Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems.

Answer:

a. Glucagon  - Pancreas

b. Cortisol  - Adrenal gland.

c. Calcitonin  - Thyroid gland.

d. TSH  - Pituitary gland.

e. GHRH  - Hypothalamus.

f. Insulin  - Pancreas.

g. Oxytocin - Hypothalamus.

Explanation:

a. Glucagon is a peptide hormone which is synthesized and secreted by alpha cells of insulin. It regulates level of blood sugar by increasing glucose level during hypoglycemic conditions.

b. Cortisol  is a lipid-derived hormone, which is produced by cortex of adrenal gland. It increases level of blood sugar under stress conditions and triggers anti-inflammatory and anti-stress pathways.

c. Calcitonin is a peptide hormone, which is produced by thyroid hormone. It is a hypocalcemic hormone that decreases level of blood calcium when blood calcium concentration reaches above the normal level.

d. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland. It triggers production of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) from thyroid gland.

e. GHRH  (growth hormone releasing hormone) is produced by hypothalamus. It gives signal to pituitary gland for the production of growth hormone.

f. Insulin  is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of pancreas. It regulates blood sugar level by decreasing blood glucose during hyperglycemic conditions.

g. Oxytocin is is synthesized by hypothalamus and is released by posterior lobe of pituitary gland. It plays role in labour pain and lactation.

Pulmonary Hypertension directly affects the right ventricle of the heart due to the increased effort required to pump blood through the high-resistance pulmonary arteries, leading to potential hypertrophy and heart failure.

The condition known as Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit, specifically affecting the arteries that supply blood to the lungs. This condition most directly affects the right ventricle of the heart. In pulmonary hypertension, because the blood pressure in the lungs' arteries is elevated, the right ventricle must work harder to pump blood through these vessels. Over time, this increased workload can lead to the thickening of the right ventricle's muscular walls (hypertrophy), and potentially, the failure of the right ventricle.

Why the Right Ventricle is Affected

The right ventricle is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Increased resistance in the pulmonary arteries forces the right ventricle to exert more effort in pumping blood.

This can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately, right heart failure if untreated.

Answer:

The answer is D: Belvedere traction.

Explanation:

The types of traction used in orthopedics to correct fractures are:

- Bryant traction: It is used in children with femur and pelvis fractures for correction of congenital hip injuries.

- Halo traction: use a vest to immobilize fractures of the neck or spine.

- Buck traction: Ropes are used to immobilize the fracture.

Answer:

d. Belvedere traction.

Explanation:

Bryant traction, Halo traction, and Bucks traction are used to treat a fracture.

Bryant traction is used in children with problems in their hips or femur fracture.

Halo traction is used to help children with problems in their spine, this traction pulls from the muscles and joints.

Bucks traction is a type of skin traction that helps the bone to be in its proper place to heal correctly.

Answer:

white blood cells are the following:

- lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

-mocytes

-neutrophils

-basophils

-eosinophils

Lymphocytes are responsible for giving the specific immune response.

Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutroplis, Eosinophils and Basophils, Neutroplis are the types of White blood cells.

Neutrophils and Lymphocytes are the specific immune response.

Explanation:

Human blood consists of red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and plasma. The white blood cells comprises of only 1% of human blood. The impact of leukocytes is very high. White blood cells can also be termed as leukocytes.  

Among these five types, Neutrophils kills and digest fungi and bacteria’s.When an infection strikes the human body the neutrophils acts as a main defence system and protects the human body.

Answer:

a emotion

Explanation:

A strong feeling (emotion), arises as a mental state, or intense state of drive or mental unrest, which originally is believed to direct toward a definite object when human brain emerged. The latter is evidenced in both behavior and in psychological effects, the autonomic nervous system manifestations will follow. Based on discoveries made through modern neural mapping ,the neurobiological theory of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state as it forms in the limbic system of the human brain.

