Answer:
RNA interference is the process of silencing the specific sequences of mRNA through siRNA. RNA interference process can be used to treat many diseases.
Treating asthma is the new approach to treat it through gene silencing as some genes are responsible for causing inflammation and swelling of the airways or respiratory tract.
RNAi to treat the diseases are very specific as the siRNA forms RISC which binds to the mRNA to slice the gene and deactivate the functioning of the gene.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the degradation of specific mRNA molecules.
Here's how RNAi could potentially be used as a treatment for asthma:
1. Identification of Target Genes: The first step would be to identify the genes that are responsible for the inflammation in the airways of asthma patients. These genes code for proteins that may contribute to the inflammatory response.
2. Design of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA): Once the target genes are identified, small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules can be designed. These siRNAs are complementary to the mRNA sequences of the target genes.
3. Introduction of siRNA: The siRNA is introduced into the cells of the patient's airways. This can be done using various delivery methods, such as viral vectors, lipid nanoparticles, or inhalation of siRNA formulations.
4. RNAi Mechanism: Inside the cell, the siRNA binds to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The RISC is guided by the siRNA to the target mRNA, leading to the cleavage and degradation of the mRNA by the Argonaute protein, a component of RISC.
5. Gene Silencing: The degradation of the target mRNA prevents it from being translated into the corresponding protein, effectively silencing the gene. This reduces the production of the inflammatory proteins, which should decrease the inflammation in the airways.
6. Therapeutic Effect: With the reduction of inflammation, the airways become less swollen, and breathing becomes easier for the patient. This could potentially alleviate the symptoms of asthma and reduce the frequency or severity of asthma attacks.
7. Safety and Specificity: One of the advantages of RNAi is its high specificity, which reduces the likelihood of off-target effects. However, the safety and efficacy of this approach would need to be thoroughly evaluated through preclinical and clinical trials.
8. Duration of Treatment: The duration of the RNAi effect depends on the turnover rate of the target cells and the stability of the siRNA. Repeated administrations or sustained delivery systems may be required to maintain therapeutic effects.
In summary, RNA interference offers a potential therapeutic strategy for asthma by specifically targeting and silencing the genes responsible for airway inflammation. This could lead to a reduction in inflammation and an improvement in respiratory function for patients with asthma. However, the practical application of RNAi in treating asthma would require careful consideration of the delivery method, potential side effects, and long-term effectiveness.
Which Is A Clue That A Chemical Change Has Occured?
A. A beaker suddenly becomes very warm when you mix two room-temperature liquids in it.
B. A liquid forms bubbles when it reaches a high temperature.
C. Water changes color when you add food coloring to it.
D. A car door feels hot if you touch it on a summer afternoon.
Answer: A
Explanation:
B: That’s boiling
C: That’s physical.
D: That’s just heat being added.
It’s A because two liquids making one warmer liquid isn’t natural without a chemical making it do so.
Chemical change has occur in A beaker suddenly becomes very warm when you mix two room-temperature liquids in it.
What is chemical change?An alteration of one or more compounds into one or more new and distinct substances is referred to as a chemical change or chemical reaction. In other words, a chemical change is an atomic rearrangement-based chemical process.
A chemical change normally cannot be reversed unless through additional chemical processes, although a physical change can frequently be done so.
The energy of the system changes when a chemical shift takes place. An exothermic reaction is a chemical transformation that produces heat. An endothermic reaction is one that absorbs heat. Chemical changes known as inorganic chemical transformations typically do not involve the element carbon.
Therefore, Chemical change has occur in A beaker suddenly becomes very warm when you mix two room-temperature liquids in it.
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What are the main functions of DNA polymerase?
DNA polymerases are critical for DNA replication, ensuring the synthesis of new DNA strands, proofreading to correct errors, and exhibiting high processivity. They also have specialized functions such as removing RNA primers and initiating DNA replication.
DNA polymerases are essential enzymes in the process of DNA replication, performing several critical functions to ensure the accuracy and completeness of DNA synthesis.
Main Functions of DNA Polymerase
DNA synthesis: DNA polymerase catalyzes the incorporation of deoxynucleotides into a growing DNA strand, following the template DNA strand to create a new complementary strand.Proofreading: To maintain high fidelity during DNA replication, DNA polymerase possesses proofreading activity, using its 3' to 5' exonuclease function to correct errors by removing mispaired nucleotides.Processivity: The enzyme’s ability to rapidly synthesize long strands of DNA without frequently dissociating from the DNA template is termed processivity, which is crucial for efficient replication.Specific DNA polymerases also have unique roles, such as the removal of RNA primers by DNA polymerase I, whereas DNA polymerase III is the main functional polymerase at the replication fork in E. coli. In eukaryotes, like humans, DNA polymerases δ and ε perform the majority of replicative functions, with DNA polymerase α initiating replication.
