Answer: Plaque
Explanation:
A plaque is squashy film (substance) that generally forms on our teeth, comprised of numerous millions of bacteria. These bacteria are very effective and it can cause the tooth to decay, gum disease and several other types of dental problems. They are needed to be eliminated everyday by brushing teeth and cleaning it.
It occurs all over the mouth, but it usually gets concentrated in and around the deeper and narrower molar openings.
It forms when the food particles remained attached to the teeth and gums, and causes a stinky smell.
This is a cardiac glycoside which affects the electrical and mechanical actions of the heart which increases contractility.
a. beta adrenergic blocker
b. calcium channel blocker
c. digitalis
d. ACEi
Answer:
The correct answer is option - C. digitalis.
Explanation:
Cardiac glycosides are the organic compounds that help in increasing the rate of contraction and output of force of the heart. The mechanism of these compounds acts on the sodium-potassium pump of cells.
Digitalis is the cardiac glycoside that is used in heart-related problems and regulates the rhythm of heart rate. These are advised to give to provide with ACEi for blood pressure regulation in the body.
Thus, the correct answer is option - C. digitalis.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
A) fats.
B) carbohydrates.
C) proteins.
D) nucleic acids.
E) vitamins.
Answer: A) fats.
Explanation:
The fats are the biomolecules which are essential for the survival of the living beings. These are the energy reservoirs of the body. They store energy in the body more than the carbohydrates or proteins. These fats are stored in the form of triesters, which when hydrolyzed results in the formation of the tri-alcohol glycerol and three fatty acids. This process releases energy.
Fats are the nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized, providing approximately 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more than double the energy density of carbohydrates and proteins.
Explanation:The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are fats. Fats provide a more concentrated form of energy compared to other macronutrients, offering about 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more than twice the energy provided by both carbohydrates and proteins, which supply roughly 4 kilocalories per gram. While carbohydrates and proteins are essential for the body, fats are the most energy-dense macronutrients. This is supported by the body's ability to synthesize fat from carbohydrates, although there are three essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from the diet.
Standardized 1RM testing is contraindicated for children under 12 years of age.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b. False
Explanation:
The one repetition maximum or (1RM) test is a test which is used to measure the strength capacity of the individuals typically in a non-laboratory environment. It is define as the maximum weight that an individual can lift only with one repetition and with the use of the correct technique. This is basically done to check the strength capacities, strength imbalances and also to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular training programmes.
It can be tested on large varieties of populations that actually range from children aged 6 years and more, middle aged patients those are suffering from coronary heart disease.
The length of the pharynx is about _________ cm.
a. 3.5
b. 8.5
c. 12.5
d. 17.5
Answer:
The correct answer is c. 12.5
Explanation:
Human pharynx is about 12.5 cm long and is divided into three parts nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. It starts from behind the nose joins to the food pipe(oesophagus). It provide passage for food and air.
Nasopharynx: It makes the upper part of pharynx which connects nose to mouth. Nasopharynx is separated from oropharynx by a soft palate present behind the nose. Nasopharynx helps in breathing.
Oropharynx: The middle part of pharynx is called oropharynx. Our oral cavity descends into it and tonsils are present either side of it. It helps in movement of food from mouth to oesophagus.
Laryngopharynx: It is the lower part of pharynx and opens into the food pipe and it also guide air into the larynx.
The nephron uses counter-current exchange between the loop of Henle and peritubular capillary to reabsorb glucose back in to the blood and is why glucose should not be found in the urine.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The answer to the question: The nephron uses counter-current exchange between the Loop of Henle and peritubular capillaries to reabsorb glucose back into the blood as this is why glucose should not be found in the urine:___, is, false.
