Answer:
variable-interval
Explanation:
Types of reinforcement schedules:
1. Fixed-ratio schedule.
2. Fixed-interval schedule.
3. Variable-ratio schedule.
4. Variable-interval schedule.
Variable-interval schedule: The variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule of operant conditioning. In this type of schedule, a response is being awarded when an incalculable time has been passed. It produces a steady and slow response rate.
In the question above, the given statement represents the variable-interval reinforcement schedule.
The small-town radio disc jockey's announcement of the jackpot money uses a variable ratio reinforcement schedule.
Explanation:The correct reinforcement schedule that best describes the situation with the small-town radio disc jockey announcing the jackpot money is the variable ratio reinforcement schedule.
In a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, the reinforcement (winning the jackpot) occurs after an unpredictable number of responses (guesses). This type of schedule is commonly used in gambling because it leads to high and steady response rates with little pause after reinforcement, keeping individuals engaged and hoping for the next big win.
The variable ratio schedule is known to be most resistant to extinction, making it addictive and difficult to stop the behavior. This is why people keep trying their luck and hoping that the next time they will win the jackpot.
WJ Group Inc., a large multinational conglomerate, had begun to experience declining revenues over the years. The top management at the headquarters of the company decided that it was important for the company to avoid deviating from its core competencies. Thus, a few of the company's key businesses like energy, telecommunications, and automobiles were centralized, giving the top management more control over them. Also, relatively newer businesses like beverages and food processing were divested. In this scenario, WJ Group is involved in ____.
Answer:
Restructuring
Explanation:
Restructuring -
It is the process by which the company tries to chnage its operational and financial aspects , in the case , when the business is under very high financial pressure , is known as the process of restructuring .
This method involves the adjustment of the debt in order to reduce any loss financially .
The task is done by reducing the costs , or size of the sales via the sale of the assets .
hence ,
The WJ group is facing the decline in the revenues , and therefore , get involved in restructuring .
Shortly after she gets to her new college 2,500 miles from home, Tomasa goes to the school's activity fair to find some groups to join. She immediately signs up to audition for two different musical clubs, which are her interest. Her desire to join these groups may help to satisfy her need to _______.
Tomasa desire to join these groups may help to satisfy her need to belong.
Explanation:Tomasa can satisfy her need to belong by joining these groups. Need to belong also called self belonging. It is the emotional need that the human posses. It is the need of humans to get accepted in the society like in schools, society, college and office. It influences the behavior of humans.
This need comprises factors like self comparison, self presentation socially. In social psychology it comes under intrinsic motivation which help an individual even more confident when he/she is socially accepted.
Final answer:
Tomasa's eagerness to join musical clubs at college likely addresses her need for affiliation and identity within her new environment.
Explanation:
Tomasa's desire to join musical clubs at her new college may help to satisfy her need to affiliate with others and find a sense of belonging. The natural inclination to seek out reference groups provides a way for individuals to meet identity needs by finding like-minded people or those they admire, especially in a new environment such as a college campus. By engaging with groups that reflect her interests, Tomasa is likely responding to her sociological need to fit in and establish her identity within her new community.
Which person is LEAST likely to be in a group with the other three?
a. Ben: age fifty, married, politically conservative accountant
b. Sam: age forty-seven, single, ultra-conservative lawyer
c. Sally: age forty-eight, married, politically conservative manager
d. Lauren: age twenty-five, single, liberal waitress
Answer:
D: Lauren, because she's liberal and single.
Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love - or as Vivian tells her friends, "Steve just grew on me!" According to research in interpersonal attraction in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is
a. mere exposure.
b. personal attractiveness.
c. fate.
d. reciprocity of liking.
Answer:
Mere exposure
Explanation:
Mere exposure effect is a tendency that prefers merely because something is familiar with the subject. for example, any song, movie, clothes, etc. This is also called the familiarity principle.
For instance, if you are a caveman and you want to eat fruit. So you find out two fruit one is familiar and the other is not. So the caveman will eat the familiar fruit first rather than the second fruit.
This occurs naturally. It can be positive or negative. This procedure is also found in animals too. Thus in Vivian and Steve's case, both are effected by mere exposure effect.
