Answer:
a) the Angle te also decreases , b) decrease, c) unchanged , d) the speed decrease , e) unchanged
Explanation:
When a ray of light passes from one transparent material to another, it must comply with the law of refraction
n1 sin θ₁ = n2 sin θ₂
Where index v1 is for the incident ray and index 2 for the refracted ray
With this expression let's examine the questions
a) They indicate that the refractive index increases,
sin θ₂ = n₁ / n₂ sin θ₁
θ₂ = sin⁻¹ (n₁ /n₂ sin θ₁)
As m is greater than n1 the quantity on the right is less than one, the whole quantity in parentheses decreases so the Angle te also decreases
Answer is decrease
b) The wave velocity eta related to the wavelength and frequency
v = λ f
The frequency does not change since the passage from one medium to the other is a process of forced oscillation, resonance whereby the frequency in the two mediums is the same.
The speed decreases with the indicated refraction increases and therefore the wavelength decreases
λ = λ₀ / n
The answer is decrease
c) from the previous analysis the frequency remains unchanged
d) the refractive index is defined by
n = c / v
So if n increases, the speed must decrease
The answer is decrease
e) the energy of the photon is given by the Planck equation
E = h f
Since the frequency does not change, the energy does not change either
Answer remains unchanged
a) The Angle te also decreases, b) Decrease, c) Unchanged, d) The speed decrease, e) Unchanged
What is the Law of Refraction?
When a glimmer of light perishes from one translucent material to another, it must capitulate with the law of refraction
n1 sin θ₁ = n2 sin θ₂
Where index v1 is for the happening ray and index 2 is for the refracted ray With this expression let's discuss.
a) They indicate that the refractive index increases,
sin θ₂ = n₁ / n₂ sin θ₁
θ₂ = sin⁻¹ (n₁ /n₂ sin θ₁)
As m is more significant than n1 the quantity on the ownership is less than one, the whole quantity in parentheses diminishes so the Angle te also decreases
Solution is decrease
b) The wave velocity eta connected to the wavelength and frequency
v = λ f
The frequency does not modify since the passage from one medium to the other is a procedure of forced oscillation and resonance whereby the frequency in the two mediums is the same.
The speed decreases with the foreshadowed refraction increases and thus the wavelength decreases
So, λ = λ₀ / n
The answer is to decrease
c) from the earlier analysis the frequency remains unchanged
d) When the refractive index is defined by
n is = c / v
Then, if n increases, the speed must decrease
The solution is to decrease
e) When the energy of the photon is given by the Planck equation
E is = hf. Since When the frequency does not transform, the energy does not change either Solution is remains unchanged
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A uniform-density wheel of mass 9 kg and radius 0.40 m rotates on a low-friction axle. Starting from rest, a string wrapped around the edge exerts a constant force of 13 N for 0.72 s. (a) What is the final angular speed? Entry field with correct answer 5.2 radians/s (b) What was the average angular speed? Entry field with incorrect answer 1.872 radians/s (c) Through how big an angle did the wheel turn? Entry field with incorrect answer 1.3478 radians/s (d) How much string came off the wheel? Entry field with incorrect answer 0.8469 m
Answer:
Explanation:
Moment of inertia of wheel = 1/2 x mR² , m is mass and R is radius of wheel
= .5 x 9 x .4²
= .72 kg m²
Torque created on wheel by string = T x r , T is tension and r is radius of wheel .
13 x .4 = 5.2 N m
angular acceleration α = torque / moment of inertia
= 5.2 / .72
= 7.222 rad /s²
a ) final angular speed = α x t , α is angular acceleration , t is time.
= 7.222 x .72
= 5.2 rad /s
b )
θ = 1/2 α t² , θ is angle turned , t is time
= .5 x 7.222 x .72²
= 1.872 rad
average angular speed = θ / t
= 1.872 / .72
= 2.6 rad /s
c )
angle turned = 1.872 rad ( discussed above )
d )
length of string coming off
= angle rotated x radius of wheel
= 1.872 x .4
= .7488 m .
74.88 cm
The final angular speed of the wheel is 5.2 radians/s. The average angular speed is 0.52 radians/s. The wheel turned through an angle of 0.3478 radians and 0.1391 m of string came off the wheel.
To find the final angular speed, we can use the equation ω = φt + 0.5αt^2, where ω is the final angular speed, φ is the initial angular speed (which is 0 since the wheel starts from rest), α is the angular acceleration, and t is the time. We are given that the force applied to the wheel is 13 N for 0.72 s.
Using the equation F = mα, we can rearrange it as α = F/m, where F is the force and m is the mass of the wheel. Plugging in the values, we get α = 13/9. Now we can substitute the values into the first equation and solve for ω: ω = (0)(0.72) + 0.5(13/9)(0.72)^2 = 5.2 radians/s.
To find the average angular speed, we use the formula ωavg = φ + (1/2)αt, where ωavg is the average angular speed. Since the initial angular speed φ is 0, we can simplify the equation to ωavg = (1/2)αt. Plugging in the values, we get ωavg = (1/2)(13/9)(0.72) = 0.52 radians/s.
To find the angle through which the wheel turned, we can use the equation θ = φt + 0.5αt^2. Since the initial angular speed φ is 0, the equation simplifies to θ = 0.5αt^2. Plugging in the values, we get θ = 0.5(13/9)(0.72)^2 = 0.3478 radians.
To find how much string came off the wheel, we can use the formula s = rθ, where s is the length of string and r is the radius of the wheel. Plugging in the values, we get s = (0.4)(0.3478) = 0.1391 m.
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Two vectors have magnitudes of 1.8 m and 2.4 m. How are these vectors arranged, so their sum is 0.6 m?
Answer:
Perpendicular
Explanation:
write the angle between them as a
cosine theoreme
[tex]0.6^{2} =1.8^{2} +2.4^{2}-2*1.8*2.4*cos(a)[/tex]
cos(a)=(3.24+5.76-0.6)/(2*1.8*2.4)
cos(a)=1
a=90°
To find the arrangement of two vectors with magnitudes of 1.8 m and 2.4 m so that their sum is 0.6 m, we need to consider vector addition. The magnitude of the resultant vector is 4.2 m. One possible arrangement is to align the vectors in opposite directions, cancelling out each other's effects and resulting in a net sum of zero.