Explanation:
The process of urine processing as filtrate goes through a nephron´s different portions, is pretty complex, but fascinating. Initially, water, certain substances as glucose, sodium, and others, pass through the glomerulus intoo the PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule) where the initial filtrate is formed. This filtrate will then move through other portions to be added to, and substracted from, on different elements, until finally, at the very end, urine is produced. However, one molecule that is reabsorbed early in this process of filtrate production, is glucose. Glucose should not be usually present in urine, unless there has been a huge consumption of it and transporters in the PCT cannot deal with the amount being filtered, or there is a condition like diabetes mellitus. It is in the PCT that glucose reabsorption is done, together with sodium ions. This is why the answer to the statement is false.
Which of the following crystals are the most resistant to demineralization and decay?
a. hydroxyapatite
b. fluoroapatite
c. calcium apatite
d. lipid apatite
Answer:
b. fluoroapatite
Explanation:
Fluorapatite -
It is a mineral of phosphorous , with the formula of Ca₅(PO₄)₃F ( calcium fluorophosphate ) .
It is a crystalline hard solid , and the pure mineral does not have any color .
Along with hydroxylapatite , it can be the component of enamel of the tooth .
It is found in shark's and other fishes teeth and present in fluoride exposed human teeth .
Due to the presence of fluorapatite , it does not allow the tooth to decay .
In steroid synthesis the rate limiting step is the side chain cleavage and this step is affected by the group of enzymes known as
A. Aromatase.
B. Desmolase.
C. Oxido-reductase.
D. Sulfatase.
E. Inolase.
Answer:
The correct answer is B.
Explanation:
Cholesterol desmolase, also known as side-chain cleavage enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, which is the limiting step in steroid synthesis.
This enzyme is of the family cytochrome P450, the specific gene for this enzyme is CYP11A1.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Desmolase
The secondary oocyte is transported through the uterine tube to the uterus by TWO mechanisms: name BOTH of them
Answer:
After ovulation the secondary oocyte enters into the uterine tube. The oocyte is transported through the tube into the uterus mainly as a result of smooth muscular cells of the tubal wall rhythmic contraction.
An additional mechanism to transport the oocyte are the cilia of epithelial cells of the uterine tube, which become highly ciliated short before ovulation because of hormonal influence.
This transport through the tube usually takes 3-4 days.
The substances that are not filtered through the glomerular epithelium into the renal corpuscle and tubules are directed into the _______________.
Answer:
The correct answer is - efferent arterioles.
Explanation:
The afferent arterioles are the vessels that bring the blood to the glomerulus and their blood filtered and the substance that is not filtered into the renal corpuscles and tubules such as amino acids, RBC and other large molecules are directed to the efferent arterioles.
Efferent arterioles are the vessels that carry the blood and substances that are not filtered from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries to VESA-recta and ultimately to vena ceva.
Thus, the correct answer is option - efferent arterioles.
The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the:
a. nasopharynx.
b. oropharynx.
c. laryngopharynx.
d. sphenopharynx.
The pharynx is divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The middle section, the oropharynx, is the part that is located behind the mouth and serves as a passageway for both food and air.
Explanation:The oropharynx is the anatomical division of the pharynx lying behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below. The pharynx is divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. The central section is the oropharynx, which acts as a route for both air and food. It starts from the end of the nasopharynx, extends to the hyoid bone level, and is continuous below the laryngopharynx. When we swallow, the food moves from the mouth into the oropharynx and then into the esophagus.
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What is the mechanism by which the kidney forms a dilute urine? What is the mechanism by which the kidney forms a concentrated urine?
Answer:
The mechanism of by which kidney forms dilute or concentrated urine is based on the amount of ADH( Antidiuretic hormone) present in the blood. Collecting duct have receptors for the binding of ADH hormone.
Formation of concentrated Urine:
When the ADH hormone binds to the receptors present on the cells of collecting duct it open the water channels present on it. Once the water channel is opened the duct becomes permeable to water and reabsorption of water takes place in the body making urine concentrated.
Formation of diluted urine:
When ADH is not secreted in the blood, the collecting duct remains impermeable to water molecules which results in production of diluted urine. This happens when blood contains sufficient water.
