of INFLIXIMAB in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis for adults is, an inicial dose, then a second dose 2 weeks later; then, a third dose 4 weeks later, and finally one dose every 8 weeks.

Opcion D. Incorrect. The intranasal influenza vaccine is a "live attenuated" vaccine. If it is administered in a person using INFLIXIMAB, he/she could develop a severe infection by Influenza.

Answer:

External respiration depends on:

- amount of oxygen that reaches the pulmonary alveoli.

- integrity of lung tissue, ie alveoli and capillaries.

- of the functionality of the thoracic box.

- of the permeability of the airway.

External respiration is dependent on partial pressure differences, which allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. It is also affected by the pressures within the atmosphere and lungs, and depends on efficient ventilation and perfusion.

External respiration depends on several factors. Firstly, it occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Fundamentally, the ability to breathe--to have air enter the lungs during inspiration and air leave the lungs during expiration--is dependent on the air pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs.

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveolus to the capillary, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillary into the alveolus. This process is crucial for all aerobic organisms which require oxygen to carry out their metabolic functions. Lastly, ventilation and perfusion are important factors that affect external respiration. Ventilation moves air into and out of the alveoli and must be sufficient to create a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option A. true.

Explanation:

Hydrostatic pressure is the main driving force that helps lymph move between capillaries and interstitial compartment or tissues. The pressure caused by a fluid against the wall of interstitial is called Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (IFHP).  IFHP is comparably low than capillary hydrostatic pressure because lymphatic vessels are regularly absorbing extra fluid from the interstitial compartment.  

Thus, the correct answer is option A. true.

Arteries

Arteries are elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where oxygen is picked up by red blood cells. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body.

Veins

Veins are elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart. Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins.

Capillaries

Capillaries are extremely small vessels located within the tissues of the body that transport blood from the arteries to the veins. Fluid and gas exchange between capillaries and body tissues takes place at capillary beds.

Sinusoids

Sinusoids are extremely small vessels located within the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

Arterioles

a small diameter blood vessel that branches out from an artery to a capillary

Answer:

The answer is B eggs

Explanation:

Influenza vaccines in their preparation contain egg proteins such as ovalbumin; When allergy to eggs is detected in a person, can contraindicate the use of this vaccine.  

Answer:

b). False.

Explanation:

Synergistic effect represents interaction between two or more substances or factors to generate a combined effect higher than the sum of their effects when they function separately.

Cortisol is a hyperglycemic hormone that increases level of glucose in blood. It is secreted by adrenal gland during stress conditions, which increases level of blood sugar by producing of glucose from liver.

On the other hand, insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone that reduces level of glucose in blood. It is secreted by pancreas when blood sugar level becomes too high and decreases blood sugar level by promoting storage of glucose for future use.

As cortisol and insulin show opposite effects, they cannot be considered as synergistic in their actions.

Thus, the given statement is false.

Answer:

directing style predominant, discussing style also

Explanation:

-Directing style promotes learning through listening and following directions.

As a foreign language teacher, I often invite students to learn by listening since paying attention to audios will make them acquire new information.

The process of learning is also based on following directions, either on the books as method or directions i give in order to reinforce the concepts watched. A series of lectures or audios will encourage also students who are mainly learning a language and happen to learn better by listening.

- Discussing style promotes learning through interaction.

Since other students will be more visual, or kynestesic i will combine with a delegating style. Often this means that i will make students participate in activities that require cooperation among them, Also involves processing information they already know and embrace new knowledge to adapt it.

Posing questions that make them think deeply is my preferred means of making them interact together.

Answer:

Explanation:

The blood group system denotes the presence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and antibodies in plasma. Also, some red blood cells have a Rh factor, known as the Rh antigen.

The RhD positive indicates the presence of Rh antigen on red blood cells and RhD negative do not have a Rh antigen on red blood cells.

The eight different blood types are-

There are eight blood types based on the presence or absence of specific antigens and the Rh factor: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-. The ABO system determines the presence of A or B antigens, while the Rh factor indicates the presence (+) or absence (-) of the Rh antigen.

There are eight main blood types within the ABO and Rh blood group systems: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-. These blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Type A blood has the A antigen, Type B blood has the B antigen, Type AB blood has both A and B antigens, and Type O blood has neither A nor B antigens. Additionally, the Rh factor, which can be either positive (+) or negative (-), indicates the presence or absence of the Rh antigen, also known as the D antigen.

The combination of the ABO blood types with the Rh factor gives us the eight main blood types. For example, if someone has the A antigen and the Rh antigen, their blood type is A+. Conversely, if they lack the B and Rh antigens, their blood type would be B-. The ABO system and the Rh factor are the most important for blood transfusions, as compatibility between donor and recipient blood types is crucial to prevent adverse reactions.

Answer:

The answer is A radial head subluxation

Explanation:

The subluxation of the head of the radius occurs when abruptly rises and holds the child in the air; It is a very common lesion in children under 5 years since the elbow joint is not fully developed in this age group (0-5 years old).