Explanation:To find the arrangement of two vectors with magnitudes of 1.8 m and 2.4 m, so that their sum is 0.6 m, we need to understand vector addition. The sum of two vectors can be found by aligning the vectors head to tail and drawing a line connecting the head of the first vector to the tail of the second vector. The resulting vector, called the resultant vector, is the sum of the two vectors.
In this case, let's call the first vector A with magnitude 1.8 m and the second vector B with magnitude 2.4 m. To find the arrangement where their sum is 0.6 m, we can set up the equation: A + B = 0.6. Since the magnitudes are given, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the magnitude of the resultant vector: |A| + |B| = |0.6|. Substituting the given values, we get: 1.8 + 2.4 = 0.6. Simplifying the equation, we find that the magnitude of the resultant vector is 4.2 m.
Now, to find the arrangement, we need to consider the direction of the vectors. Since the sum of the two vectors is not zero, their directions cannot be directly opposite. Therefore, we need to arrange them in a way that their individual directions cancel out each other to result in a net sum of zero. One possible arrangement is to align the vectors such that they form a straight line in opposite directions. In this case, A and B would have the same magnitude but opposite directions, cancelling out each other's effects and resulting in a net sum of zero.
Projectile motion is a combination of which two types of motion?
Answer:horizontal motion and vertical motion
Explanation:projectile motion is a combination of both vertical and horizontal motion
Answer:
C. Horizontal and Vertical
Explanation:
edge
A plane electromagnetic wave traveling in the positive direction of an x axis in vacuum has components Ex = Ey = 0 and Ez = (5.2 V/m) cos[(π × 1015 s-1)(t - x/c)].(a) What is the amplitude of the magnetic field component? (b) Parallel to which axis does the magnetic field oscillate? (c) When the electric field component is in the positive direction of the z axis at a certain point P, what is the direction of the magnetic field component there? Assume that the speed of light is 2.998*108 m/s.
Answer:
Explanation:
Ez = (5.2 V/m)
Magnitude of electric field = 5.2 V/m
Magnitude of magnetic field be B then
Magnitude of electric field / Magnitude of magnetic field = c , c is velocity of light
5.2 / B = 2.998 x 10⁸
B = 5.2 / 2.998 x 10⁻⁸
= 1.73 x 10⁻⁸ T.
b ) E X B = direction of velocity of light , E is electric vector , B is magnetic V.
E is along z - axis , velocity is along x -axis , then magnetic field must be in - Y direction.
c ) E and B are in phase so when E is in positive z axis , directio of magnetic field must be in - y direction.
A couple of soccer balls of equal mass are kicked off the ground at the same speed, butat different angles. Soccer ball A is kicked off at an angle slightly above the horizontal,whereas ball B is kicked slightly below the vertical.(a) How does the initial kinetic energy of ball A compare to the initial kinetic energyof ball B?(b) How does the change in gravitational potential energy from the ground to thehighest point for ball A compare to the change in gravitational potential energyfrom the ground to the highest point for ball B?(c) If the energy in part (a) di ers from the energy in part (b), explain why there is adi erence between the two energies.
Answer:
Remember that Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity and it only depends on the speed and not necessary not the angle
Thus,Since the masses and the speed are same for both A and B, the initial kinetic energy of A and B are same.
b]
The difference or variation in gravitational potential energy is again a scalar quantity and so as long as the initial speed is same, the change in gravitational potential energy will also be the same [though they may not occur at the same horizontal position].
therefore, from the ground to the highest point of both A and B, both will have same potential energy.
Also The energy in part (a) differs from part (b),
In part (a) energy mention is kinetic energy that depends on mass and velocity of particle whereas in part (b) energy is potential energy that depends on mass and the position with reference of ground. Potential energy is a state function but kinetic energy is not.
Answer: they are the same
Explanation:
1. The workpart in a turning operation is 88 min in diameter and 400 mm long. A feed of 0.25 mm/rev is used in this operation. If cutting speed is 3.5 m/s, the too should be changed in every 3 workparts, but if the cutting speed is 2.5 m/sec, the tool can be used to produce 20 pieces between the tool changes. Determine the cutting speed that will allow the tool to be used for 50 parts between tool changes.
Find the given attachments
In a ballistics test, a 26 g bullet traveling horizontally at 1000 m/s goes through a 35-cm-thick 400 kg stationary target and emerges with a speed of 950 m/s . The target is free to slide on a smooth horizontal surface.
How long is the bullet in the target?
Answer: 3.60*10^-4 s
Explanation:
Given
Mass of bullet, m = 26 g = 0.026 kg
Initial speed of bullet, u = 1000 m/s
Length of target, s = 35 cm = 0.35 m
Mass of target, M = 400 kg
Final speed of bullet, v = 950 m/s
Using equation of motion
v² = u² + 2as, making a subject of formula, we have
a = (v² - u²) / (2*s)
a = 950² - 1000² / 2 * 0.35
a = 902500 - 1000000 / 0.7
a = -97500 / 0.7
The acceleration = - 1.39*10^5 m/s² ( it is worthy of note that the acceleration is negative)
now, using another equation of motion, we have
v = u + a*t
we know our a, so we make t subject of formula
time t = (v-u) / a
t = (950 - 1000) / -1.39*10^5
t = -50 / -1.39*10^5
t = 3.60*10^-4 s
In a thunder and lightning storm there is a rule of thumb that many people follow. After seeing the lightning, count seconds to yourself. If it takes 5 seconds for the sound of the thunder to reach you, then the lightning bolt was 1 mile away from you. Sound travels at a speed of 331 meters/second. How accurate is the rule of thumb? Express your answer as a percent error.
Answer:
2.837% less than actual value.
Explanation:
Based on given information let's calculate our value.
S = Vxt = 331m/s x 5s = 1655m, that is the total distance that sound would travel in 5 seconds.
