An area with excess electrons has a net _____ charge; an area with a deficit of electrons has a net _____ charge. Question 10 options: negative, positive positive, negative positive, neutral negative, neutral

Answer:

Impulse, J = 20 m/s  

Explanation:

Given that,

Mass of the ball, m = 0.4 kg

Initial speed of the ball, u = -30 m/s (left)    

Final speed of the ball after hitting, v = 20 m/s (right)

Let J is the impulse of the net force on the ball during its collision with the wall. The change in momentum of an object is equal to the impulse imparted to it. It is given by :

[tex]J=m(v-u)[/tex]

[tex]J=0.4\ kg(-30-20)\ m/s[/tex]

J = -20 m/s

So, the magnitude of impulse of the net force on the ball during its collision with the wall is 20 m/s.

The impulse on the ball is 20 Ns.

This can be defined as the product of force and time. The impulse of a force acting on a body is also equal to the change in momentum of the body

To calculate the impulse of the net force on the ball during the collision, we use the formula below.

Formula:

Where:

From the question,

Given:

Substitute these values into equation 1

Hence, the impulse on the ball is 20 Ns.

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Answer:

option D.

Explanation:

given,                                                                          

Average rainfall in Minnesota = 50 cm/ year

area of the landfill = 5000 m²            

60% of the water runs off the landfill.

efficiency of leachate collection = 80%

volume of leachate treated per year = ?

volume of rainfall in a year                  

        = 0.5 x 5000                  

        = 2500 m³                    

Volume of  water infiltrated    

     = 40 % of volume of rainfall

     = 0.4 x  2500                  

    = 1000 m³                    

Volume of leachate per year

    = 80 % of 1000              

    = 0.8 x 1000                  

    = 800 m³                  

The correct answer is option D.

Answer:

Orbital

Explanation:

The orbitals is the area or region outside the nucleus where an electron can most likely be found

Answer:

s sublevel

Explanation:

IS a orbital

The stopping distance is 45.0 m

Explanation:

First of all, we find the acceleration of the truck, by using Newton's second law:

[tex]F=ma[/tex]

where

[tex]F=-1.26\cdot 10^4 N[/tex] is the net force on the truck

[tex]m=2.3\cdot 10^3 kg[/tex] is the mass of the truck

a is its acceleration

Solving for a,

[tex]a=\frac{F}{m}=\frac{-1.26\cdot 10^4}{2.3\cdot 10^3}=-5.48 m/s^2[/tex]

where the negative sign means the acceleration is opposite to the direction of motion.

Now, since the motion of the truck is at constant acceleration, we can apply the following suvat equation:

[tex]v^2-u^2=2as[/tex]

where

v = 0 is the final velocity of the truck

u = 22.2 m/s is the initial velocity

[tex]a=-5.48 m/s^2[/tex] is the acceleration

s is the stopping distance

And solving for s,

[tex]s=\frac{v^2-u^2}{2a}=\frac{0-(22.2)^2}{2(-5.48)}=45.0 m[/tex]

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Answer:

F= 0.6321 N

Explanation:

Given

Area ,A= 14 cm²

Density ,ρ = 1.204 kg/m³

Velocity ,v= 50 m/s

Drag coefficient ,C=0.3

The drag force on the golf given as

[tex]F=\dfrac{1}{2}\rho CAv^2[/tex]

Now by putting the values

[tex]F=\dfrac{1}{2}\rho CAv^2[/tex]

[tex]F=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 0.3\times 1.204 \times (14\times 10^{-4})\times 50^2\ N[/tex]

F= 0.6321 N

Therefore force due to drag on the golf is 0.6321 N

Answer:

Explanation:

Technician B only.

Answer:

292.3254055 W/m²

469.26267 V/m

[tex]1.56421\times 10^{-6}\ T[/tex]

Explanation:

P = Power of bulb = 90 W

d = Diameter of bulb = 7 cm

r = Radius = [tex]\frac{d}{2}=\frac{7}{2}=3.5\ cm[/tex]

[tex]\epsilon_0[/tex] = Permittivity of free space = [tex]8.85\times 10^{-12}\ F/m[/tex]

c = Speed of light = [tex]3\times 10^8\ m/s[/tex]

The intensity is given by

[tex]I=\frac{P}{A}\\\Rightarrow I=\frac{90}{4\pi 0.035^2}\\\Rightarrow I=5846.50811\ W/m^2[/tex]

5% of this energy goes to the visible light so the intensity is

[tex]I=0.05\times 5846.50811\\\Rightarrow I=292.3254055\ W/m^2[/tex]

The visible light intensity at the surface of the bulb is 292.3254055 W/m²

Energy density of the wave is

[tex]u=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon_0E^2[/tex]