Common emotional states can result from a combination of different experiences and are expressed as feelings of , amusement, anger, certainty, , disagreement, , dislike, fear, guilt, happiness, hate, and many others.

Answer:

a) Neuron

Explanation:

Thanks to its anatomy the neuron can be excitated to send signals to the different cells. Thanks to the cell body, axon and synaptic terminals the neurons process and transmite those signals generated by a stimulus.

Answer:

The answer is A greenstick

Explanation:

The most common fracture is the greenstick in which there is no complete breakage of the long bone in children suffering from abuse.

Answer:

The correct option here is e) both a and c are correct

Explanation:

The voltage gated Na+ channel that is present in the skeletal muscle plays a very important role in both -

a) helps in initiating the action potential from the neuro muscular synapse over the sarcolemma and,

c) helps in increasing the  positive charge that removes the DHP block from the RYR receptor

These channels helps in initiating the action potential of a person and also in the propagation of the cells.

Answer:

The answer is B oblique

Explanation:

This incision is more practical because it will allow the surgeon to use the fascia of the muscles to close the anatomical defect, also it is less invasive.

Answer:

1. Protection of the body against environmental effects like UV radiation.

2. Thermal regulation through vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood vessels.

3. Sensitivity through nerve endings

4. Synthesis and storage of vitamin D

5. Containment of important body structures and substances.

Explanation:

Answer:

Femoral Artery

Explanation:

It continues down the anterior side of the thigh after exiting the femoral triangle.

Answer:

Homeostasis can be defined as the natural mechanism of the body by which the internal temperature of the body is maintained.

This phenomenon is important for the normal metabolism and functioning of the body.

Whenever the body encounters any change in the outer environment, the body tries to cope up with the conditions by maintaining a proper internal temperature inside the body.

Example: shivering of body is a normal response during cold environment to maintain the internal temperature of the body.

Answer:

Proteins, phospholipids and cholestorol

Explanation:

Cell membranes are what binds the internal cells. The cholesterol contributes to strengthening the bilayer and allowing it to be more flexible but also less permeable to water-soluble materials. While the proteins in the membrane enable molecules to enter or exit the cell.

Answer:

R39.15

Explanation:

Urgency of urination. R39.15 is the ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes.

Answer: Option B. "T Cell maturation"

Explanation:

T-cell, also known as T lymphocyte, are primary type of leukocyte or white blood cell important part of the immune system.

Bone marrow is the origin of T-cells and then get mature in the thymus. In thymus, T- cells differentiate or multiply into regulatory, or cytotoxic T-cells helper, or act as memory T-cells.

T-cells then  move in lymphatic system, once get stimulated by appropriate antigen, helper T-cells secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody-producing cells called B cells. Regulatory T-cells control immune reactions while Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells or cancer cells.

Hence, the correct answer is Option B.

Answer:

The correct answer is option D.

Explanation:

Antidiuretic hormone or ADH is a hormone which helps the body to maintain the amount of water by reducing the loss of water through urine. This hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus which is stored in the pituitary gland.  

The hormone acts by binding to the receptor which stimulates the insertion of "water channels" in the tubule membranes of kidney especially in Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. These kidney aquaporins help the absorption of water from the urine reducing the loss of water.  

Thus, option D is the correct answer.

Answer: D) increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Explanation:

The principle of ADH is to increased in the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collected duct as, the action of ADH on receptors enhances the water permeability the and insertion of aquaporin AQP-2 channel in the cell membrane. The main function of the ADH is to conserved water through kidney and get released in posterior pituitary gland.

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Pyloroplasty is a medical procedure which is done to widen or thicken the opening in the lower part of the stomach so that the content gets empty in the small intestine.

This is done during the condition when the pylorus gets thicken then food does not passes through it.

So, this process helps in improving the gastric drainage.

A pyloroplasty is performed to improve gastric drainage.