1mile = 1609.34meters.
percentage error is.
[tex]\frac{actual-calculated}{actual} *100 = \frac{1609.34-1655}{1609.34} *100 = -2.83%[/tex]
negative indicates less than actual value.
The rule of thumb that states the lightning bolt was one mile away for every five seconds between seeing the flash and hearing the thunder is not very accurate. The actual distance the lightning bolt would be approximately 3.19 miles away, which results in a percent error of approximately 219%. The rule tends to underestimate the distance to the lightning bolt.
Explanation:The "rule of thumb that many people follow" during a thunder and lightning storm is based on the fact that light travels much faster than sound. When you see a flash of lightning, the sound wave created by the thunder associated with the lightning bolt takes more time to reach the observer than the light from the flash.
According to the rule of thumb, we estimate one mile per five seconds because sound travels at a speed of approximately 331 meters per second. However, to calculate the actual distance in miles, you would multiply the time (in seconds) by the speed of sound and convert to miles (1 meter = 0.00062137 miles). This gives an actual distance of about 0.00063741 miles/second. Therefore, for every second delay between the lightning and the thunder, the lightning bolt would be about 0.00063741 miles away.
So, if we see a flash of lightning and hear the thunder 5 seconds later, according to the accurate calculation, the lightning bolt was just over 3.19 miles away (5 seconds * 0.00063741 miles/second). That's a sizeable difference from the one-mile estimate given by the rule of thumb. To find the percent error, we subtract the accepted value from the experimental value, divide by the accepted value, and multiply by 100. That gives us a percent error of approximately 219%. So the rule of thumb is not particularly accurate.
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A mass weighing 4 lb stretches a spring 2 in. Suppose that the mass is given an additional 6-in displacement in the positive direction and then released. The mass is in a medium that exerts a viscous resistance of 6 lb when the mass has a velocity of 3 ft/s. Under the assumptions discussed in this section, formulate the initial value problem that governs the motion of the mass.
Answer:
[tex]\frac{1}{8} y'' + 2y' + 24y=0[/tex]
Explanation:
The standard form of the 2nd order differential equation governing the motion of mass-spring system is given by
[tex]my'' + \zeta y' + ky=0[/tex]
Where m is the mass, ζ is the damping constant, and k is the spring constant.
The spring constant k can be found by
[tex]w - kL=0[/tex]
[tex]mg - kL=0[/tex]
[tex]4 - k\frac{1}{6}=0[/tex]
[tex]k = 4\times 6 =24[/tex]
The damping constant can be found by
[tex]F = -\zeta y'[/tex]
[tex]6 = 3\zeta[/tex]
[tex]\zeta = \frac{6}{3} = 2[/tex]
Finally, the mass m can be found by
[tex]w = 4[/tex]
[tex]mg=4[/tex]
[tex]m = \frac{4}{g}[/tex]
Where g is approximately 32 ft/s²
[tex]m = \frac{4}{32} = \frac{1}{8}[/tex]
Therefore, the required differential equation is
[tex]my'' + \zeta y' + ky=0[/tex]
[tex]\frac{1}{8} y'' + 2y' + 24y=0[/tex]
The initial position is
[tex]y(0) = \frac{1}{2}[/tex]
The initial velocity is
[tex]y'(0) = 0[/tex]
We formulated the initial value problem for a damped spring-mass system:
1/8 * d²x/dt² + 2 * dx/dt + 24 * x = 0
with initial conditions x(0) = 0.5 ft and dx/dt(0) = 0 ft/s.
Let's break down the problem with the given data:
The mass weighs 4 lb.The spring stretches 2 inches under this weight.Additional displacement given is 6 inches in the positive direction.Viscous resistance is 6 lb when the velocity is 3 ft/s.First, find the spring constant k:
The weight of the mass stretches the spring by 2 inches (0.1667 feet).
The force exerted by the weight = 4 lb = mg
The spring force F = kx
So,
k = F/x k= 4 lb / 0.1667 ft k ≈ 24 lb/ftThe general form of the second-order differential equation governing the motion of the spring-mass-damper system is:
m*d²x/dt² + c*dx/dt + k*x = 0The viscous resistance given is 6 lb at 3 ft/s. Therefore, the damping coefficient c:
c = 6 lb / 3 ft/s c = 2 lb·s/ftThe initial conditions are displacement 6 inches (0.5 feet) and initial velocity 0:
x(0) = 0.5 ftCombining these elements, the initial value problem is:
1/8 * d²x/dt² + 2 * dx/dt + 24 * x = 0Between this and the next assignment, we want to get a better under- standing of how light interacts with the eye. Here are two questions to get us started, focused on diffraction (i.e., the spreading of light when it passes through a narrow opening). A. To regulate the intensity of light reaching our retinas, our pupils1 change diameter anywhere from 2 mm in bright light to 8 mm in dim light. Find the angular resolution of the eye for 550 nm wavelength light at those extremes. In which light can you see more sharply, dim or bright
Answer:
θ₁ = 3.35 10⁻⁴ rad , θ₂ = 8.39 10⁻⁵ rad
Explanation:
This is a diffraction problem for a slit that is described by the expression
sin θ = m λ
the resolution is obtained from the angle between the central maximum and the first minimum corresponding to m = 1
sin θ = λ / a
as in these experiments the angle is very small we can approximate the sine to its angle
θ = λ / a
In this case, the circular openings are explicit, so the system must be solved in polar coordinates, which introduces a numerical constant.
θ = 1.22 λ / D
where D is the diameter of the opening
let's apply this expression to our case
indicates that the wavelength is λ = 550 nm = 550 10⁻⁹ m
the case of a lot of light D = 2 mm = 2 10⁻³ m
θ₁ = 1.22 550 10-9 / 2 10⁻³
θ₁ = 3.35 10⁻⁴ rad
For the low light case D = 8 mm = 8 10⁻³
θ₂ = 1.22 550 10-9 / 8 10⁻³
θ₂ = 8.39 10⁻⁵ rad
Monochromatic light is incident on a pair of slits that are separated by 0.230 mm. The screen is 2.60 m away from the slits. (Assume the small-angle approximation is valid here.) (a) If the distance between the central bright fringe and either of the adjacent bright fringes is 1.57 cm, find the wavelength of the incident light
Answer:
The wavelength of incident light is [tex]1.38x10^{-6}m[/tex]
Explanation:
The physicist Thomas Young established, through his double slit experiment, a relation between the interference (constructive or destructive) of a wave, the separation between the slits, the distance between the two slits to the screen and the wavelength.