Energy density is also given by

[tex]\frac{I}{c}=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon_0E^2\\\Rightarrow E=\sqrt{\frac{2I}{c\epsilon_0}}\\\Rightarrow E=\sqrt{\frac{2\times 292.3254055}{3\times 10^8\times 8.85\times 10^{-12}}}\\\Rightarrow E=469.26267\ V/m[/tex]

The amplitude of the electric field at this surface is 469.26267 V/m

Amplitude of a magnetic field is given by

[tex]B=\frac{E}{c}\\\Rightarrow B=\frac{469.26267}{3\times 10^8}\\\Rightarrow B=1.56421\times 10^{-6}\ T[/tex]

The amplitude of the magnetic field at this surface is [tex]1.56421\times 10^{-6}\ T[/tex]

The intensity of visible light at the surface of the bulb is approximately 920 W/m². The amplitude of the electric field at this surface, for a sinusoidal wave with this intensity, is approximately 600 V/m. The amplitude of the magnetic field at this surface, for a sinusoidal wave with this intensity, is approximately 2 x 10^-6 T.

A 90-W incandescent light bulb radiates only about 5% of the energy as visible light, this gives 0.05 * 90 = 4.5 W as the power of the visible light. The intensity in watts per square meter is given by power divided by surface area. The surface area of a sphere is 4πR², where R represents the radius of the sphere (3.5 cm = 0.035 m in this case). Thus, the visible light intensity I is given by: I = 4.5W / (4π*0.035²) ≈ 920 W/m².

For a sinusoidal wave, the amplitude E0 of the electric field is related to the intensity I by E0 = sqrt (2µ0cI), where µ0 is the permittivity of free space (8.85x10^-12) and c is the speed of light (3x10^8 m/s). Using the calculated intensity, we find E0 ≈ 600 V/m.

The amplitude B0 of the magnetic field at the light bulb surface related to the electric field's amplitude through the relation B0 = E0 / c, so B0 ≈ 600V/m / 3x10^8 m/s ≈ 2x10^-6 T (Tesla).

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Answer:

The temperature of the hot junction is 40.7°C.

Explanation:

Given that,

Voltage [tex]V=4.75\times10^{-3}\ volts[/tex]

Voltage [tex]V'=1.76\times10^{-3}\ volt[/tex]

Temperature of hot junction = 110°C

If the voltage is proportional to the difference in temperature between the junctions,

We need to calculate the temperature of the hot junction

Using formula of temperature

[tex]\dfrac{V}{V'}=\dfrac{\Delta T}{\Delta T}[/tex]

[tex]\dfrac{V}{V'}=\dfrac{T_{2}-T_{1}}{T_{2}-T_{1}}[/tex]

Here,T₁=0°C

[tex]\dfrac{V}{V'}=\dfrac{110}{T_{2}}[/tex]

Put the value into the formula

[tex]\dfrac{4.75\times10^{-3}}{1.76\times10^{-3}}=\dfrac{110}{T_{2}}[/tex]

[tex]T_{2}=\dfrac{110\times1.76\times10^{-3}}{4.75\times10^{-3}}[/tex]

[tex]T_{2}=40.7^{\circ}C[/tex]

Hence, The temperature of the hot junction is 40.7°C.

Final answer:

To determine the temperature of the hot junction in a copper-constantan thermocouple when the voltage is 1.76 x 10-3 volts, we can set up a proportion between the voltages and the temperature difference.

Explanation:

To determine the temperature of the hot junction when the voltage is 1.76 x 10-3 volts, we can use the proportionality between voltage and temperature difference. We know that the voltage generated by the thermocouple is directly proportional to the difference in temperature between the junctions. So, we can set up a proportion:

(4.75 x 10-3 volts) / (110 °C - 0 °C) = (1.76 x 10-3 volts) / (x °C - 0 °C)

By cross-multiplying and solving for x, we can find the temperature of the hot junction. The result is x = 41.5 °C.

Answer:

 [tex]v = 11.29\ m/s[/tex]

Explanation:

given,

bead is released from the height = 24.5 m from bottom

radius of the loop = 9 m

acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s

A be the top most point of the loop

Difference of elevation from the top

     H = 24.5 - 2 x r

     H = 24.5 - 2 x 9

     H = 24.5 - 18

     H = 6.5 m

now using conservation of energy

   KE = PE

 [tex]\dfrac{1}{2}mv^2 = m g H[/tex]

 [tex]v^2 = 2 g H[/tex]

 [tex]v = \sqrt{2 g H}[/tex]

 [tex]v = \sqrt{2 \times 9.8 \times 6.5}[/tex]

 [tex]v = \sqrt{127.4}[/tex]

 [tex]v = 11.29\ m/s[/tex]

speed at point A is equal to  [tex]v = 11.29\ m/s[/tex]

Answer:

t = 83.93 nm

Explanation:

given,

blue light wavelength (λ)= 470 nm

refractive index of oil (μ)= 1.40

minimum thickness of an oil slick on water = ?