There are approximately 200 different types of cells in the human body although all cells are dependent on other cells to perform body functions. Explain how your model supports this statement
Answer:
Group of cells construct the organs of human body which helps our body to function properly.
Explanation:
All living things are made up of cells. Human body is constituted of approximately 200 cells. Not every cell functions equally. Different cells function differently. However, the cells which has the same work to do they combine to form tissues, and groups of cell constructs human organs like heart, lungs etc. which functions together to control the body.
So it can be said that though not directly but cells are indirectly dependent on each other to perform body function.
Answer:
The model shows that some cells make substances such as proteins for other cells to use and support their functions. So, the model shows that each particular type of cell relies on other cells to support all the functions in the human body.
Which tool is most likely to be used to produce a clear image of very tiny structures inside a cell? a light microscope b electron microscope c magnetic resonance imaging d computer model
Electron microscope is most likely to be used to produce a clear image of very tiny structures inside a cell
Answer: B. Electron microscope
Explanation:
The electron microscope is a kind of magnifying instrument that utilises electrons to make a picture of the objective. It has a lot higher amplification or settling power than a typical light microscope. The tiny structures inside the cell are easily visible under the electron microscope.
The electron microscope can be scanning electron microscope or tunnelling electron microscope. Both the type of electron microscopes differ in function but uses electron as its source of illumination.
a hypothetical cell has approximate shape of a shape of a sphere. rhw diameter of thw spherical cell os six units long. another cell is shpaed like a cylider which has the diameter of 6 units and a height or length of 400 units long. determine the volum of both.
Answer:
The sphere: volume is about 113.1
The cylinder: Volume is about 11309.73
Explanation:
This is done by using the formula for the volume of a sphere ( v=4/3 pi r^3) and the formula for the volume of a cylinder (v=pi r^2 h). You plug in things such as radius, height, and pi or 3.14 into a calculator.
The volume of the spherical cell is 36π cubic units, while the cylindrical cell's volume is 3600π cubic units. The volume of a cell has a significant impact on its function and efficiency.
Explanation:
The question is asking to determine the volume of two different cells: a spherical cell and a cylindrical cell, both have a diameter of 6 units, with the cylindrical cell having a height of 400 units.
In geometry, volume describes the amount of space an object occupies. The formula to calculate the volume of a sphere is V = 4/3πr³ and for a cylinder, it is V = πr²h. Here, r stands for radius and h stands for height.
In the case of the sphere, since the diameter is given as 6 units, the radius would be 3 units. So, the volume of sphere would be V = 4/3*π*3³ = 36π cubic units.
For the cylindrical cell, the diameter is also 6 units, making the radius 3 units. The height is given as 400 units. The volume of the cylinder would be V = π*3²*400 = 3600π cubic units.
These calculations can give you the volume of the cell shapes, and further helps you understand how size and shape can affect a cell's function and efficiency.
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In an investigation of the cycling of environmental gases, a
student placed water and bromthymol blue in each of four test
tubes as shown in the diagrams below. No additional items were
placed in tube 1, a snail was placed in tube 2, an aquatic plant
(elodea) was placed in tube 3, and both a snail and an elodea
were placed in tube 4. The tubes were then stoppered and placed
in bright light for 24 hours.
Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4
How would the solution in tube 3 change after 24 hours?
A) It would change from yellow to blue.
B) It would change from blue to brick red.
C) It would contain more oxygen.
D) It would contain less nitrogen.
Answer:
D) It would contain less nitrogen.
Explanation:
In an investigation of the cycling of environmental gases, a student placed water and bromthymol blue in each of four test tubes as shown in the diagrams below. No additional items were placed in tube 1, a snail was placed in tube 2, an aquatic plant (elodea) was placed in tube 3, and both a snail and an elodea were placed in tube 4. The tubes were then stoppered and placed in bright light for 24 hours. The solution in tube 3 changes after 24 hours because it would contain less nitrogen.
The dfferent tubes are shown in the picture that I uploaded.
The solution in tube 3 would likely change from yellow to blue, indicating it would contain more oxygen after 24 hours in bright light, due to the process of photosynthesis performed by the elodea plant.