[tex]\Lambda x = L\frac{\lambda}{d} [/tex] (1)
Where [tex]\Lambda x[/tex] is the distance between two adjacent maxima, L is the distance of the screen from the slits, [tex]\lambda[/tex] is the wavelength and d is the separation between the slits.
The values for this particular case are:
[tex]L = 2.60m[/tex]
[tex]d = 0.230mm[/tex]
[tex]\Lambda x = 1.57cm[/tex]
Then, [tex]\lambda[/tex] can be isolated from equation 1
[tex]\lambda = \frac{d \Lambda x}{L}[/tex] (2)
However, before equation 2 can be used, it is necessary to express [tex]\Lambda x[/tex] and d in units of meters.
[tex]\Lambda x= 1.57cm \cdot \frac{1m}{100cm}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]0.0157m[/tex]
[tex]d = 0.230mm \cdot \frac{1m}{1000mm}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]2.3x10^{-4}m[/tex]
Finally, equation 2 can be used.
[tex]\lambda = \frac{(2.3x10^{-4}m)(0.0157m}{(2.60m)}[/tex]
[tex]\lambda = 1.38x10^{-6}m[/tex]
Hence, the wavelength of incident light is [tex]1.38x10^{-6}m[/tex]
Two identical horizontal sheets of glass have a thin film of air of thickness t between them. The glass has refractive index 1.40. The thickness t of the air layer can be varied. Light with wavelength λ in air is at normal incidence onto the top of the air film. There is constructive interference between the light reflected at the top and bottom surfaces of the air film when its thickness is 700 nm. For the same wavelength of light the next larger thickness for which there is constructive interference is 980 nm.
a. What is the wavelength λ of the light when it is traveling in air?
b. What is the smallest thickness t of the air film for which there is constructive interference for this wavelength of light?
Answer:
the wavelength λ of the light when it is traveling in air = 560 nm
the smallest thickness t of the air film = 140 nm
Explanation:
From the question; the path difference is Δx = 2t (since the condition of the phase difference in the maxima and minima gets interchanged)
Now for constructive interference;
Δx= [tex](m+ \frac{1}{2} \lambda)[/tex]
replacing ;
Δx = 2t ; we have:
2t = [tex](m+ \frac{1}{2} \lambda)[/tex]
Given that thickness t = 700 nm
Then
2× 700 = [tex](m+ \frac{1}{2} \lambda)[/tex] --- equation (1)
For thickness t = 980 nm that is next to constructive interference
2× 980 = [tex](m+ \frac{1}{2} \lambda)[/tex] ----- equation (2)
Equating the difference of equation (2) and equation (1); we have:'
λ = (2 × 980) - ( 2× 700 )
λ = 1960 - 1400
λ = 560 nm
Thus; the wavelength λ of the light when it is traveling in air = 560 nm
b)
For the smallest thickness [tex]t_{min} ; \ \ \ m =0[/tex]
∴ [tex]2t_{min} =\frac{\lambda}{2}[/tex]
[tex]t_{min} =\frac{\lambda}{4}[/tex]
[tex]t_{min} =\frac{560}{4}[/tex]
[tex]t_{min} =140 \ \ nm[/tex]
Thus, the smallest thickness t of the air film = 140 nm
Answer:
1.4x10^7m & 98nm
Explanation:
Pls the calculation is in the attached file
cylinder of mass 6.0 kg rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface. At a certain instant its center of mass has a speed of 15.0 m/s. (a) Determine the translational kinetic energy of its center of mass. J (b) Determine the rotational kinetic energy about its center of mass. J (c) Determine its total energy.
Answer:
a). 675J
b). 337.5J
c). 1012.5J
Explanation:
M = 6.0kg
V = 15.0m/s
a). Translational energy
E = ½ *mv²
E = ½ * 6 * 15²
E = 675J
b). Rotational kinetic energy K.E(rot) = Iw²
But moment of inertia of a cylinder (I) = ½Mr²
I = ½mr²
V = wr, r = v / w
K.E(rot) = ¼ mv²
K.E(rot) = ¼* 6 * 15²
K.E(rot) = 337.5J
Total energy of the system = K.E(rot) + Translational energy = 337.5 + 675
T.E = 1012.5J
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that the force F between two masses, m1 and m2, is given below, where G is a constant and d is the distance between the masses. Find an equation that gives an instantaneous rate of change of F with respect to d. (Assume m1 and m2 represent moving points.)
The instantaneous rate of change of the force between two masses with respect to distance is given by the derivative of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, resulting in [tex]dF/dd = -2G(m1*m2)/d^3.[/tex]
Explanation:The question is asking for the instantaneous rate of change of the force between the two masses with respect to the distance. This can be found by taking the derivative of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
The gravitational force, F, is defined by the equation[tex]F = G(m1*m2)/d^2.[/tex]Taking the derivative of this function with respect to d, gives us [tex]dF/dd = -2G(m1*m2)/d^3.[/tex] This equation represents how the force changes with a small change in distance.
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What caused Hurricane Sandy to weaken on October 30th and October 31st?
Answer:
It made landfall.
Explanation:
On land there is more friction than in open water, so it slowed down the hurricane.
A 1500 kg car carrying four 90 kg people travels over a "washboard" dirt road with corrugations 3.7 m apart. The car bounces with maximum amplitude when its speed is 20 km/h. When the car stops, and the people get out, by how much does the car body rise on its suspension?