A pyloroplasty is performed to improve gastric drainage. It is a surgical procedure that involves widening the opening (pylorus) between the stomach and small intestine. This procedure helps food and gastric juices pass through more easily, alleviating symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction, such as nausea, vomiting, and bloating. The pyloroplasty does not directly affect the cardiac sphincter, gastric acidity, or the fundus of the stomach.

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Answer:

 Histamine, is the chemical mediator initiates an inflammatory reaction. An inflammatory mediator is basically defined as that act in blood vessels and cells for promote response of inflammatory mediator.  Histamine is the main chemical mediator which are released from the cells during inflammation, which increases vascular permeability. It is stored in granules and mast cells and get released immediately when the cells get injured.

Answer:

a. pancreas

Explanation:

As for exocrine organs, they release secretions. Since the pancreas is an exocrine gland its nervous or hormonal stimulation causes pancreatic secretions to be released into the duodenum through a duct. Together the secretions of alkaline and contain enzymes like lipase, amylase,etc . They are present in digestion. However the pancreas has two main functions, exocrine function and endocrine function. While exocrine cells of the pancreas produce enzymes that help digestion. An as endocrine , the islet cells of Langerhans inside the pancreas produce and secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.

The correct answer is B. Campylobacter

Explanation:

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a disease in which the nerves and muscles are weakened usually as the immune system attacks them which leads to changes in muscles strength, pain, and even life-threatening conditions. Although the causes of this syndrome have not been completely determined in most of the cases the condition seems to be triggered by an infection and around 30% of people who experienced an infection before the syndrome had an infection caused by Campylobacter, which suggests the syndrome is related to this type of bacteria, although it has been also linked in few cases with influenza virus, Zika virus and others. Considering this, the bacteria that is most associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome is the Campylobacter.

Answer:

The answer is C: primary oocyte

Explanation:

Ovogenesis is the process by which the ovary gives rise to a mature ovum (oocyte). The primary oocyte is the first to form during ovogonia, once the process of meiosis begins. It is compared with spermatogonium as it is also the initial phase for sperm formation.

Answer:

phantom limb

Explanation:

Amputees usually experience sensations including pain in thephantom limb. 

Answer:

The answer is E: A, B And C are correct.

Explanation:

The external respiration is that which occurs at the level of the pulmonary alveoli with the capillaries of the pulmonary vessels, producing an exchange of gases, releasing carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveolus, and in turn, this delivers oxygen.

The internal respiration is the one between the tissue capillaries and the cells where the blood releases the oxygen and receives the CO2, turning the oxygenated blood into deoxygenated.

The pulmonary ventilation on the other hand takes oxygen from the air we breathe and takes it to the lungs.

Respiration includes pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood, while internal respiration is the gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

The steps of gas exchange, also known as respiration, in the body indeed include pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. External respiration is the gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood, while internal respiration refers to the gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is E: A, B, and C are correct.

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Answer:

The correct answer to the question: What is the primary purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis, would be: B: To release electrons needed to convert solar energy to chemica energy, such as ATP.

Explanation:

Photosynthesis, the process by which an autotrophic plant, who contains chlorophyll, converts water, CO2 and sunlight into sources to form the molecules that will provide them with energy, NADPH and ATP. The purpose of sunlight, as it is absorbed by the chloroplasts, and as it comes into contact with chlorophyll, is to activate the electrons present in the other components, water and carbon dioxide, so that in the energy exchange and process, the energy molecules ATP and NADPH are created. These two will be vital for the second part of the whole process. The sunlight is necessary for the first part, which is known as the Light Reaction, while ATP and NADPH will be vital for the second part of the process, the Dark Reaction, which is where glucose, and other food sources are generated.

The primary purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the forms of ATP and NADPH. These compounds are then used in the Calvin cycle to create glucose.

The primary purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy, specifically in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). This is accomplished through the use of chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light, releasing electrons that drive the production of these energy-rich compounds. This process is critical because ATP and NADPH are used in the next stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, to manufacture glucose from carbon dioxide. So, the best answer is B) To release electrons needed to convert solar energy to chemical energy such as ATP.