Which teeth are responsible for tearing food?
A. Molars
B. Premolars
C. Incisors
D. Canines
Stain formed inside the tooth structure from OUTSIDE sources.
Answer:
The correct answer is - exogenous stain.
Explanation:
Exogenous stains are the intrinsic stains that affect teeth from inside as stain formed inside due to the external sources. In this type of stain, it formed after a tooth has erupted. These stains can occur when the very inner part known as dentin is turned dark or yellowish.
These stains can not be polished and removed. These can occur if an individual has plaque or calculus in the tooth.
Thus, the correct answer is - exogenous stain.
Primary dentition does not include which type of tooth?
a. molar
b. premolar
c. canine
d. lateral incisor
Answer: b. premolar
Explanation:
The primary dentition consists of twenty teeth in total. Such teeth are also known as deciduous teeth. These teeth are lost when the permanent teeth erupt. In both up and down side of the mouth, the teeth are 2 middle incisors, 2 lateral incisors, 2 canines, and 4 molars. The premolars do not erupt in the primary dentition instead they appear in the permanent set of teeth.
The divisions of the thoracic cavity include all of the following except the:
a. left pleural cavity
b. right pleural cavity
c. respiratory cavity
d. mediastinum.
Answer:c. Respiratory cavity
Explanation:
The thoracic cavity is the chamber of vertebrate body. The center region of the thoracic cavity is called as mediastinum, whereas left and right pleural cavities are adjacent to the mediastinum. The thoracic cavity does not include the respiratory cavity.
The thoracic cavity includes the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, but not the respiratory cavity.
Explanation:The divisions of the thoracic cavity include the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, but do not include the respiratory cavity. The term 'respiratory cavity' is not standardly used in human anatomy. Instead, we refer to the areas of the lungs individually (such as the pleural cavities) or in bulk (the thoracic cavity).
The left pleural cavity and right pleural cavity contain the lungs, while the mediastinum houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures of the chest.
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The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
A) bronchioles.
B) pleural spaces.
C) terminal bronchioles.
D) interlobular septa.
E) alveoli.
Answer:
The correct option is 'E': Alveoli.
Explanation:
The respiratory system consists of following passages:
When we inhale air from our nose it the air flows into nasal cavity from the nose where the nasal mucous acts as a filter of air.Next the air moves into pharynx where the air is passed into a tube called as trachea. The air is prevented to enter esophagus by a flap called epiglottis.
The air from trachea is then directed to primary bronchi into left and the right lung and then to secondary bronchi and then to tertiary bronchi, each acting as a branch of the preceding section. The tertiary bronchi further divide into bronchioles at whose ends sacs of thin membrane surrounded by blood capillaries are present. These sacs are termed as alveoli and it is at this place the transfer of gases occurs between air and the blood.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the alveoli.
Explanation:The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are alveoli. The alveoli are tiny air sacs that are found at the end of the respiratory bronchioles, and they are surrounded by a network of capillaries. It is in the alveoli that oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released.
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The Red Blood Cell lifespan in circulation is between 80 and 120 days.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer is a. True
Explanation:
The red blood cells in humans are originated in bone marrow and are called erythrocytes. It's main function is to carry oxygen to the tissue. It has biconcave shape. It contains a protein named hemoglobin which can bind to oxygen present in the lungs and carry to other organs of the body.
Red blood cells lack nucleus and is produced by a process called erythropoiesis in bone marrow. In this stem cells converts into erythrocytes with in 7 days and released into circulation where it lives about 80-120 days after that they are destroyed in spleen by spleenic macrophages.
The secretion of most hormones is controlled by a positive feedback system.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer to the question: The secretion of most hormones is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism system:___, would be, B: false.