using constructive interference formula

 now,

       [tex]2 \mu t = (m + \dfrac{1}{2})\lambda[/tex]

   where, t is the thickness of the oil slick

     m = 0,1,2

for minimum thickness m = 0

       [tex]2\times 1.40\times t = (0 + 0.5)\times 470[/tex]

       [tex]2.8\times t = 235[/tex]

       [tex]t = \dfrac{235}{2.8}[/tex]

             t = 83.93 nm

minimum thickness of an oil slick on water = t = 83.93 nm

The minimum thickness of an oil slick should be 83.93 nm

Take the blue wavelength to be 470 nm and the index of refraction of oil to be 1.40

[tex]2\times 1.40 \times t= (0 + 0.5) \times 470\\\\28 \times t = 235[/tex]

t = 83.93 nm

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Assume that the plane behaves like a point source of the sound.The answers are a. Closest distance is approximately 29820 meters. b. Your friend experiences an intensity of 0.25 μW/m². c. The jet produces approximately 112 kW of sound power at take-off.

Given the sound intensity[tex]\(I = 9.70 \text{ W/m}^2\)[/tex]at a distance [tex]\(d = 30.3 \text{ m}\)[/tex], and the desired intensity[tex]\(I_{desired} = 1.0 \mu \text{W/m}^2 = 1.0 \times 10^{-6} \text{ W/m}^2\),[/tex]we can use the inverse square law for sound intensity:

[tex]\[ I \propto \frac{1}{d^2} \][/tex]

(a) To find the closest distance [tex]\(d_{desired}\)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ \frac{I}{I_{desired}} = \left( \frac{d_{desired}}{d} \right)^2 \]\[ \frac{9.70}{1.0 \times 10^{-6}} = \left( \frac{d_{desired}}{30.3} \right)^2 \]\[ d_{desired} \approx 30.3 \times \sqrt{9.70 \times 10^6} \approx 29820 \text{ m} \][/tex]

(b) The intensity at twice the distance[tex]\(2d_{desired}\)[/tex]:

[tex]\[ I_{friend} = \frac{I_{desired}}{4} = 0.25 \times 1.0 \mu \text{W/m}^2 = 0.25 \mu \text{W/m}^2 \][/tex]

(c) The power of the jet can be found using:

[tex]\[ I = \frac{P}{4\pi d^2} \]\[ P = I \times 4\pi d^2 \]\[ P = 9.70 \times 4\pi \times (30.3)^2 \approx 1.12 \times 10^5 \text{ W} \][/tex]

Answer:

electrostatic attraction.

Explanation:

As we know those atom donate the electron gets positively charged and those atoms gains the electron gets negatively charged.The charge on the atoms are the responsible for the force in the ionic bond.

We know that force between two charge particle is known as electrostatics force.If charge particle is having same sign charge then it will be repulsive force and If charge particle is having opposite sign charge then it will be attraction  force.

Therefore force in the ionic solid is electrostatic attraction.

Final answer:

Ionic solids are primarily held together by electrostatic attraction, with dispersion forces playing a possible but minor role. Metallic bonds, covalent bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds do not typically contribute to the structure of ionic solids.

Explanation:

The kinds of forces that hold ionic solids together include electrostatic attraction and possibly dispersion forces if there are also nonpolar parts or induced dipoles present. Electrostatic attraction, also known as ionic bonding, is the main force that holds together the ions in an ionic solid, resulting from the attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. However, dispersion forces can also play a lesser role when nonpolar regions or molecules are adjacent to the ionic components, though they are not the primary force in ionic solids.

Metallic bonds, covalent bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds are not typically involved in the structure of ionic solids. Metallic bonds are specific to metal lattices, covalent bonds connect atoms within molecules or network solids, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds are types of intermolecular forces mainly significant in molecular compounds, not ionic compounds.

Final answer:

Chemically active fluids during metamorphism help in the transfer and movement of ions, facilitating the growth and reorganization of mineral grains in the rock.

Explanation:

During metamorphism, chemically active fluids primarily aid in the movement of dissolved silicate ions and facilitate growth of the mineral grains. These fluids can enhance the transfer of ions, which allows for the reorganization of atoms and the growth of new mineral structures within the rock. The presence of chemically active fluids during metamorphism can therefore play a critical role in the transformation of a rock's mineral composition and texture.

Answer:

The satellite has a period of 204.90 days

Explanation:

The period can be determine by means of Kepler's third law:

[tex]T^{2} = r^{3}[/tex]  (1)

Where T is the period of revolution and r is the radius.