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Answer:

Alveoli.

Explanation:

Respiration may be defined as the process of exchange of gases between the environment, lungs and body tissues. Energy is given off during the process of respiration.

The alveoli is a ballon like structure present in the lungs when gases are inflated in the alveoli. The alveoli increses the surface area for the exchange of gases. Oxygen is transferred in the body tissue from the alveoli.

Thus, alveoli is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs.

Answer:

The correct answer is b. PNS.

Explanation:

The PNS stands for the peripheral nervous system. And The Schwann cells are the ones who are part of the glia of that peripheral nervous system. There is one type of Schwann cells that myelinate in the peripheral nervous system.

Answer: False.

Explanation:

The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the various cells of the body. For this process to occur the oxygen from the lungs gets attached to the hemoglobin and travels throughout the body to reach at every possible place.

This hemoglobin also gets attached to the carbon dioxide from various cells of the body to lungs for gaseous exchange.

There are many factors that affect the loading and unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. The increased temperature increases the rate of unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin and increased temperature does not favors loading of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Hence, the given statement is False.

Increased temperature actually increases the unloading of O2 from hemoglobin, not decreases. The temperature increase alters the hemoglobin protein shape to release oxygen more easily

The statement is False. Increased temperature typically causes a greater unloading of O2 from hemoglobin. This happens because when the temperature increases, it alters the shape of the hemoglobin protein in a way that makes it release oxygen more easily.

This concept is known as the Bohr Effect, where high temperatures and an increase in the concentration of CO2 result in hemoglobin releasing more oxygen.

You could think of it as a mechanism that helps deliver more oxygen to vigorously working muscles that are producing more heat and CO2.

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Answer:

Whole grain products show the effect of statin drugs that reduce heart disease.

Explanation:

Coronary heart disease leads to serious health problem and the coronary arteries becomes too narrow. The oxygen supply to the blood decreases in coronary heart disease.

There is scientific evidence that the intake of whole grain products reduces  the risk of the disease. The increase in the quantity of whole grain can reduce the risk of the disease by 40% , the whole grain has the effect equal to the statin drug.

Answer:

fluoxetine and phenelzine

Explanation:

Drug interactions are becoming an increased pattern since multiple prescription ocurrs often in aged pacients. The modern health prescrpitions usually involve 6 or more drugs for an average 55 year old patient daily. . The deaths of notable artists and celebrities due to misuse or overdose of medication ocurred often as drug interactions took place.

The combination of substances affects the nature of a drug, then the effects are ither increased or diminished, but when fluoxetine and phenelzine combine, the interaction can result in a critical conditin called:

central serotonin syndrome. The mental status changes will show agitation, tachycardia, diaphoresis leading to death.

Such symptoms can  usually develop with only 1 or 2 dose of fluoxetine if combined with phenelzine. Remember always to seek a doctor.

Severe drug-drug interactions can occur when combining substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines with heroin, or alcohol with cocaine, both of which can lead to significant CNS depression or cardiovascular risks, respectively.

An example of a drug-drug interaction with severe consequences is the combination of alcohol and benzodiazepines with heroin. This particular combination can lead to dramatic effects on the central nervous system (CNS), potentially resulting in accidental or deliberate overdoses. Another hazardous combination is alcohol and cocaine, which can cause serious cardiovascular risks.

Drug interactions can happen with both prescription and illegal drugs, leading to outcomes ranging from inhibition to severe respiratory distress. An important consideration is the collective depressant effects on the CNS when drugs like alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opiates are combined. It is also critical to note that using a depressant to counteract the effects of a stimulant is dangerous as it disrupts the body's ability to maintain homeostasis.

Answer:

The answer is A direct neural stimulation

Explanation:

The hypothalamus controls the secretion of the adenohypophysis by a direct neuoronal stimulation produced by a hormonal rise or fall that merits a greater stimulation or decrease according to the need presented by the organism.