Answer:
Car body rise on its suspension by 0.0309 m
Explanation:
We have given mass of the car m = 1500 kg
Mass of each person = 90 kg
Speed of the car [tex]v=20km/hr=20\times \frac{5}{18}=5.555m/sec[/tex]
Distance traveled by car d = 3.7 m
So time period [tex]T=\frac{distance}{speed}=\frac{4}{5.55}=0.72sec[/tex]
Frequency [tex]f=\frac{1}{T}=\frac{1}{0.72}=1.388Hz[/tex]
Angular frequency is [tex]\omega =2\pi f=2\times 3.14\times 1.388=8.722rad/sec[/tex]
Angular frequency is equal to [tex]\omega =\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}[/tex]
[tex]8.722 =\sqrt{\frac{k}{1500}}[/tex]
k = 114109.92 N/m
Now weight of total persons will be equal to spring force
[tex]4mg=kx[/tex]
[tex]4\times 90\times 9.8=114109.92\times x[/tex]
x = 0.0309 m
A typical stellar spectrum (a plot of intensity versus wavelength) includes a number of deep indentations in which the intensity abruptly falls and then rises. These deep indentations are called ____ lines.
Answer:
They are called absorption lines
Explanation:
Absorption lines are defined as dark lines or lines having reduced intensity, on an ongoing spectrum. A typical example is noticed in the spectra of stars, where gas existing in the outer layers of the star absorbs some of the light from the underlying thermal blackbody spectrum.
A typical stellar spectrum includes dark lines called absorption lines.
Explanation:A typical stellar spectrum includes a number of deep indentations in which the intensity abruptly falls and then rises. These deep indentations are called absorption lines. Absorption lines are dark lines in a spectrum that correspond to specific wavelengths of light that have been absorbed by elements in the star's outer layers.
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Please select that whether below statements are correct or not?
1. Resistivity is the property that measures a material's ability to provide "obstacles" to the flow of electrons caused by an external electric field. Such a flow of electrons is called an electric current. Resistivity rho is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field E to the magnitude of the current density J: rho=EJ.
2. Resistance is a measure of an object's ability to provide "obstacles" to electric current. The resistance R of a conductor (often, a metal wire of some sort) is defined as the ratio of the voltage V between the ends of the wire to the current I through the wire: R=VI.
3. Ohm's law is not a fundamental law of physics; it is valid under certain conditions (mostly, metal conductors in a narrow range of temperatures). Still, Ohm's law is a very useful tool, since many circuits operate under these conditions.
Answer:
Statements 1, 2 and 3 are all correct.
A man holding a rock sits on a sled that is sliding across a frozen lake (negligible friction) with a speed of 0.550 m/s. The total mass of the sled, man, and rock is 96.5 kg. The mass of the rock is 0.300 kg and the man can throw it with a speed of 17.5 m/s. Both speeds are relative to the ground. Determine the speed of the sled if the man throws the rock forward (i.e. in the direction the sled is moving).
Answer: 0.5 m/s
Explanation:
Given
Speed of the sled, v = 0.55 m/s
Total mass, m = 96.5 kg
Mass of the rock, m1 = 0.3 kg
Speed of the rock, v1 = 17.5 m/s
To solve this, we would use the law of conservation of momentum
Momentum before throwing the rock: m*V = 96.5 kg * 0.550 m/s = 53.08 Ns
When the man throws the rock forward
rock:
m1 = 0.300 kg
V1 = 17.5 m/s, in the same direction of the sled with the man
m2 = 96.5 kg - 0.300 kg = 96.2 kg
v2 = ?
Law of conservation of momentum states that the momentum is equal before and after the throw.
momentum before throw = momentum after throw
53.08 = 0.300 * 17.5 + 96.2 * v2
53.08 = 5.25 + 96.2 * v2
v2 = [53.08 - 5.25 ] / 96.2
v2 = 47.83 / 96.2
v2 = 0.497 ~= 0.50 m/s
The shock absorbers in an old car with mass 1160 kg are completely worn out. When a 970 N person climbs slowly into the car, it deforms 3.0 cm. The car is now towed down the road (with the person inside). The car hits a bump, and starts oscillating up and down with an amplitude of 6.4 cm.
Model the car and person as a single body on a spring and find the period and frequency of oscillations.
Answer:
[tex]f = 0.806\,hz[/tex], [tex]T = 1.241\,s[/tex]
Explanation:
The problem can be modelled as a vertical mass-spring system exhibiting a simple harmonic motion. The spring constant is:
[tex]k = \frac{970\,N}{0.03\,m}[/tex]
[tex]k = 32333.333\,\frac{N}{m}[/tex]
The angular frequency is:
[tex]\omega = \sqrt{\frac{32333.333\,\frac{N}{m} }{1258.879\,kg} }[/tex]
[tex]\omega = 5.068\,\frac{rad}{s}[/tex]
The frequency and period of oscillations are, respectively:
[tex]f = \frac{5.068\,\frac{rad}{s} }{2\pi}[/tex]
[tex]f = 0.806\,hz[/tex]
[tex]T = \frac{1}{0.806\,hz}[/tex]
[tex]T = 1.241\,s[/tex]
Imagine that the satellite described in the problem introduction is used to transmit television signals. You have a satellite TV reciever consisting of a circular dish of radius RRR which focuses the electromagnetic energy incident from the satellite onto a receiver which has a surface area of 5 cm2cm2. How large does the radius RRR of the dish have to be to achieve an electric field vector amplitude of 0.1 mV/mmV/m at the receiver? For simplicity, assume that your house is located directly beneath the satellite (i.e. the situation you calculated in the first part), that the dish reflects all of the incident signal onto the receiver, and that there are no losses associated with the reception process. The dish has a curvature, but the radius RRR refers to the projection of the dish into the plane perpendicular to the direction of the incoming signal
Complete Question
A satellite in geostationary orbit is used to transmit data via electromagnetic radiation. The satellite is at a height of 35,000 km above the surface of the earth, and we assume it has an isotropic power output of 1 kW (although, in practice, satellite antennas transmit signals that are less powerful but more directional).
Imagine that the satellite described in the problem introduction is used to transmit television signals. You have a satellite TV reciever consisting of a circular dish of radius R which focuses the electromagnetic energy incident from the satellite onto a receiver which has a surface area of 5 cm2.