C is correct
Explanation:When considering the change that would occur in tube 3 containing water, bromthymol blue, and an aquatic plant (elodea) after 24 hours in bright light, we must take into account the process of photosynthesis. The presence of the aquatic plant will lead to the consumption of carbon dioxide and the production of oxygen.
Since bromthymol blue is an indicator that turns yellow in the presence of an acid (like carbonic acid formed when CO2 dissolves in water) and blue in the presence of a base (fewer hydrogen ions present when CO2 is consumed), the expected change should be: It would contain more oxygen (answer choice C), implying more CO2 will be consumed and less carbonic acid will be present.
This means the solution in tube 3 would likely change from yellow to blue over time (answer choice A). However, the question specifically asks about the change in gas concentration, thus 'it would contain more oxygen' is the most accurate description of the expected change due to the activity of the elodea performing photosynthesis.
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When you are exposed to sunlight for a long time, your skin, which otherwise appears normal, gets heavily tanned. What could be the reason?
Answer:
Our skin gets tanned by getting exposed to sunlight due to the production of melanin as a protective measure.
Explanation:
Electromagnetic waves like infrared waves and UV rays are present in sunlight. While infrared rays maintain the earth’s atmospheric heat UV rays doesn’t prove to be helpful. UV rays that penetrate the skin damages the DNA and RNA .
The body has developed a fighting mechanism to tackle this problem. That method is the production of melanin, which is the colouring pigment in human skin. The melanin reduces the penetration of UV rays into the skin.
what are the main functions of polysacchrides in plants
Answer:
protein and energy
Explanation:
if you look close at the wall of a plant it has cellulose and hemicellulose.
Answer:
Explanation:
It is stored in the carbon atoms
Where do most human inputs of outdoor air pollutants occur?
in the mountains
around oceans
in deserts
in urban areas
Answer:in urban areas let me know if i was right or wrong
Explanation:
Answer:
in urban areas is the correct answer.
Explanation:
most human inputs of outdoor air pollutants occur in the urban areas.
its occur in the urban areas because of the following reasons
In the urban areas, people are more depended on cars, vehicles and chemicals industries that are there which give rise to outdoor air pollutants.burning of fossil fuels in the power factory, in a machine vehicle and the industrial plants, generate large outdoor pollutants in the urban areas.285 in scientific notation would be
o 2.85 x 102
285.0
28.5 x 10
EESTE
285 x 103
12.8 x 10²
Answer:
[tex]2.85 \times {10}^{2}[/tex]
Which of the following was evidence cited by Alfred Wegener that the continents were once one large land mass he called Pangaea?
Similar fossils were found around the world
The ages, layers, and types of rocks on mountains in separated continents were the same
The shapes of the continents looked like they could fit together
All of the above
Answer:
D. All of the above.
Explanation:
Alfred Wegener was certain than continents were once gathered together in a gigantic landmass known as Pangaea.
To support this theory, he collected different pieces of evidence:
Fossil evidence: Wegener stated that various fossils from plants and animals that were found on separate continents were located there and nowhere else, which suggested that these continents were once joined. For instance, the fossils of a freshwater reptile known as Mesosaurus are found in both Southern Africa and Eastern Southern America. As it is unlikely for this animal to move between both continents, it is suggested that both continents were once joined.Ages, layers, and types of rocks: Wegener matched rocks from separated continents and realized that they matched like puzzle pieces. He stated that mountain ranges that are located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean possess the same rock ages, types, and layers. The shapes of continents look like they fit together: Alfred Wegener also suggested that the shape of separated continents looked like they were once joined. In fact, in 1910, he wrote to his wife the following thought: "Doesn't the east coast of South America fit exactly against the west coast of Africa, as if they had once been joined?"Anna heated 15 g of Substance A to obtain 5 g of substance B, 4 g of Substance C, and a certain amount of Substance D, which statement is correct
A) the mass of substance D was 10g less than the mass of substance A
B) the mass of substance D was 1 g greater than the mass of substance B
C) the mass of substance A was equal to the total mass of substance C and substance D
D) the mass of substance A was equal the the total mass of substance B and substance D
Answer:
I think its B
Explanation:
A food business such as a restaurant must be certain to purchase their food products from a _______ source.
Answer:
Reputed
Explanation:
A food source is reputed because it sells original food products and also that is not stale.
In a restaurant, if the food products should be purchased from a reputed source as it will ensure that the items are not stale and also the customers will be happy to know that the food that is being served to them is not made of rotten items and also collected from a renowned source. Thus, the purchase also increases.