Keisha and Laura are sitting side by side and playing with toys. They are sharing their toys but otherwise they are not interacting with each other. Instead, each child is doing her own activity. Which of Parten’s stages of play are these children demonstrating?
Answer:
The answer is parallell play (fourth stage).
Explanation:
In this stage, children play next to each other but don't interact directly. There isn't any kind of social experience, but it might serve as a practice for further interactions. In other words, children in this stage are practicing skills to engage in the future.
A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues' model for adaption for late adulthood, which of the following is closest to selection?
a. choosing to attend fewer events
b. enjoying each occasion more
c. getting extra rest before a gathering
d. feeling overwhelmed by large family events
Answer:
b. enjoying each occasion more
Explanation:
The Baltes model of ageing examines cognitive and motivational processes that controls human development through the life span and was basically designed and created as an explanatory structure for the adaptation to aging.
The SOC model or the selection, optimization, and compensation model of Baltes are provided to get the maximum of gains and minimum of losses which is associated with aging.
Thus according to Baltes, a person at his late adulthood will more prefer to enjoy each and every occasion more in his life is closest to selection.
Therefore the answer is --
b. enjoying each occasion more
Which is not considered a strategy for commiting information to one's long-term memory? Group of answer choices a) Link the information to other information you already have stored. b) Mentally group similar individual items into buckets. c) Try to recall information amongst distractions. d) Break information down into manageable chunks.
"Try to recall information among distractions" is not taken a strategy for "committing information" to "one's long-term memory".
Option: C
Explanation:
Humans store information in two parts one is short-term memory called as temporary store and long-term memory which is known as relatively permanent store. To fetch out information from one's long term memory being in distracted situation can never result good but distributing information into manageable small chits, linking information with stored ideas, categorizing information etc such things can be approximately productive to conclude the need of information.
The strategy that is not considered a strategy for committing information to long-term memory is to try to recall information amongst distractions. Linking information to other information, mentally grouping similar items, and breaking information into manageable chunks are effective strategies for committing information to long-term memory.
Explanation:The strategy that is not considered a strategy for committing information to long-term memory is c) Try to recall information amongst distractions.
Recalling information amongst distractions actually hinders the process of encoding and consolidating information into long-term memory. Distractions can interfere with attention and focus, which are crucial for effective encoding and consolidation.
On the other hand, the other strategies mentioned, such as linking the information to other information already stored, mentally grouping similar items into buckets, and breaking information down into manageable chunks, are all effective strategies for committing information to long-term memory.
Abigail has incurable lung cancer. Her lungs no longer have the capacity to function without the aid of a respirator. She wants to be sedated and to have her respirator turned off. What has Abigail requested?
Answer:
Abigail has requested what is called euthanasia.
Explanation:
Euthanasia is the practice of allowing someone to die if they are very sick or suffering. It can involve intentionally giving someone something to assist in their death like tranquilizers so they are sedated and then withdrawing a treatment or equipment that is keeping them alive, like the respirator mentioned in the question example. It is a controversial practice with those who are opposed outright because it entails human intervention in deciding who should live or die and those who think it is the most humane thing we can do for the terminally ill who are experiencing pain.
Abigail has requested voluntary passive euthanasia by asking to be sedated and have her respirator turned off due to her terminal lung cancer and inability to function without medical aid.
Explanation:Abigail has made a request that falls under the category of voluntary passive euthanasia. This is a form of euthanasia where a terminally ill patient, who is in a state of great suffering and has no hope of recovery, decides to refuse further life-sustaining treatment. In Abigail's case, she is requesting to be sedated and to have her respirator, which she depends on for survival, turned off. Given that the patient is conscious, informed, and explicitly consents to the withholding of life-sustaining measures, this process respects her autonomy and her right to refuse medical treatment.
Questions about euthanasia often involve ethical considerations about the right to die with dignity when faced with a terminal illness and intolerable suffering. While passive euthanasia is legal in some jurisdictions when it involves the patient's consent (as in a DNR order), the ethical debate remains complex, involving discussions about quality of life, moral permissibility of ending life-sustaining treatment, and individual autonomy. It is important to note that these decisions are made with careful consideration of the patient's wishes and the advice of healthcare professionals.