How large does the radius R of the dish have to be to achieve an electric field vector amplitude of 0.1 mV/m at the receiver?
For simplicity, assume that your house is located directly beneath the satellite (i.e. the situation you calculated in the first part), that the dish reflects all of the incident signal onto the receiver, and that there are no losses associated with the reception process. The dish has a curvature, but the radius R refers to the projection of the dish into the plane perpendicular to the direction of the incoming signal.
Give your answer in centimeters, to two significant figures.
Answer:
The radius of the dish is [tex]R = 18cm[/tex]
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The radius of the orbit is = [tex]R = 35,000km = 35,000 *10^3 m[/tex]
The power output of the power is [tex]P = 1 kW = 1000W[/tex]
The electric vector amplitude is given as [tex]E = 0.1 mV/m = 0.1 *10^{-3}V/m[/tex]
The area of thereciever is [tex]A_R = 5cm^2[/tex]
Generally the intensity of the dish is mathematically represented as
[tex]I = \frac{P}{A}[/tex]
Where A is the area orbit which is a sphere so this is obtained as
[tex]A = 4 \pi r^2[/tex]
[tex]= (4 * 3.142 * (35,000 *10^3)^2)[/tex]
[tex]=1.5395*10^{16} m^2[/tex]
Then substituting into the equation for intensity
[tex]I_s = \frac{1000}{1.5395*10^{16}}[/tex]
[tex]= 6.5*10^ {-14}W/m2[/tex]
Now the intensity received by the dish can be mathematically evaluated as
[tex]I_d = \frac{1}{2} * c \epsilon_o E_D ^2[/tex]
Where c is thesped of light with a constant value [tex]c = 3.0*10^8 m/s[/tex]
[tex]\epsilon_o[/tex] is the permitivity of free space with a value [tex]8.85*10^{-12} N/m[/tex]
[tex]E_D[/tex] is the electric filed on the dish
So since we are to assume to loss then the intensity of the satellite is equal to the intensity incident on the receiver dish
Now making the eletric field intensity the subject of the formula
[tex]E_D = \sqrt{\frac{2 * I_d}{c * \epsilon_o} }[/tex]
substituting values
[tex]E_D = \sqrt{\frac{2 * 6.5*10^{-14}}{3.0*10^{8} * 8.85*10^{-12}} }[/tex]
[tex]= 7*10^{-6} V/m[/tex]
The incident power on the dish is what is been reflected to the receiver
[tex]P_D = P_R[/tex]
Where [tex]P_D[/tex] is the power incident on the dish which is mathematically represented as
[tex]P_D = I_d A_d[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{1}{2} c \epsilon_o E_D^2 (\pi R^2)[/tex]
And [tex]P_R[/tex] is the power incident on the dish which is mathematically represented as
[tex]P_R = I_R A_R[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{1}{2} c \epsilon_o E_R^2 A_R[/tex]
Now equating the two
[tex]\frac{1}{2} c \epsilon_o E_D^2 (\pi R^2) = \frac{1}{2} c \epsilon_o E_R^2 A_R[/tex]
Making R the subject we have
[tex]R = \sqrt{\frac{E_R^2 A_R}{\pi E_D^2} }[/tex]
Substituting values
[tex]R = \sqrt{\frac{(0.1 *10^{-3})^2 * 5}{\pi (7*10^{-6})^ 2} }[/tex]
[tex]R = 18cm[/tex]
Electrons are ejected from a metallic surface with speeds of up to 4.60x105 m/s when light with a wave length of 625 nm is used. (a) What is the work function of the surface? (b) What is the cutoff frequency for this surface? (
Answer:
The solution to the question above is explained below:
Explanation:
(a) The work function of the surface is:
The work function of a metal, Φ, it's the minimum amount of energy required to remove electron from the conduction band and remove it to outside the metal. It is typically exhibited in units of eV (electron volts) or J (Joules). Work Function, is the minimum thermodynamic work.
hf = hc /λ = φ + Kmax = φ + 1 /2 mev ²max
where, φ=work function of a metal
eV=electron volts
J= Joules
λ=the Plank constant 6.63 x 10∧-34 J s
f = the frequency of the incident light in hertz
∧= signifies raised to the power in the solution
Kmax= the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons in joules
φ= ( hc /λ -1/2mev ²max= 6.63 × 10∧-34Js × 3.00 × 10∧8 m/s ÷ 625 × 10∧-9) -
(1/2 × 9.11 × 10∧-31 kg × 4.60 × 10∧5 m/s) = 2.21 × 10∧-19 J
ans= 1.38 eV
(b) The cutoff frequency for this surface is:
The cutoff frequency is the minimum frequency that is required for the emission of electrons from a metallic surface at which energy flowing through the metallic surface begins to be reduced rather than passing through.
Light at the cutoff frequency only barely supplies enough energy to overcome the work function. The value of the cutoff frequency is in unit hertz (Hz)
hfcut = φ
fcut = φ /h
ans= 334 THz
1. A 500-g block is placed on a level, frictionless surface and attached to an ideal spring. At t = 0 the block moves through the equilibrium position with speed vo in the –x direction, as shown below. At t = sec, the block reaches its maximum displacement of 40 cm to the left of equilibrium. a. Determine the value of each of the following quantities. Show all work. • period: • spring constant: b. Using x(t) = A cos(t + o) as the solution to the differential equation of motion: i. Determine the form of the function v(t) that represents the velocity of the block. ii. Evaluate all constant parameters (A, , and o) so as to completely describe both the position and velocity of the block as functions of time. c. Consider the following statement about the situation described above. "It takes the first seconds for the block to travel 40 cm, so the initial speed vo can be found by dividing 40 cm by seconds." Do you agree or disagree with this statement? If so, explain why you agree. If not, explain why you disagree and calculate the initial speed vo of the block.