[tex]\sqrt{T^{2}} = \sqrt{r^{3}}[/tex]

[tex]T = \sqrt{r^{3}}[/tex] (2)

The distance between the moon and the Earth has a value of 384400 km, therefore:

[tex]r = (384400km)*(0.50)[/tex]

[tex]r = 192200 km[/tex]

Finally, equation 2 can be used:

[tex]T = \sqrt{(192200)^{3}}[/tex]

[tex]T = 84261672 km[/tex]

However, the period can be expressed in days, to do that it is necessary to make the conversion from kilometers to astronomical units:

An astronomical unit (AU) is the distance between the Earth and the Sun ([tex]1.50x10^{8} km[/tex])

[tex]T = 84261672 km \cdot \frac{1AU}{1.50x10^{8} km}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]0.561 AU[/tex]

But 1 year is equivalent to 1 AU according to Kepler's third law, since 1 year is the orbital period of the Earth.

[tex]T = 0.561 AU \cdot \frac{1year}{1AU}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]0.561 year[/tex]

[tex]T = 0.561 year \cdot \frac{365.25 days}{1year}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]204.90 days[/tex]

[tex]T = 204.90 days[/tex]

Hence, the satellite has a period of 204.90 days.

Final answer:

The period of the satellite's orbit around the Earth is approximately 5059 seconds.

Explanation:

The period of a satellite orbiting around the Earth depends on the radius of its orbit. According to Kepler's third law, the period is related to the radius by the equation T^2 = (4π²r^3) / (GM), where T is the period, r is the radius, G is the gravitational constant, and M is the mass of the Earth.

In this case, the radius of the satellite's orbit is one half the distance from the Earth to the Moon, which is half of 3.84 × 10^8 meters. So, the radius is 1.92 × 10^8 meters. Plugging this value into the equation, we can calculate the period of the satellite's orbit.

Solving for T, we get:

T = 2π√[(r^3) / (GM)]

Substituting the values, we have:

T = 2π√[(1.92 × 10^8)^3 / (6.67 × 10^-11 × 5.97 × 10^24)]

T = 2π√(6.71 × 10^21 / 3.95 × 10^35)

T ≈ 5059 seconds

So, the period of the satellite's orbit is approximately 5059 seconds.

Answer:

option E

Explanation:

given,

organ pipe of length L

using formula ,

[tex]L = (2n - 1)\dfrac{\lambda}{4}[/tex]

n is the number of nodes

[tex]\lambda= \dfrac{4L}{(2n - 1)}[/tex]

now at n = 1

[tex]\lambda_1= \dfrac{4L}{(2(1) - 1)}[/tex]

[tex]\lambda_1= 4L[/tex]

now at n = 2

[tex]\lambda_2= \dfrac{4L}{(2(2) - 1)}[/tex]

[tex]\lambda_2= \dfrac{4}{3}L[/tex]

now at n = 2

[tex]\lambda_3= \dfrac{4L}{(2(3) - 1)}[/tex]

[tex]\lambda_3= \dfrac{4}{5}L[/tex]

The correct answer is option E

Answer:

The correct answer is option E

Explanation:

Answer:

Centripetal force acting on the body = 9.47 N

Explanation:

Mass of body, m = 2 kg

Radius, r = 3 m

It makes one revolution in 5 seconds.

        Period, T = 5 s

        [tex]\texttt{Angular velocity, }\omega =\frac{2\pi }{T}=\frac{2\pi }{5}=1.256rad/s[/tex]

Centripetal force, F = mrω²

                        F = 2 x 3 x 1.256² = 9.47 N

Centripetal force acting on the body = 9.47 N

Yes, the earth radiates energy, but since the peak frequency f is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the radiator, the wavelength of the radiation is far too long for us to see.

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Radiations or light rays are the basic name for electromagnetic energy packets travelling through space. It goes extremely quick (multiple times around the earth in one second) and can go through a vacuum. It needn't bother with material to travel in.

It has numerous structures, including visible light, infrared (IR), bright (UV), X-beams, microwaves, and radio waves. These are a no different structure of energy, just with various frequencies and measures of energy. Various frequencies of radiation communicate with an issue in an unexpected way, which causes them to appear to be more changed to us than they truly are.

Answer:

J = 0.693 N.s

Explanation:

The impulse of one single drop is given by:

J1 = m*(Vf - Vo)   where Vf = 0

[tex]J1 = -9.25*10^{-4}N.s[/tex]

The magnitude of the total impulse will be:

Jt = J1 * 150 * 5

Jt = 0.693 N.s

Answer:

m2 = 0·52 kg

Explanation:

As the pulley is massless and frictionless the tension in the string on both sides of the pulley will be the same

Given that both have same acceleration a = 0·5 m/s²

Forces acting on mass m1 is tension and force of gravity

You can observe the direction of forces acting on two blocks in the file attached

And in the file attached the force of gravity acting on mass m2 is resolved into two perpendicular components of which one acts along the wedge and the other perpendicular to the wedge