Juanita is trying to convince the owner of a jewelry store to hire her. She argues that she could help the shop sell an additional three rings per day for a profit of $20 each. If the facts are not in dispute, but the owner does not hire her, then
Answer:
Explanation:In this case, the shopkeeper will do his own loss. That is not a good approach by the shopkeeper. He should go with this girl in order to increase the profit.
You are going water skiing for Christmas break. You are going to the Galápagos. You visit the birthplace of Pancho Villa. You go to Volcán Poás. You visit the Palacio Real where the kings and queens of the country once lived.
A. Argentina.
B. Costa Rica.
C. Spain.
D. Mexico.
E. Ecuador.
What about it though?
Answer:E - Ecuador
Explanation: Ecuador is a country situated in the west coast of South America, it is a Spanish speaking country with various places of attraction like the Galápagos which is an archipelago of volcanic islands. It has various other places of tourist attraction.
By definition, a total institution is an institution that provides all of the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The total institution is a workplace and living area where a significant number of equally qualified individuals, for a long time split up from the community, live an isolated, properly controlled life cycle together. The definition is correlated with Erving Goffman's research.
Involvement in total institution can either be voluntary or involuntary, but whichever is way, if a person has join the institution they must follow the terms and condition of institution and follow the process of leaving their previous identity behind to accept a new one.
A total institution, as defined by sociologist Erving Goffman, is indeed an institution that provides all necessities for existence to those within its boundaries and regulates all aspects of life under a single authority.
Explanation:The statement that a total institution is an institution that provides all the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries is true. Sociologist Erving Goffman coined this term to describe a place where people live a controlled lifestyle and are cut off from the rest of society, typically in a confined space. Examples include prisons, military bases, and psychiatric hospitals. In these institutions, all aspects of life are regulated and are under a single authority.
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Mrs. Nguyen agrees with the following statement: As I get older, things are better than I thought they d be. Mrs. Nguyen s self-perception __________.
a) is an example of a stereotype threat
b) may help her live a longer life
c) suggests that she is in denial
d) is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood
Answer: a) is an example of stereotype threat
Explanation:
A stereotype threat is when people might conform to stereotypes about their social groups (in this case, the social group of "older people").
Conforming to this stereotype can be risky, because it might cause certain social groups to "underperform", to perform less than their actual potential. It's good that Mrs. Nguyen has formed her own opinion about getting older and she hasn't submitted to the general perception of about "getting older".
Lakeisha is in the final stage of the interview process. She has researched what others in the industry make for a similar job and presents the information to the hiring manager. The manager takes this information under consideration when offering the proposed salary. The manager is using the________.
A.) reinforcement theory.
B.) social exchange theory.
C.) equity theory.
D.) expectancy theory.
E.) efficiency wage theory.
Answer:
C.) equity theory.
Explanation:
Equity theory -
The equity theory was given by J. Stacy Adams , back in the 1960's .
The theory of equity focus on the distribution of the resources , that whether their is equal distribution of resources or not , between the two people , is known as equity theory .
The equity measurement is done by comparing and contrasting the portion of the contributions and the benefits of both the person individually .
Hence , from the question ,
The manger is using equity theory .
If you are being treated for schizophrenia and are learning to distract yourself from the voices you hear and to reinterpret them as just a symptom of your disorder rather than reality, you are MOST likely receiving ________.
Answer:
Cognitive-Behavioural therapy
Explanation:
CBT(Cognitive Behaviour Therapy) is short term psychotherapy treatment. It takes hands-on and practical approach to solve the problems and targets to change the patterns of behaviour that are behind a persons difficulties and hence changing the way you feel. It is used to treat a wide range of issues such as relationship problems and sleeping issues. It changes a persons attitude and behaviour by focusing on the beliefs, thoughts and attitudes that a person holds and their relationship with the person's behaviour.
The attractiveness and acceptance of U.S. popular culture are increasing globally. Parts of this popular culture such as entertainment, fads, and music are being promoted through the media and are increasingly being used by masses in different countries. This scenario exemplifies __________.