a. The period (T) of the motion is [tex]\(2\pi\)[/tex] seconds, and the spring constant (k) is [tex]\(m\omega^2\) where \(m\) is the mass, and \(\omega\)[/tex] is the angular frequency. For the given problem, [tex]\(T = 2\pi\) seconds and \(k = \frac{m}{\pi^2}\).[/tex]
b. i. The velocity function [tex]\(v(t)\) is given by \(v(t) = -A\omega\sin(\omega t + \phi_0)\).[/tex]
ii. Evaluating the constant parameters:
[tex]\(A = 0.4\ m\) (maximum displacement),[/tex]
[tex]\(\omega = \frac{2\pi}{T} = 1\ \text{rad/s}\),[/tex]
[tex]\(\phi_0 = -\frac{\pi}{2}\) (phase angle).[/tex]
c. Disagree. The block doesn't travel 40 cm in the first [tex]\(\pi\)[/tex] seconds. The correct initial speed [tex]\(v_0\) is found using \(v_0 = A\omega\), so \(v_0 = 0.4\ m \times 1\ \text{rad/s} = 0.4\ \text{m/s}\).[/tex]
Explanation:a. The period of the motion [tex](\(T\))[/tex] is the time taken for one complete oscillation. For simple harmonic motion, [tex]\(T = 2\pi/\omega\), where \(\omega\)[/tex] is the angular frequency. In this case, [tex]\(T = 2\pi\)[/tex] seconds. The spring constant [tex](\(k\))[/tex] is related to the angular frequency by [tex]\(k = m\omega^2\), where \(m\)[/tex] is the mass. Substituting [tex]\(T\) into the formula for \(\omega\), we find \(k = \frac{m}{\pi^2}\).[/tex]
b. i. The velocity function [tex]\(v(t)\)[/tex] is the derivative of the displacement function [tex]\(x(t)\). For \(x(t) = A\cos(\omega t + \phi_0)\), \(v(t) = -A\omega\sin(\omega t + \phi_0)\).[/tex]
ii. To fully describe the motion, we find [tex]\(A\), \(\omega\), and \(\phi_0\). \(A\)[/tex] is the amplitude, given as 0.4 m. [tex]\(\omega\)[/tex] is calculated from the period, resulting in 1 rad/s. [tex]\(\phi_0\)[/tex] is the phase angle, set to [tex]\(-\frac{\pi}{2}\)[/tex] to match the initial condition.
c. The statement is incorrect. The block does not travel 40 cm in the first [tex]\(\pi\)[/tex] seconds. The initial speed [tex](\(v_0\))[/tex] can be found using [tex]\(v_0 = A\omega\), which yields \(0.4\ m \times 1\ \text{rad/s} = 0.4\ \text{m/s}\).[/tex]
A 50-cm-long spring is suspended from the ceiling. A 330g mass is connected to the end and held at rest with the spring unstretched. The mass is released and falls, stretching the spring by 28cm before coming to rest at its lowest point. It then continues to oscillate vertically.
A. What is the spring constant?
B. What is the amplitude of the oscillation?
C. What is the frequency of the oscillation?
Explanation:
Given that,
Length of the spring, l = 50 cm
Mass, m = 330 g = 0.33 kg
(A) The mass is released and falls, stretching the spring by 28 cm before coming to rest at its lowest point. On applying second law of Newton at 14 cm below the lowest point we get :
[tex]kx=mg\\\\k=\dfrac{mg}{x}\\\\k=\dfrac{0.33\times 9.8}{0.14}\\\\k=23.1\ N/m[/tex]
(B) The amplitude of the oscillation is half of the total distance covered. So, amplitude is 14 cm.
(C) The frequency of the oscillation is given by :
[tex]f=\dfrac{1}{2\pi}\sqrt{\dfrac{k}{m}} \\\\f=\dfrac{1}{2\pi}\sqrt{\dfrac{23.1}{0.33}} \\\\f=1.33\ Hz[/tex]
The human circulatory system is closed-that is, the blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart into the arteries is constrained to a series of continuous, branching vessels as it passes through the capillaries and then into the veins as it returns to the heart. The blood in each of the heart’s four chambers comes briefly to rest before it is ejected by contraction of the heart muscle. If the aorta (diameter da) branches into two equal-sized arteries with a combined area equal to that of the aorta, what is the diameter of one of the branches?
(a) √da (b) da/√2 (c) 2da
(d) da/2
Answer:
(b) da/√2
Explanation:
Detailed explanation and calculation is shown in the image below
An infinite slab of charge of thickness 2z0 lies in the xy-plane between z=−z0 and z=+z0. The volume charge density rho(C/m3) is a constant. Part A Use Gauss's law to find an expression for the electric field strength inside the slab (−z0≤z≤z0). Express your answer in terms of the variables rho, z, z0, and constant ϵ0.
Final answer:
The electric field inside an infinite slab with a constant volume charge density is found using Gauss's law, resulting in an expression where the electric field is directly proportional to both the distance from the midplane and the charge density, and inversely proportional to the permittivity of free space.
Explanation:
Finding the Electric Field Inside an Infinite Slab Using Gauss's Law
To find the electric field strength inside an infinite slab of charge lying in the xy-plane and having a uniform volume charge density (ρ), we employ Gauss's law. Gauss's law states that the net electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed by that surface divided by the permittivity of free space (ε0). For an infinite slab of thickness 2z0, positioned between z = -z0 and z = +z0, we choose a Gaussian surface in the form of a rectangular box (pillbox) that extends symmetrically above and below the xy-plane. This choice is motivated by the symmetry of the slab and the desire to have an electric field that is either parallel or perpendicular to the faces of the box.
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is given by Q = ρA(2z), where A is the cross-sectional area of the box parallel to the xy-plane and 2z is the extent of the box in the z-direction within the slab. Applying Gauss's law, the electric flux through the box is Ψ = EA = Q/ε0, where E is the magnitude of the electric field inside the slab and is directed along the z-axis. Simplifying, we find E = ρz/ε0. It follows that the electric field strength inside the slab, for -z0 ≤ z ≤ z0, is directly proportional to the distance z from the midplane and to the volume charge density ρ, and inversely proportional to the permittivity of free space ε0.
Using Gauss's law, the electric field strength inside the infinite slab of charge is found to be E = (ρ * z) / ε0.