Let the tension in the string be T N

And the frictional force acting on mass m2 is μ×N as sliding is taking place

By applying Newton's second law to the block of mass m1

m1×g - T = m1 × a

⇒ T = m1×(g - a)

⇒T = 0·5×(9·8-0·5)

⇒ T= 4·65 N

Let the normal reaction acting on mass m2 be N

By applying Newton's second law to the block of mass m2 in the direction perpendicular to the wedge

we get

N = m2×g×cosθ

By applying Newton's second law to the block of mass m2 along the wedge

T -  μ×N - m2×g×sinθ = m2×a

Substitute N =  m2×g×cosθ in the above equation

T - μ×m2×g×cosθ - m2×g×sinθ = m2×a

⇒ T = m2 × ( μ×g×cosθ + g×sinθ + a)

By the substituting the corresponding values

4·65 = m2 × 8·8

⇒ m2 = 0·52 kg

 The mass of block 2, m2.is mathematically given as

m2 = 0·52 kg

Question Parameter(s):

Generally, the equation for the  Newton's second law is mathematically given as

m1×g - T = m1 × a

Therefore

T = m1*(g - a)

T = 0·5*(9·8-0·5)

T= 4·65 N

Therefore for

T -  u*N - m2*g×sin[tex]\theta[/tex] = m2*a

4·65 = m2 × 8·8

m2 = 0·52 kg

In conclusion,  the mass of block 2

m2 = 0·52 kg

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Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate, which then send these vibrations to the middle ear and then to the cochlea of the inner ear. Herein, the vibrations are converted by hair cells on the basilar membrane into neural impulses which are transmitted to the brain and perceived as sound.

The mechanical vibrations, also referred to as sound waves, reach the outer ear and are transferred to the ear canal where they cause the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to vibrate. These vibrations are passed on to the three bones of the middle ear, namely the malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes then transmits these vibrations to a structure known as the oval window, which is the outermost structure of the inner ear. Herein lies the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure filled with fluid, and the vibrations from the oval window create pressure waves within this fluid. Within the cochlea, a structure known as the basilar membrane, which hosts receptor hair cells, is mechanically stimulated by these pressure waves. When the hair cells 'bend', this initiates a process of mechanical transduction, wherein the mechanical vibrations from sound waves are transformed, or transduced, into electrical signals known as neural impulses. These impulses are then transmitted to the brain via the cochlear nerve, whereby they are perceived as sound.

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The mechanical vibrations of sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by the hair cells in the inner ear.

The mechanical vibrations of sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by specialized cells in the inner ear called hair cells. These hair cells are located within the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ responsible for auditory processing. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the hair cells to bend. This bending motion activates ion channels on the hair cell membrane, leading to the generation of electrical signals or neural impulses.

These signals are then transmitted through the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as sound. The hair cells' ability to transduce mechanical vibrations into neural impulses is a crucial step in the auditory process, allowing us to perceive and understand various sounds in our environment, from music to speech and other auditory stimuli. This complex process enables our sense of hearing and is essential for our communication and interaction with the world around us.

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Answer:

(A) 0.2306 m

(B) 1.467 Hz

(C) 0.1152 m

Explanation:

spring constant (K) = 16.4 N/m

mass (m) = 0.193 kg

acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s^{2}

(A) force = Kx,  where x = extension

   mg = Kx

   0.193 x 9.8 = 16.4x

   x = 0.1153 m

  now the mass actually falls two times this value before it gets to its equilibrium position ( turning  point ) and oscillates about this point

therefore

2x = 0.2306 m

(B) frequency (f) = \frac{1}{2π} x [tex]\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}[/tex]

     frequency (f) = \frac{1}{2π} x [tex]\sqrt{\frac{16.4}{0.193}}[/tex]

     frequency = 1.467 Hz  

(C) the amplitude is the maximum position of the mass from the equilibrium position, which is half the distance the mass falls below the initial length of the spring

= \frac{0.2306}{2} =  0.1152 m

Final answer:

The mass descends by 0.1154 meters, the frequency of SHM is about 1.83 Hz, and the amplitude of the oscillation is 0.1154 meters.

Explanation:

When a mass of 0.193 kg is hung on a vertical massless spring of spring constant 16.4 N/m, the spring is stretched due to the weight of the mass. The distance that the body descends is equal to the distance at which the spring force balances the gravitational force on the mass. This can be calculated by using Hooke's Law (F = kx), where F is the force exerted by the spring, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position. The force due to gravity on the mass is given by W = mg, where m is the mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s2).

(a) To find the descent (x), set the spring force equal to the gravitational force: mg = kx, which yields x = mg/k. Plugging in the values yields x = (0.193 kg)(9.8 m/s2) / 16.4 N/m, which gives x = 0.1154 meters.