Explanation:
The production of hormones, and their activities, is a very strictly controlled one. Because of the functions they perform, which is to stimulate organ activities, in order to fulfill a duty, sometimes the release of them can become too much, and if this happened, problems could also arise. This is why, most hormonal mechanisms in the human body are kept on what is known as a negative-feedback loop, with a very few exceptions. As such, almost all hormonal production processes will stop once a certain level has been reached, and the organs themselves will send off messages to the producing ones to stop. This what is known as the negative mechanism loop, and it is why the assumption in this question is wrong.
If a demineralization area (white spot lesion) on the enamel of a tooth is not treated, it will develop into a cavity.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
The correct answer will be-true.
Explanation:
Tooth cavity is the breakdown of the teeth due to the prolonged accumulation of the bacteria in the plaque.
The metabolically active bacteria in plaque causes demineralization in the sub-surface of the enamel in the smooth surface of the teeth. This is known as white spot lesion.
If this white spot lesion is not corrected or treated may lead to cavitated caries lesion or cavity in the teeth. This cavity can cause pain in the teeth and associated problems.
Thus, the option true is the correct answer.
Answer:
TRUE
Explanation:
Tooth decay is the damage to the surface of the tooth due to the production of acids by the bacteria present in the mouth. Tooth decay may lead to the formation of a yellow to black colored cavity.
The formation of a chalky white spot lesion is the earliest sign of the demineralization of the enamel. If this lesion is not treated, the enamel continues to demineralize and can lead to the formation of a cavity.
In primary hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
A. Levels of thyroid hormones in the blood decrease
B. Levels of TRH in the blood decrease.
C. Levels of TSH in the blood decrease.
D. All of the above are true.
E. None of the above is true
Answer:
A. Levels of thyroid hormones in the blood decreases.
Explanation:
Hyposecretion means too little hormone levels. It can be primary hyposecretion which is due to damage to the gland or it can be secondary hyposecretion which is due to deficiency of tropic hormones.
Tropic hormones: If a hormone produced from one endocrine gland acts on another endocrine gland as their target then we call such hormones as Tropic hormones.
For example, Hypothalamus produces the TRH i.e. thyrotropin releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce TSH i.e. thyroid stimulating hormone. Here both TRH and TSH are examples of tropic hormones. TRH is produced by hypothalamus and stimulate pituitary gland, similarly TSH is produced by pituitary gland and acts on thyroid gland to stimulate the release of T3 and T4.
In case of primary hyposecretion, there can be damage of the thyroid gland which may result in decreased levels of T3 (triodotyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine) in the blood, but there is no change in the tropic hormone levels i.e. TSH or TRH levels.
Hypothyroidism is mainly due to deficiency of iodine in the diet or damage to the thyroid gland.
The rhythm method of birth control
A. relies on timing intercourse to coincide with ovulation.
B. depends on the ability to reliably predict the time of ovulation, every month for the entire duration of time during which a woman does not wish to become pregnant.
C. is more effective than the pill in preventing pregnancy.
D. involves examining changes in cervical mucus composition following ovulation
E. is based on cyclic sperm production in the male.
Answer:
B. depends on the ability to reliably predict the time of ovulation, every month for the entire duration of time during which a woman does not wish to become pregnant.
Explanation:
The rhythm method of birth control -
It is one of the birth control method , with an average of 80 and 87 percent effective for the prevention of the chances of pregnancy .
Since , not every day of the month is equally fertile to get pregnant .
Hence ,
This method , depends on the ovulation period of the women , as during the ovulation period , the women is more expected to get pregnant , if the egg get fertilized .
Therefore , the women can get pregnant with the egg is fertilized during the ovulation period , but the chances of pregnancy apart from the ovulation period is very low.
You interview a patient and her main complaint is the generation of vast quantities of dilute urine and the need to drink large amounts of water. Her blood glucose is normal. You tell her that she has the disease ___________ as a result of insufficient release of/or response to the hormone ____________.
a) Diabetes insipidus, aldosterone
b) Type I Diabetes, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Type II diabetes, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) Diabetes insipidus, vasopressin
e) Diabetes insipidus, oxytocin
Answer:
The correct answer is D
Explanation:
There are 2 types of diabetes insipidus (DI):
Central: is due to lack of vasopressin hormone, it can be related to injury in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland or genetics.