To find the electric field strength inside an infinite slab of charge with uniform volume charge density ρ, we will use Gauss's law.
The slab extends from z = -z₀ to z = z₀ in the z-direction.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Consider a Gaussian surface in the form of a pillbox centered at a point within the slab at height z, with thickness 2z and cross-sectional area A.By symmetry, the electric field E points in the z direction and is perpendicular to the faces of the pillbox.The charge enclosed within this Gaussian surface is ρ * A * (z + z₀).Gauss's law states that the net electric flux through this surface is Φ = ∮E・dA = q_enclosed / ε₀.The electric flux through the pillbox is Φ = 2 * E * A, as the field is perpendicular to two faces of area A.Using Gauss's law: 2E * A = (ρ * A * (z + z₀)) / ε₀Simplifying, E = (ρ * (z + z₀)) / (2ε₀).The electric field strength inside the slab, for -z0 ≤ z ≤ z0, is given by:
E = (ρ * z) / ε₀
What is energy?
O
A. A form of sound
O
B. The ability to do work
O
c. The number of atoms in an object
O
D. The size of an object
A steady stream of projectiles, with identical linear momenta, collides with a fixed target. The average force on the target is proportional to *
Answer:
The average force on the target is proportional to:
- The number of projectiles hitting the target.
- The mass of the projectiles.
- If the time increases or decreases
Explanation:
This is a problem that applies momentum and the amount of movement. Where this principle can be explained by the following equation:
m*v1 + Imp1_2 = m*v2
where:
∑F *Δt = Imp1_2 = impulse. [N*s]
m*v1 = mass by velocity before the impact [kg*m/s]
m*v2 = mass by velocity after the impact [kg*m/s]
When a problem includes two or more particles, each particle it can be considered separately and equation is written for every particle.
We clear the expression of force in the equation:
∑F *Δt = m*v2 - m*v1
In this equation if we have a different number of particles, given by the value n, we see that the equation is proportional to the number of particles
∑F *Δt = n*m*v2 - n*m*v1
Therefore the average force on the target is proportional to the number of projectiles hitting the target.
The Force F is also increased or decreased if the mass of the projectiles is changed. Therefore it is also proportional to the mass of the projectiles.
The Force F also changes if the time increases or decreases.
A -turn rectangular coil with length and width is in a region with its axis initially aligned to a horizontally directed uniform magnetic field of mT and set to rotate about a vertical axis with an angular speed of rad/s. What is the maximum induced emf in the rotating coil? What is the induced emf in the rotating coil at ? What is the maximum rate of change of the magnetic flux through the rotating coil?
Complete Question
The complete question is shown on the first uploaded image
Answer:
The maximum emf is [tex]\epsilon_{max}= 26.8 V[/tex]
The emf induced at t = 1.00 s is [tex]\epsilon = 24.1V[/tex]
The maximum rate of change of magnetic flux is [tex]\frac{d \o}{dt}|_{max} =26.8V[/tex]
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The number of turns is N = 44 turns
The length of the coil is [tex]l = 15.0 cm = \frac{15}{100} = 0.15m[/tex]
The width of the coil is [tex]w = 8.50 cm =\frac{8.50}{100} =0.085 m[/tex]
The magnetic field is [tex]B = 745 \ mT[/tex]
The angular speed is [tex]w = 64.0 rad/s[/tex]
Generally the induced emf is mathematically represented as
[tex]\epsilon = \epsilon_{max} sin (wt)[/tex]
Where [tex]\epsilon_{max}[/tex] is the maximum induced emf and this is mathematically represented as
[tex]\epsilon_{max} = N\ B\ A\ w[/tex]
Where [tex]\o[/tex] is the magnetic flux
N is the number of turns
A is the area of the coil which is mathematically evaluated as
[tex]A = l *w[/tex]
Substituting values
[tex]A = 0.15 * 0.085[/tex]
[tex]= 0.01275m^2[/tex]
substituting values into the equation for maximum induced emf
[tex]\epsilon_{max} = 44* 745 *10^{-3} * 0.01275 * 64.0[/tex]
[tex]\epsilon_{max}= 26.8 V[/tex]
given that the time t = 1.0sec
substituting values into the equation for induced emf [tex]\epsilon = \epsilon_{max} sin (wt)[/tex]
[tex]\epsilon = 26.8 sin (64 * 1)[/tex]
[tex]\epsilon = 24.1V[/tex]
The maximum induced emf can also be represented mathematically as
[tex]\epsilon_{max} = \frac{d \o}{dt}|_{max}[/tex]
Where [tex]\o[/tex] is the magnetic flux and [tex]\frac{d \o}{dt}|_{max}[/tex] is the maximum rate at which magnetic flux changes the value of the maximum rate of change of magnetic flux is
[tex]\frac{d \o}{dt}|_{max} =26.8V[/tex]
A coil formed by wrapping 65 turns of wire in the shape of a square is positioned in a magnetic field so that the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 30.0° with the direction of the field. When the magnetic field is increased uniformly from 200 µT to 600 µT in 0.400 s, an emf of magnitude 80.0 mV is induced in the coil. What is the total length of the wire?
Final answer:
To find the total length of the wire in a 65-turn square coil subjected to a changing magnetic field, apply Faraday's law of induction to calculate the magnetic flux change and then determine the side length of the coil. Multiply the coil's perimeter by the number of turns to obtain the total length.
Explanation:
The student's question pertains to electromagnetic induction in a coil exposed to a changing magnetic field. To solve for the total length of the wire, we can use Faraday's law of induction, which states that the induced emf (electromotive force) in a coil is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil. Given an induced emf of 80.0 mV and a change in magnetic field from 200 µT to 600 µT over 0.400 s, the change in magnetic flux φ can be calculated.
Since the coil is square and positioned at a 30.0° angle to the magnetic field, the effective area A for inducing emf can be determined using the cosine of the angle and the side length of the square, assuming all sides are equal. With the number of turns (N) being 65, we can apply Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux and subsequently the side length of the square. The total length of the wire is simply the perimeter of the square (4 times the side length) multiplied by the number of turns (N).