Answer:
There is a 25% chance that the offspring will have sickle cell anemia (SS)
Explanation:
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease, where red blood cells can take the shape of a crescent (sickle), and this change allows the red blood cells to be more easily destroyed, causing anemia. Sickle cell anemia is caused by defective hemoglobin (Hb), which is the oxygen carrying protein in blood cells. Hemoglobin is made up of four peptide chains, each bound to a heme group. Different hemoglobins have different combinations of these chains. Hemoglobin A (HbA) is the primary hemoglobin affected in sickle cell, because their beta-globin chains end up misshapen because of a genetic mutation in the beta-globin gene. Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disease, so there needs to be a mutation in both copies of the beta-globin gene in order to get the disease. If a person has just one copy of the mutated gene and the other copy is normal for the gene, then they are a sickle cell carrier.
So first of all, this looks like a dihybrid cross, but it is not because we are dealing with one pair of alleles (gene that causes sickle cell), so we will actually be doing a monohybrid cross.
So let’s go through the alleles step by step:
Hb = hemoglobin (constant, all red blood cells have hemoglobin, we are looking at the mutation in the beta globin gene of the hemoglobin which will be the allele we focus on)
SS = sickle cell (mutated beta globin gene (S) x 2)
AA = normal beta globin gene (A) x 2 (no sickle cell)
AS = carrier (one sickle cell gene + one normal gene)
HbAS x HbAS
Carrier x carrier
PARENTS A S
A AA AS
S AS SS
25% chance that the offspring will have a normal (does not have sickle cell anemia) genotype (AA)
50 % chance that the offspring will be carriers (AS)
25% chance that the offspring will have sickle cell anemia (SS)
Answer:
b
Explanation:
In humans, polydactyly (more than 5 fingers and toes on each hand and foot), is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. What is the phenotype of an individual who is heterozygous for the mutant allele?
A. Wild-type
B. 5 fingers/toes on each hand/foot
C. More than 5 fingers/toes on each hand/foot
D. 5 long and 1 short fingers/toes on each hand/foot
E. Both A and B are correct.
Answer:
C. More than 5 fingers/toes on each hand/foot
Explanation:
According to the given information, polydactyly is an autosomal dominant trait which means that the phenotype would be expressed in both homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant genotype.
The given genotype is heterozygous dominant. The individuals with heterozygous dominant genotype would exhibit the polydactyly and would have more than 5 fingers and toes on each hand and foot.
Peter and Rosemary Grant observed a small group of the large ground finches that colonized Daphne Major in the Galápagos Islands. Within a few years, the descendants of the colonists had evolved beaks that were much larger than those in the original source population. What factors did the Grants think influenced this evolution?
Answer:
1) Founder effect and genetic drift: Small colonizing population did not represent the original gene pool of the source population and was more likely to undergo genetic drift.
2) Natural selection
Explanation:
Evolution of the population of the finches with larger beaks might have occurred due to one of the following mechanisms:
a) Founder effect and genetic drift: Since the size of the colonizing population was small, it did not carry all the genes and their alleles present in the gene pool of the original population. The small population size made it more likely to evolve by any chance event.
b) Natural selection: The availability of different food types in the new habitat led to the natural selection of the larger beaks as the finches with larger beaks might have been able to better exploit the available food resources.
The Grants observed that a drought led to natural selection favoring finches with larger beaks on Daphne Major, as these birds were better able to eat the remaining hard seeds, leading to an increase in average beak size in the population over time.
Explanation:Peter and Rosemary Grant observed the role of natural selection in the evolution of beak size among the large ground finches on Daphne Major in the Galápagos Islands. They noted that during a drought period, food scarcity led to a decline in small, soft seeds, while large, hard seeds remained somewhat available. Consequently, finches with larger beaks, which were more efficient at eating the available hard seeds, had a higher survival rate. Following the drought, the Grants documented an increase in average beak size among the survivors, indicating that natural selection had favored large-billed finches. Their continued research showed that beak size evolution fluctuated with environmental conditions, demonstrating one of the clearest examples of natural selection in action.
Which of the following is a determinant of a strong organizational culture? a. A rapidly changing management team b. No shared experiences c. A large management team d. Corporate success
Answer:
The correct answer is option d. "Corporate success".
Explanation:
A strong organizational culture refers to a strong adherence of values and beliefs among a group of people that work together towards the success of everyone in the organization. Sometimes is not clear how to know if a strong organizational culture is present in a company, but corporate success is a determinant factor that inferres it. A corporation could only achieve a healthy working environment and successful business results if every member in the team works within a strong organizational culture.
Final answer:
d) Corporate success is a determinant of a strong organizational culture, as it aligns with shared beliefs and values that contribute to a competitive advantage. However, success can also lead to resistance to change, making adaptability a challenge for successful organizations.
Explanation:
One determinant of a strong organizational culture is corporate success. Organizations with strong cultures often derive competitive advantages from those cultures. A strong organizational culture is characterized by widely shared beliefs, values that align with the company's strategy and environment, and practices that reflect those beliefs. Indeed, studies have found a relationship between organizational cultures and company performance, including success indicators such as revenues and market share. Moreover, a strong culture serves as an effective control mechanism for managing employee behaviors, which is often more potent than written rules and regulations.
However, while a strong culture is advantageous, changing this culture can be quite challenging. If an organization is experiencing consistent success, there might be resistance to change due to overconfidence and inertia. Successful companies that are open to change have practices in place that prevent this stagnation, such as rotating management to provide fresh perspectives. Without such practices, organizations may struggle to adapt to changes in the market and technology, as exemplified by the Polaroid Corporation's failure in the face of digital photography advances.
Ultimately, the alignment of an organization's culture with its corporate strategy and environmental demands can be its greatest strength or a serious limitation. Therefore, corporate success is a determinant of a strong organizational culture, but it should be managed carefully to maintain the adaptability and flexibility essential for long-term success.