Nephrogenic: is due to lack of response of the kidneys to vasopressin.
DI main symptoms are excessive urination (the urine does not contain glucose, differential diagnose vs. untreated diabetes mellitus), thirst and increased fluid intake.
Which statement best describes clinical practice guidelines? They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence. They provide general recommendations for evidence-based decision making. They are universally useful, regardless of context or country of adoption. They are designed to offer suggestions for areas in which more research is needed.
Answer: They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence.
Explanation:
Clinical practice guidelines are the statements that involves the recommendations which are intended to ensure the care of patients. It is intended to provide information to the patients in a systematic manner of review of evidences which gives an in-site of the benefits and harms associated with the care options. These guidelines are measurable, feasible and achievable.
Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the left ventricle?
a. circumflex artery
b. pulmonary artery
c. right marginal artery
d. coronary sinus artery
e. right coronary artery
Answer:
a. circumflex artery
Explanation:
Circumflex artery -
This artery branches in the left coronary artery and supplied the most of the left atrium , i.e. the lateral free walls of left atrium and part of the anterior papillary muscle .
This artery give a variable number of the left marginal branches in order to supply the left ventricle .
The largest branch is the terminal branch .
The occlusion of the circumflex artery can lead to the damage of the left ventricle .
Steroid hormones
A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
B) are proteins.
C) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
D) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
E) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
Answer:
A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Explanation:
Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are lipids, therefore they cannot be transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. They are associated with transport proteins to travel in blood.
Because they are lipids, they can diffuse through cell membranes, and once inside the target cell they bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or the nucleus and alter gene expression.
Steroid hormones are lipids that can diffuse into cells and bind to receptors in the nucleus. They are not proteins, they are not dissolved in the plasma, and they tend to remain in the bloodstream for relatively longer time periods.
Explanation:Steroid hormones are lipids synthesized from cholesterol. These hormones include sex hormones and stress hormones, among others. Some key points about them are:
A) Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside the nucleus of their target cells. Because they are lipid soluble, they can pass through the cell membrane by diffusion. Once inside, they bind to specific receptor proteins at the DNA level, triggering specific cellular responses.B) Steroid hormones are not proteins. They are lipids made from cholesterol.C) Steroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to transport proteins, not dissolved in the plasma.D) Steroid hormones can diffuse through cell membranes due to their lipid-soluble nature.E) Steroid hormones generally remain in circulation for longer periods of time due to their binding with transport proteins, slowing their degradation and excretion.Learn more about Steroid Hormones here:https://brainly.com/question/32153048
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Pacemaker cells in the heart possess intrinsic rhythm.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Pacemaker cells, unlike other neurons in the body, can depolarized themselves (and therefore can fire action potentials) without the need of an external innervation of the autonomic nervous system.
Each class of pacemaker cells has its own intrinsic rate.
For example, sinoatrial node rate is 60-100 bpm (the normal heart frequency).
The atrioventricular node is also part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. When the sinoatrial node fails, atrioventricular node takes the lead (40-60 bpm).
Steroid hormones are stored and then released in large quantities into the blood. Sperm is stored and matures in the epididymis.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Considering these as two questions with the same purpose of answering if they are true, or false, these would be the answers and explanations:
1. Steorid hormones are stored and then released in large quantities into the blood?, the answer would be: False. Steroid hormones, given their excitatory function, are usually not stored and simply released in large quantities into the blood steam. Rather, they will be produced as the different systems, especially the reproductive system, requires them, and will be released when nerve signals initiate the process of release of them, especially during puberty, when they are most needed, and later on, during reproductive life. But these are not released in great quantities, nor are they stored. They are produced as needed.