(b) The frequency of the resulting SHM (Simple Harmonic Motion) can be determined by the formula f = (1/2π) √(k/m). Substituting the values, f = (1/2π) √(16.4 N/m / 0.193 kg), which gives f ≈ 1.83 Hz.

(c) The amplitude of SHM is equal to the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position, which is the same as the distance calculated in part (a), hence the amplitude is 0.1154 meters.

Answer:

the maximum possible coefficient performance is 13.7

Explanation:

inside temperature, [tex]T_{C}[/tex] = 61 F = 289.26 K

outside temperature, [tex]T_{H}[/tex] = 99 F = 310.37 K

coefficient of performance, COP (real) = 3.2

according to Carnot's theorem, the coefficient of performance is

[tex]COP_{max}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{T_{C} }{T_{H}-x_{C}  }[/tex]

where

[tex]T_{C}[/tex] is cold temperature

[tex]T_{H}[/tex] is hot temperature

thus,

[tex]COP_{max}[/tex]  = [tex]\frac{289.26}{310.37-289.26}[/tex]

             = 13.7

Answer:

temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell or temperature is usually uniform to do work.

Explanation:

Heat (thermal energy) is a kinetic energy. It s connected with the random movement of the atoms or molecules. The temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell, so most of the cells cannot harness heat to perform work.

Cells are unable to harness heat to perform work due to the second law of thermodynamics, which results in energy being lost in a form that is unusable, often as heat, during transfers and transformations. This heat energy is essentially lost to the cell for performing work. And as entropy increases, less energy becomes available for work.

Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because of the second law of thermodynamics. This law states that all energy transfers and transformations are never completely efficient, with some amount of energy being lost in a form that is unusable, commonly as heat energy. Strictly speaking, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that is not doing work.

For example, during cellular metabolic reactions, a portion of the energy is lost as heat energy. Despite it contributing to maintaining the body temperature of warm-blooded creatures, it is essentially lost to the cell for performing work. This demonstrates how the second law of thermodynamics makes the tasks of cells obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work more difficult than they appear.

Taking into account the entropy, less and less energy in the universe is available to do work as entropy increases. Eventually, as all fuels are exhausted and temperatures equalize, it will become impossible for heat engines to function, or for work to be done. Hence, cells can't harness heat to perform work due to the inefficiencies described by the second law of thermodynamics.

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Answer:

the network done by friction on a box that moves in a complete circle is 185.7 joules

Explanation:

Step one

Given

Radius of circle =1.82m

Circumference of the circle =2*pi*r

=2*3.142*1.82=11.43

Hence distance =11.43m

Coefficient of friction u=0.25

Weight of box =65N

We know that work =force*distance

But the limiting force =u*weight

Hence the net work done by friction

Wd=0.25*65*11.43

Wd=185.7 joules

The work done by friction on a box moving in a complete circle is zero because the force of friction is always perpendicular to the direction of the box’s displacement.

The subject of this question is the work done by friction on a box moving in a circle. When an object moves in a circle, it is the force of friction that prevents the object from sliding off the circular path and helps maintain a curved path. However, it is important to note that friction does no work when an object moves in a complete circle because the force of friction is at every point perpendicular to the direction of the box’s velocity.

To calculate work, we generally use the formula W = F * d * cos(θ), where F is the force (which is the kinetic friction force in this case), d is the displacement of the box (the path covered), and θ is the angle between the force and the direction of displacement. As the box moves in a complete circle, the angle is always 90 degrees. The cosine of 90 degrees is 0, hence the work done by kinetic friction in this case would be zero (0).

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Answer:

1.47*10^5m/s

Explanation:

Using law of conservation of momentum

Since the uranium was initially at rest then the total momentum (did not change) is conserved and its initial value is zero ; 0= M1*V1+M2V2

-M1V1 = M2V2 where V1 is the velocity of the alpha particle and m1 is its mass and M2 is the mass of the thorium and V2 is its velocity.

- 6.64*10^-27*8.56*10^6 = 3.88*V2

V2 = -5.69*10^-20/3.88*10^-25 = -1.47*10^5m/s the negative sign mean the vector velocity of the nucleus point in opposite direction to the particle.

The recoil speed of the thorium nucleus after uranium-238 decays is approximately 0.14717 x 10^6 m/s. This is calculated using the law of conservation of momentum, where the initial momentum of the uranium-238 nucleus at rest is equal to the combined momentum of the emitted α-particle and the resulting thorium nucleus.

The recoil speed of the thorium nucleus can be calculated using the law of conservation of momentum. Before the decay, the momentum of the uranium-238 nucleus (the parent nuclide) is zero, as it's at rest. After the decay, the momentum has to remain zero for the system, including the α-particle and the daughter nucleus thorium-234.