Answer:
cultural diffusion
Explanation:
In the context of sociology, what is being described in the scenario seems to be exemplifying cultural diffusion. This term refers to when aspects of a culture such as their beliefs and social activities is spread to other cultures. Which is what is happening in this scenario with U.S popular culture being adopted by various cultures around the world.
AThe textbook suggests that people with PTSD have a more sensitive emotion-processing limbic system than other people do. Based on this information, the function of the _____ may be different among people with PTSD than among other people.
Answer:
The correct answer is: amygdala
Explanation:
The amygdala is part of the subcortical brain structures of the lymbic system, which function is to decode the emotional value of sensory information. Hippocampus, amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex play an important role in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) since they are implicated in stress response. Traumatic stress is associated with changes in this brain areas. For instance, it has been observed that the amygdala function increases in patients with PTSD.
Because of his father's antisocial behaviors, Nico's dad has had difficulties keeping good jobs. His family lives in a poor neighborhood and has much financial difficulty. Based on everyone's negativity, he believes the world is against him. He hangs with the wrong kids and displays much of the aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This is an example of
Answer:
Downward social drift
Explanation:
Downward social drift is a serious mental illness that is similar to the schizophrenia. In this type of disorder, the person gets afflicted with severe substance abuse that leads the person to slow down in the social identity.
In Downward social drift many people suffer with this disorder such as with different profession as lawyers, doctors, etc. In this disorder, madness occurs first in the form of high delusions. People affected their personal, social and professional life. Relations will suffer due to a high level of delusions.
Thus here Nico's dad had had difficulties in keeping a good job and they have financial difficulty. These all symptoms indicated that he was suffering from downward social drift
The eruption of ________ has been called the greatest eruption in historic times, killing about 10,000 people outright by pyroclastic flows and another 117,000 indirectly through famine and disease.
Answer:
The correct answer is: Mount Tambora in 1815
Explanation:
Mount Tambora is an Indonesian volcanic mountain located in Sumbawa island, Indonesia, which explosion in April, 1815 is considered the largest and most destructive volcanic eruption recorded in history, which combined blast, pyroclastic flows and subsequent tsunamis killed at least 10,000 islanders directly. Famine and disease followed since crops couldn't grow, killing at least 100,000 people.
During meetings, Renata has a tendency to go through the motions of working on the tasks at hand. However, she actually allows all of the other members do the work, though she’s more than happy to take an equal share of the credit for the completed work. Renata appears to be a(n) ______ in terms of the types of problem members in a meeting.
Answer:
Social loafing
Explanation:
Social loafing -
It is the method , in which the people tries not to exert any effort for a specific work or task .
This type of situation arises mostly when people are working in a group and have a specified task , can lead to the issue of social loafing .
Same situation is seen in the case of Renata , who appears to be a social loafing .
A perceptual set is a a. tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object. b. readiness to perceive an object in an unfairly negative fashion. c. tendency to view objects higher in our field of vision as closer. d. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. e. conditioned response to a perceived event.
Answer:
d)
Explanation:
In psychology, the term perceptual set refers to the tendency to perceive things in a certain way. This means that we tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation while ignoring other details according to our own past experiences or prejudices or expectancies.
Thus, we can conclude that a perceptual set would be d) mental predisposition that influence what we perceive.
Note:
a) Perceptual sets do not refer to the tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete object but rather to the fact that we do not perceive the object in its completeness.
b) Perceptual sets do not imply an unfairly negative perception but rather to not perceive things as a whole.
c) Again, perceptual sets don't refer to field of vision.
e) Perceptual sets are not necessarily conditioned responses.
A perceptual set is a d. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive.
Explanation:A perceptual set is a mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. It can involve perceiving objects in certain ways based on beliefs and expectations and filling in missing information to see complete objects. The perceptual set can also lead to unfairly negative perceptions. For example, if we expect to see a certain object in a specific context, we may be more likely to perceive it even if it's not actually there.
Similarly, if we have a negative bias towards a particular object or person, we may perceive them in an unfairly negative fashion. The perceptual set can also influence how we fill in gaps in our perception to perceive a complete, whole object. This process is known as closure, where our brain fills in missing information based on our perceptual set.