What is definition of law
Answer:
Answer in explanation
Explanation:
the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Photosynthesis has two main parts (light-independent and light dependent). Which descriptions can BEST be used to explain photosystem I and photosystem II? I. Light-independent reaction II. Light-dependent reaction III. Products are ATP and NADPH. IV. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes V. Occurs in the stroma VI. Photolysis of water occurs during this stage. A) I, V, and VI B) I, IV, V, and VI C) I, II, III, and V D) II, III, IV, and VI
Answer:
D
Explanation:
In photosystems, the reactive center gives of an electrons that are conveyed along a chain of pigments that harness the energy of the electrons to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid – hence creating a proton motive force that will be used to generate ATPs by ATP synthase enzyme. Eventually the electrons are passed to NADP+ that is reduced to NADPH (2 electrons per molecule). The photolysis of a water molecule by sunlight gives H+ and O- and 2 free electrons used to replace the lost electrons in the photosystems reactive center. This whole process is referred to as photophosphorylation.
Answer:
Option D explain the photo system I
Explanation:
In a light independent reaction, light energy from sun is essential to carry out photosynthesis and produce energy molecules such as ATP and NADH. These reactions take place within the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. When the sunlight from the sun is taken by the green leaves of the plant it is initially used to break down the water molecules that releases free electron
Hence, option D is correct
3. Which is true about a valid scientific hypothesis?
a. It is the same as a scientific theory.
b. It is a testable statement.
c. It can be scientifically proved to be true.
d. It is never rejected.
Answer:
The answer Is B.
Explanation:
A hypothesis is a suggested solution for an unexplained occurrence that does not fit into current accepted scientific theory. ... For a hypothesis to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be something that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation.
which of these nutrients can be found in all organic compoumds
Answer: proteins and vitamins
Explanation:
The nutrients that contain carbon in their structural makeup are referred to as organic nutrients, whereas those that do not contain carbon are called inorganic nutrients. Therefore, the organic nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins. These nutrients are important for energy.
Which part of an investigation is only found in an experimental investigation? a hypothesis a control group a procedure a conclusion
Answer:
The control group
Explanation:
The control group can be described as the group, which is being used to test any hypothesis or experiment, in which there are no changes made by a researcher. It serves as a platform to compare the other groups and the changes occurring in them. All the results from an experiment are deduced by comparing the changes from the control group. Thus, every experiment investigation has a control group.
Answer:
control group
Explanation:
A diagram showing limited variations of life developing from the creation model would appear as: a tree a forest of unique trees a tree with different branches
Answer:
a forest of unique trees
Answer:
The answer would be A Forest of Unique Trees
Hope this helps.
-Que
Can someone please help ASAP !
Answer:
A
Explanation:
When water has little energy, it cannot carry the load of sediment, so it is deposited
Answer:
Explanation:
yes
Very long and large organic molecules called
Answer:
Macromolecules.
Explanation:
Molecules may be defined as the substance that are made up of the same or different molecules. Two main type of molecules on the basis of their structure and weight are macromolecules.
Macromolecules are made of the large number of subunits. They have large molecular weight and formed generally by the process of polymerisation. Organic macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid. Large number of atoms are involve in the formation of macromolecule.
Thus, the answer is macromolecules.
Mammals do not produce digestive enzyme B. However, sheep and cattle are two types of mammals that contain microorganisms in their digestive tract that produce enzyme B.
Which of the following best describes the process that adds a monosaccharide to an existing polysaccharide?
The monosaccharide is completely broken down by a specific enzyme and then the atoms are reorganized and made into a polysaccharide.
A
Ionic bonds are formed between adjacent carbon atoms of the monosaccharide and the polysaccharide by adding water (H2O) and a specific enzyme.
B
A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (H) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2O) molecule.
C
A specific enzyme removes two hydroxides (OH) , one from the monosaccharide, and one from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two monosaccharides and creating a hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) molecule.
D
Answer:
The correct option is this: A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water molecule.
Explanation:
The process by which a monosaccharide molecule is added to an existing polysaccharide in biological systems is called CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION.
During the process of condensation, an hydrogen atom and an hydroxide molecule from the reactants come together to form a water molecule; this leads to the formation of covalent bond between the reactants.
Condensation reaction is used in living organisms to produce complex macro molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, which are needed by the body for health growth.