Answer:

four Chambers inside the heart

The human heart is divided into four chambers.These chambers are a right and left atrium and two lower ventricles.

Answer:

Bone laminae called osteocytes (bone cells that are part of the bone tissue and found in the bone matrix, which is the most important part of the bone) are floating in spaces known as lacunae; These lacunae communicate with each other through ducts known as canaliculos where nutrients pass to osteocytes, in turn they serve for the elimination of waste.

Answer:

- Circulatory system: Blood vessels, arteries, veins, arteries, among others.

- Reproductive system: , Uterus,ovary, vagina, among others.

- Central nervous system (CNS): Spinal cord, brain.

- Digestive system: Liver, stomach, pancreas, intestine, among others.

- Integumentary system: Hair, nails.

Answer:

Dorsal column.

Explanation:

Osmium metal has the ability to binds with the lipid. Osmium is a heavy metal and it turns the area black whenever it binds with lipid.

Dorsal column sense the ability of  proprioception, touch and vibration. The dorsal column of lipid is expected to be most dark due to the presence of large lipid composition in the dorsal column.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

Answer:

The best answer choice from the list, to respond to the question: Antibiotic treatment of E. coli is discouraged unless necessary due to concern over:___, would be, E: all of the above.

Explanation:

E. Coli, is the general name used for a group of bacteria that are usually harmless and make a really important part of the human GI tract. In fact, without their presence, that of E.Coli, and other bacteria that make part of the normal flora of the intenstines, digestion of certain foods, and the production of certain vitamins and minerals, would not be possible. Also, they are meant to help contain other bacteria, that are known as pathogenic and cause disease. However, when E. Coli is taken out of its environment in the feces, and especially certain groups, can become serious pathogens that cause diarrhea, and other things. However, it has become almost a trend to treat E. Coli infections with antibiotics and the problem that has ensued, has been manyfold. The first issue has been with resistance. Now we are facing superbugs, especially of the E. Coli variety, that do not respond to common treatments, because antibiotics were used all the time. Second, some strains of E. Coli, will not respond to the same antibiotics, and some, could be treated with simply measures such as diet, rest and hydration. There is also knowledge that since antibiotics are not specific, they will also kill other bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the GI tract, and finally, there is evidence that constant exposure to antibiotics will start having effects on the normal lining of the GI tract. This is why the answer is E.

Answer:

Cephalic phase features are -

Explanation:

Cephalic Phase -

Cephalic phase occurs during the secretion of the gastric juices into the stomach. One interesting feature of the cephalic phase of gastrin secretion is that even before the food entering the stomach. The onset of the phase can be triggered by the sight, smell or thought of the food. The stimulation is directly proportional to the appetite. The cephalic phase stimulation is governed by certain neurogenic signals which originates from the cerebral cortex. The stimulation of the cephalic phase causes the gastric glands to release HCl in the stomach.

Answer: Fibrous pericardium and Serous Pericardium

Explanation:

The pericardium can be defined as the fibroserous sac( double layered) which covers the whole heart. The gap between two layers of serous pericardium is filled with serous fluid. This fluid protects the heart from external shocks.

Fibrous pericardium

This layer is the most superficial layer which consists of dense connective tissue. This layer of the heart protects it from over filling of blood, anchors the heart to the surrounding wall.

Serous pericardium

This layer provides lubrication to the heart by resisting the friction which occurs during the various type of heart function.

Answer:

The small intestine is made up of three parts:

- duodenum = communicates the small intestine with the stomach.

- Jejunum = is the second portion of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ilieon; It is characterized by having large amount of folds and intestinal villi which favors the absorption of a large amount of nutrients.

- Ileon = is the final part of the small intestine, its function is the absorption of water and electrolytes, in addition to B12 vitamins.

Answer:

The correct answer is option D. renal pyramid.

Explanation:

Kidney has different parts that help together for urine formation and filtration. The renal papilla is the site where renal pyramids flush urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. It is the part of the cone-shaped tissue of the kidney called a renal pyramid.

The broad base of every and each pyramid faces the papilla, points internally towards the pelvis in the kidney. The apex terminates at the papilla of the renal pyramid.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. renal pyramid.

Answer:

The answer is B: false

Explanation:

Hypertension as the name implies, are high blood pressure values. It is usually a pathology that is causing injury to many organs, such as brain, heart, kidney, progressively, until there comes a time, when the acute event occurs, whether a stroke, due to breakage of a vessel, a myocardial infarction or that the patient enters renal failure, this lesion never occurs acutely in 6 hours.

Answer: True

Explanation:

In a normal healthy individual the pH of the urine should be 6.0 which is slightly acidic.

Many diseases and types of diet can result in change in pH of urine. There are chance that a person who is having a pH lower than 6 or more than 7 must be suffering from some disease.

One can adjust their diet to change the pH of the urine slightly.