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____ is the regulatory process of establishing standards that will achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance to those standards, and then, if necessary, taking corrective action to restore performance to those standards.
Answer: Control
Explanation:
Control is technique in organization and management field that is used for detection of errors and then corrective measures are taken so that desired goals of an organization can be achieved.
Control introduces standards for functioning of organization and checks that all processes work according to that standard.Comparison between actual performance and standard performance is also measured using control
Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?
a. A movement to a more personal school structure
b. Increased parental monitoring
c. The top-dog phenomenon
d. Decreased interaction with peers
Answer:
The answer is c. The top-dog phenomenon.
Explanation:
This situation occurs when a person is taken from the "highest position" (last grade in high school) to the lowest one in a different environment (first year in college).
Research has found that this phenomenon is likely to produce stress, anxiety, feeligs of inferiority and even a decrease in academic performance. However, they are soon normalised by adaptation.
Justin is hostile to his employees. His employees have complained that he curses at them routinely and has even thrown books at them. Justin's leadership style may be classified as _______.
Answer:
The answer is coercive leadership.
Explanation:
Leaders who practice this style present an authoritarian or hostile attitude towards the workers. In other words, they give orders and workers must obey. The motivation for performance is usually based on threats of punishment, such as dismissal or a salary cut.
A coercive leader must be feared, so it requires absolute compliance of the consequences for unobedient workers.
When the phone rings, Ella has learned that it might be another Telefund solicitation and that makes her feel anxious. Therefore before she answers the phone, she checks the caller ID. If it is indeed the Telefund calling, Ella will not answer the phone. In this way Ella manages to avoid the unpleasant Telefund calls. In this example, Ella's behavior illustrates _________________________.
Answer:
The answer is two-factor model.
Explanation:
This model of learning was proposed by O. Hobart Mowrer in 1947. It tries to understand how phobias are developed and maintained. According to Mowrer, the avoidance of anxiety or fear-provking activities occurs due to the association of a neutral stimulus with a negative stimulus. A person might feel less anxious after avoiding a conflictive situation.
The two-factor model has its roots on operant conditioning theories by B.F. Skinner.
Dominique is a recently divorced woman in her 30s who experienced some intimate partner violence during her previous marriage. According to research, what might Dominique's experiences with future intimate relationships be like after experiencing intimate partner violence?
A. Research does not show it impacting future relationships so we cannot predict what will happen.
B. After experiencing abuse, her odds of establishing a long-term stable relationship are lower.
C. It is highly likely she will experience the same type of abuse again in her next relationship.
D. After experiencing abuse, her odds of establishing a long-term stable relationship are higher.
Research does not show it impacting future relationships so we cannot predict what will happen.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Abuse in a relationship will result in emotional abuse. It can be verbal assault, control over partner, isolation, degradation, and dominance. It affects the person emotionally, psychologically and physically. It will completely affect the well-being of a person. As time goes by the severity of the abuse can also increase.
The effect of emotional abuse can be reduced with time and the help of matured experts who is strong with the social support network. If not the fear of chances of being victimized again increases while thinking about the relationships in the future. In the case of Dominique, we cannot predict the future of her.
Dominique's odds of establishing a long-term stable relationship are generally lower after experiencing intimate partner violence, due to the lasting psychological effects and potential barriers to forming healthy relationships.
Explanation:According to research, after experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV), Dominique's odds of establishing a long-term stable relationship are generally lower. This outcome is due in part to the complex and lasting impacts that abuse can have on an individual's mental health and their ability to trust future partners. Experiences such as IPV can lead to an increased risk of substance abuse, and mental health issues like depression or anxiety, and may affect future relationship patterns.
Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that IPV often takes a long-term psychological toll on victims, affecting their sense of self-worth and creating potential barriers to forming healthy, solid relationships. It is also important to note that while there is a chance of a repeat of the same type of abuse in future relationships, it's not a foregone conclusion; survivors of IPV can seek therapy and support that might enable better outcomes in future intimate relationships.