It's given that the mass of the α-particle is 6.64×10−27 kg and it's emitted at a speed of 8.57×10^6 m/s. So, the momentum of the α-particle is the product of its mass and velocity, which is then equated to the momentum of the Thorium-234, which is its mass times its velocity (recoil speed).

Setting the two momentums equal to each other and solving for the recoil speed of thorium (V) gives us: (6.64×10−27 kg * 8.57×10^6 m/s) / 3.88 × 10−25 kg = V. Calculating this gives a recoil speed of about 0.14717 * 10^6 m/s for the thorium nucleus.

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a. The energy density of the magnetic field ([tex]\(u_B\)[/tex]) at the surface of the wire is [tex]\(3.08875 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{J/m}^3\)[/tex]

b. The energy density of the electric field ([tex]\(u_E\)[/tex]) at the surface of the wire is [tex]\(3.74883 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{J/m}^3\).[/tex]

To calculate the energy density of the magnetic field ([tex]\(u_B\)[/tex]) and the electric field ([tex]\(u_E\)[/tex]) at the surface of the wire, we first need to find the magnetic field strength (B) and the electric field strength (E) at that point.

Given:

- Current (I) = 11 A

- Wire diameter (d) = 2.8 mm = 2.8 x 10^-3 m

- Resistance per unit length (R) = 3.7 Ω/km = 3.7 x 10^3 Ω/m

We can calculate the radius (r) of the wire:

[tex]\[ r = \frac{d}{2} = \frac{2.8 \times 10^{-3}}{2} = 1.4 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m} \][/tex]

(a) Magnetic Field Energy Density ([tex]\(u_B\)[/tex]):

The magnetic field strength at the surface of the wire (B) is given by Ampère's Law:

[tex]\[ B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ B = \frac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 11}{2\pi \times 1.4 \times 10^{-3}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ B = \frac{4 \times 11 \times 10^{-7}}{2 \times 1.4 \times 10^{-3}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ B = \frac{4 \times 11}{2 \times 1.4} \times 10^{-4} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ B = \frac{44}{2.8} \times 10^{-4} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ B = 15.714 \times 10^{-4} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ B = 1.571 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{T} \][/tex]

The energy density of the magnetic field ([tex]\(u_B\)[/tex]) is given by:

[tex]\[ u_B = \frac{B^2}{2\mu_0} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_B = \frac{(1.571 \times 10^{-3})^2}{2 \times 4\pi \times 10^{-7}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_B = \frac{2.471 \times 10^{-6}}{8\pi \times 10^{-7}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_B = \frac{2.471}{8} \times 10^{-6} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_B = 0.308875 \times 10^{-6} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_B = 3.08875 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{J/m}^3 \][/tex]

(b) Electric Field Energy Density ([tex]\(u_E\)[/tex]):

The electric field strength (E) at the surface of the wire is given by Ohm's Law:

[tex]\[ E = \frac{V}{r} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ E = \frac{IR}{r} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ E = \frac{11 \times 3.7 \times 10^3}{1.4 \times 10^{-3}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ E = \frac{40.7 \times 10^3}{1.4 \times 10^{-3}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ E = \frac{40.7}{1.4} \times 10^3 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ E = 29.071 \times 10^3 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ E = 29.071 \times 10^3 \, \text{V/m} \][/tex]

The energy density of the electric field ([tex]\(u_E\)[/tex]) is given by:

[tex]\[ u_E = \frac{\varepsilon_0 E^2}{2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_E = \frac{8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times (29.071 \times 10^3)^2}{2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_E = \frac{8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times 845.96 \times 10^6}{2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_E = \frac{7.49766 \times 10^{-3}}{2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ u_E = 3.74883 \times 10^{-3} \][/tex]

So, the energy density of the magnetic field ([tex]\(u_B\)[/tex]) at the surface of the wire is [tex]\(3.08875 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{J/m}^3\)[/tex] and the energy density of the electric field ([tex]\(u_E\)[/tex]) at the surface of the wire is [tex]\(3.74883 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{J/m}^3\).[/tex]

Answer:

Biomechanics

Explanation:

Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics that uses principles of physics to study and understand movement in organisms using the laws of mechanics. One of the applications of Biomechanics is its usage in sport and exercise activities. Biomechanics is used to study body movement of athletes during sport or exercise activities to improve performance of athletes and make the activities better and safer.  