Remember, condensation reaction always results in loss of water molecules and formation of more complex molecule. One example of monosaccharide is glucose while cellulose (found in plants) and starch (found in animals) are examples of polysaccharides.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
This is called a dehydration reaction because water is released in the reaction for every glycosidic bond formed between two monomers. On one end of the polysaccharide, is an available 4’ carbon a --OH and an --H. This end of the polysaccharide will bond with the 1’ carbon of the monomer to form a glycosidic bond. The 1' carbon of the monomer will lose its --H while the 4’ carbon at the end of the polymer will lose an --OH. This releases a water molecule (--H + --OH --> H₂O) which is why the process is called a dehydration reaction.
9. This part of Burt's brain helps him produce language?
What hands-on training program is required for doctors?
Answer:
Family medicine residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) require three years of training. As with other specialties, family medicine residency programs have specific requirements with certain numbers of hours that must be completed for board certification.
HOPE THIS HELPED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! XDDDDDDDDDDDD
Doctors require hands-on training programs like clinical rotations, internships, and residencies to gain practical experience before practicing independently.
Hands-on training programs required for doctors typically include clinical rotations during medical school, internships, and residencies. During these programs, doctors gain practical experience working with patients under the supervision of experienced professionals. For example, after graduating from medical school, doctors in the United States must complete a residency program in their chosen speciality to become fully licensed.
Which pair of structures would provide a positive identification of a plant cell under a microscope?
(a)ribosomes, chloroplasts
(b)cell wall, chloroplast
(c)plasma membrane, large central vacuole
(d)cell wall, mitochondria
Answer:
The correct option is Option B i.e. cell walls and chloroplasts.
Explanation:
1. The plant cells differ with the animal cells with respect to some points.
2. Firstly, the presence of cell walls are exclusive for plants and totally absent in animals.
3. Secondly, the presence of chloroplasts or plastids is exclusive for plants.
4. Thirdly, vacuoles are huge in plant cells, but smaller in animals. They give extra support to each cells for standing, and also to store several excretory products.
The pair of structures that would provide positive identification of a plant cell under a microscope are cell wall and chloroplast (Option b).
Plant cells have a cell wall mainly composed of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose.
This structure (cell wall) provides structural support to plant cells.
Moreover, plant cells also have an organelle known as chloroplast, which serves to synthesize simple carbohydrates (sugars) by a process known as photosynthesis.
In conclusion, the pair of structures that would provide positive identification of a plant cell under a microscope are cell wall and chloroplast (Option b).
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63. A student wanted to determine if slugs preferred green leaf lettuce
leaves over purple cabbage leaves for food. Pieces of both leaves
were cut. One piece of each type of leaf and one slug were placed in
each often containers. After three days, the surface area of each leaf
section was measured and the results were recorded in a data table.
State one reason that the results of this experiment might be considered
Invalid.
The result might be considered invalid because:-
The time interval was not recorded when the slugs were placed.An experiment should be performed various time to consider a result. What to do while performing an experiment?Ask a question based on observation. Make observations. Refine hypothesis. Select a specific variable to test.Pick a control group.Conduct tests.Continue tests.To know more about hypothesis here
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Which best describes the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A) A hypothesis can be tested and a theory has already been tested.
B) A theory can be tested and a hypothesis has already been tested.
C) A hypothesis must be testable and theory does not need to be testable.
D) A theory must be testable and hypothesis does not need to be testable.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
A hypothesis is the first stage into becoming a theory. A hypothesis that has already been tested multiple times with the same outcome, becomes a theory.
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
How do enzymes act as catalyst in a chemical reaction ?
Enzymes, which are proteins found within cells, act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. They bind with specific molecules called substrates in a lock-and-key manner, facilitating their conversion into products. After the products are released, enzymes are free to interact with new substrates.
Explanation:Enzymes are proteins that drastically speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They act as catalysts by providing a different pathway for a reaction to proceed that has a lower activation energy. A key characteristic of enzymes is their specificity; they only bind to certain molecules, called substrates, which fit into the enzyme's active site in a lock-and-key manner.
During the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the substrate is converted into one or more different molecules, known as products. When the products have been released, the enzyme is ready to bind with a new substrate and repeat the process, hence emphasizing the reusable nature of enzymes.
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Which cell component functions like the bones and muscles in the human body?
cytoskeleton
chloroplasts
cytoplasm
ribosomes
Cytoskeleton - I mean, it literally has the word *Skeleton* in the name.
2. How does the structure of an enzyme affect its function?
Explanation:
Enzymes. Most enzymes are proteins and therefore their function is specific to their structure. ... The enzyme binds with the appropriate substrate only in the correct alignment and orientation to connect the molecules. The resulting enzyme-substrate complex enables the reaction to occur.