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A student gathers other students to bring a parking issue to the attention of the college administration, leading to a beneficial change in allocation of campus parking spaces. Which of the following anthropological terms BEST describes the student's influence?
a. power
b. authority
c. koinonia
d. charisma
Answer:
Option A, power, is the right answer.
Explanation:
The term power can be best described as the ability to do something or take action in a particular way, notably as forte or character.
At the same time, influence can be described as the capacity to affect the character, construction, or action of someone or something, or the consequence itself. In the given situation, it is a student who makes efforts to influence other students to support him in his action of allocation for campus parking spaces. In this way, that student has the Power to influence other students, therefore, option A will be the right answer.
At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates______.
Answer:
Extinction
Explanation:
In classical conditioning, the term extinction refers to the disappearance of a previously learned behavior.
Extinction usually happens when the behavior stops being reinforced or the individual goes through a process of 'unlearning' the behavior by starting making new associations until the original behavior does not longer appears.
In this example, Jimmy got bitten by one dog and he started being scared of dogs, thus, this is a learned behavior that he has. However, he was exposed to dogs in safe settings and his fear has faded now: Jimmy went through a process in which he 'unlearned' the behavior of fear and now this fear has faded.
Therefore we can conclude that this is an example of Extinction.
Sahara lives with her maternal grandmother. Sahara's father is incarcerated, and her mother is an active addict living on the streets. This example illustrates a type of family called a(n) _____ family.
Answer:
skipped-generation
Explanation:
the parents are missing
Final answer:
The situation describes an extended family structure where Sahara is being raised by her maternal grandmother due to her parents' unavailability. These multigenerational households are relatively common and involve grandparents or relatives providing caregiving in the absence of biological parents.
Explanation:
The scenario described shows that Sahara, a young girl, is living in a household with her maternal grandmother, with absent parents due to incarceration and addiction. This family arrangement is known as an extended family, which is a type of family structure where a child is raised by relatives other than their biological or adoptive parents. In Sahara's case, the extended family member is her grandmother. The scenario highlights a situation where intergenerational relationships are key, and the support provided by extended family members is crucial in the absence of the parents.
As stipulated by researchers and observers, multigenerational family systems are becoming more common. Such family structures often have three generations living together, where grandparents play a supportive role in raising grandchildren and may also provide care to their own aging relatives within the same household. Additionally, the concept of family structures encompasses various household arrangements defined by legal or blood relationships and typically includes at least one child under 18 years of age.
You enroll in a freshman Introduction to Sociology course at your college, and the classes are held in a large auditorium with stadium seating that holds over a hundred students, with a single instructor behind a lectern. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
Answer:
Impersonality
Explanation:
Impersonality or Impersonal bureaucracy refers to the treatment of all equally without any difference or discrimination. In this case, the students are all provided with similar seating arrangement and similar level of instruction is provided. Therefore, it illustrates the impersonality characteristic of bureaucracy which treats everyone equally without any differences.
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.
Answer:
concept of conservation
Explanation:
concept of conservation
Conservation corresponds to a rational thinking skill that allows individuals to decide that an certain amount should stay the same regardless change in container, form, or visible size.
Conservation is among the behavioral achievements of psychologist Jean Piaget in which child knows that modifying the shape of a container or object will not alter its quantity, total volume, or its mass.
The child seems to lack the concept of conservation. This is the understanding that despite changes in appearance or arrangement, the quantity of items stays the same. Demonstrated by misunderstanding the fixed volume of liquid in pyramid-shaped containers.
Explanation:The child described in the scenario seems to lack the concept of conservation. Conservation, in the context of cognitive development, is the understanding that the quantity, length or number of items is unchanged despite changes in the physical appearance or arrangement of those items.
For instance, in the case of the liquid in the pyramid-shaped containers, although one container is inverted changing its appearance, the amount of liquid remains the same. This understanding is typically developed at around 7-11 years of age, during a stage that the psychologist Jean Piaget referred to as the 'concrete operational stage' of cognitive development.
Liquids, irrespective of the shape of their container, maintain a fixed volume as one of their key properties. Thus, the child's misjudgment indicates they have not yet fully understood the concept of liquid conservation.
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