2. Sperm is stored and matures in the epididymis, this is True. Sperm is usually produced by the testis, the male reproductive organs per se. However, these sperm are still in need of maturation, and this they achieve in the epididymis, especially in the head and body of this organ that sits atop the testis. As the sperm matures, they move towards the tail of the epididymis, and are stored there for use.
Place the following structures in order that air passes through to reach the alveoli: alveolar ducts, alveoli, bronchioles, lobar bronchi, main bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and trachea.
Answer:
1. Trachea
2. Main bronchi
3. Lobar bronchi
4. Segmental bronchi
5. Smaller bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Respiratory bronchioles
8. Terminal bronchioles
9. Alveolar ducts
10. Alveoli
Explanation:
The bronchial tree begins with the trachea and branches into smaller ducts that eventually lead the air to the alveoli, where oxygen performs the gas exchange with carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood.
The trachea branches into the main bronchi, each one branches into the lobar bronchi (the bronchi that enters into the lungs) in the left lobe we found two lobar bronchi and in the right lobe three lobar bronchi, each lobar bronchi divides further into segmental bronchi, which branches into smaller bronchi, these branch more and more into small conducts named bronchioles until they reach the alveoli (tiny air bags at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are in contact with the capillaries for gas exchange)
Answer:
D. Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Explanation:
During inspiration, incoming air travels through the following structures, in which order?
Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, alveoli
Alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Define the different acid base balances and explain how the changes in pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate levels affect the body.
Answer:
The human body requires a pretty unique balance, a very strict balance at that, between acidity and alkalinity. This means that the body has a series of mechanisms that will ensure that our entire system is constantly kept between the ranges of 7.35 and 7.45 of acidity and alkalinity. If ever the scale should tip either below 7.35, or above, 7.45, then we would be talking about an imbalance in the acid-base system and we would be facing serious problems. Given this explanation, the answers would be thus:
1. The normal acid-base balance is when the ratio of carbonic acid (represented in presence of CO2 molecules in blood) to bicarbonate ions, is 20:1. This means that the body´s pH is precisely between the range of 7.35 and 7.45. However, when the ratio above changes, and the number of molecules of CO2 rise, tiping the scale, and the pH goes below 7.35, we are talking about a respiratory acidosis. When we are talking that either bicarbonate is not being produced in enough quantities, or not produced at all to lower the pH of the blood, and other acidic metabolites are being added to the bloodstream further lowering pH, then we are talking about a metabolic acidosis. On the other end, if the levels of CO2 are too low because they are being released by a rapid breathing, and oxygen levels are too high, the blood becomes too alkaline and we will be talking about respiratory alkalosis. Also, when bicarbonate ions are produced in massive quantities, upsetting the scale of 20:1 with respect to CO2 levels, and furthermore, the urine starts excreting both H+ ions and bicarbonate, we are talking about metabolic alkalosis.
2. As said, the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid must remain within 20:1, otherwise a person´s alkaline-acid balace will be upset. If either the bicarbonate to carbonic acid, or the pH, in the body are altered in any way, the body will activate both respiratory and metabolic mechanisms to restore the balance. If this is not achieved, then outside help will be required and the person will show the symptoms that will allow professionals to know what is going on, and how to turn it back to its normal balance.
An antibody, or immunoglobulin, is produced by plasma cells in response to a challenge by the immunogen. Which class of immunoglobulins is the first antibody produced during the primary response to antigen?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgM
d. IgG
Answer:
The correct answer is c. IgM
Explanation:
IgM is the first class of antibody which is produced by the body during primary response to antigen. IgM is the largest antibody and is present on the surface of B lymphocytes.
It controls the activation of B-cell and is released by B cell in the circulation to provide first line of defense to the body against any infection. It is a pentameric antibody found in the blood and due to pentameric in nature it has high avidity for antigen binding and processing.
It is responsible for agglutination reaction and protect us from viral and bacterial infection. It consists about 5-10% of total antibodies present in the body.