Answer:

[tex]\Delta\ y =7.96 \times 10^{-6}\ m[/tex]

Explanation:

given,

shear modulus of steel = 8.1 × 10¹⁰ N/m²

radius of steel nail =  7.5 × 10⁻⁴ m

Projection outward = 0.040 m

Weight of wet raincoat = 28.5 N

Vertical deflection of other end of the nail = ?

we know

[tex]G = \dfrac{\dfrac{F}{A}}{\dfrac{\Delta y}{L}}[/tex]

[tex]\Delta\ y = \dfrac{FL}{AG}[/tex]

A = π r²

A = π x (7.5 x 10⁻⁴)²

A = 1.767 x 10⁻⁶ m²

[tex]\Delta\ y =\dfrac{28.5 \times 0.04}{1.767\times 10^{-6}\times 8.1\times 10^{10}}[/tex]

[tex]\Delta\ y =7.96 \times 10^{-6}\ m[/tex]

Thus, the vertical deflection of the other end of the nail is[tex]\Delta\ y =7.96 \times 10^{-6}\ m[/tex]

The shear modulus of steel, and applying the necessary formulas, we calculated the vertical deflection due to the weight of the raincoat. This means that the vertical deflection of the other end of the nail is approximately 7.968 μm.

To find the vertical deflection of the steel nail when a weight is hung from it, we can use the relationship between shear deformation, shear modulus, and applied force. The steps to solve the problem are as follows:

Step 1: Identify the given values.  

Step 2: Calculate the cross-sectional area (A) of the nail.
The area can be computed using the formula for the area of a circle:
[tex]A = rac{ ext{π} imes r^2}{1}[/tex]
Substituting the value for radius:
[tex]A = ext{π} imes (7.5 × 10^{-4} ext{ m})^2[/tex]
[tex]A \approx 1.7671 × 10^{-6} ext{ m}^2[/tex]  

Step 3: Calculate the shear stress (τ) in the nail.
Shear stress is defined as the force applied per unit area. Thus:
[tex]τ = rac{F}{A}[/tex]
Substituting the force and area:
[tex]τ = rac{28.5 ext{ N}}{1.7671 × 10^{-6} ext{ m}^2}[/tex]
[tex]τ \approx 1.6168 × 10^{7} ext{ N/m}^2[/tex]  

Step 4: Calculate the angle of deflection (θ) in radians.
The shear strain (γ) is related to shear stress (τ) via the shear modulus (G):
[tex]γ = rac{τ}{G}[/tex]
Substituting in the values:
[tex]γ = rac{1.6168 × 10^{7} ext{ N/m}^2}{8.1 × 10^{10} ext{ N/m}^2}[/tex]
[tex]γ \approx 0.0001992[/tex]  

Step 5: Calculate the vertical deflection (δ) at the end of the nail.
Deflection under shear can be computed using the formula:
[tex]δ = γ imes L[/tex]
So substituting in our calculated shear strain and the length:
[tex]δ = 0.0001992 imes 0.040 ext{ m}[/tex]
[tex]δ \approx 7.968 × 10^{-6} ext{ m}[/tex]  

Answer:

a) W = 2635.56 J

b) Wf = 423.27 J

c) c)  The Sign of the work done by the frictional force (Wf) is negative (-)

d) W=0

Explanation:

Work (W) is defined as the Scalar product of the force (F) by the distance (d) that the body travels due to this force .  

The formula for calculate the work is :

W = F*d*cosα  

Where:

W : work in Joules (J)

F : force in Newtons (N)

d: displacement in meters (m)

α  :angle that form the force (F) and displacement (d)

Known data

m =  18.8 kg : mass of the block

F= 156 N,acting at an angle θ = 31.9◦°: angle  above the horizontal

μk= 0.209 : coefficient of kinetic friction between the cart and the surface

g = 9.8 m/s²: acceleration due to gravity

d = 19.9 m : displacement of the block

Forces acting on the block

We define the x-axis in the direction parallel to the movement of the cart on the floor  and the y-axis in the direction perpendicular to it.

W: Weight of the cart  : In vertical direction  downaward

N : Normal force :  In vertical direction the upaward

F : Force applied to the block

f : Friction force: In horizontal direction

Calculated of the weight  of the block

W= m*g  =  ( 18.8 kg)*(9.8 m/s²)= 184.24 N

x-y components of the force F

Fx = Fcosθ = 156 N*cos(31.9)° = 132.44 N

Fy = Fsinθ = 156 N*sin(31.9)°  = 82.44 n

Calculated of the Normal force

Newton's second law for the  block in y direction  :

∑Fy = m*ay    ay = 0

N-W+Fy= 0

N-184.24+82,44= 0

N = 184.24-82,44 

N = 101.8 N

Calculated of the kinetic friction force (fk):

fk = μk*N = (0.209)*( 101.8)

fk = 21.27 N

a) Work done by the F=156N.

W = (Fx) *d  *cosα

W = (132.44 )*(19.9)(cos0°) (N*m)

W = 2635.56 J

b) Work done by the force of friction

Wf = (fk) *d *cos(180°)

Wf = (21.27 )*(19.9) (-1) (N*m)

Wf = - 423.27 J

Wf = 423.27 J  :magnitude

c)  The Sign of the work done by the frictional force is negative (-)

d) Work done by the Normal force

W = (N) *d *cos(90°)

W = (101.8 )*(19.9) (0) (N*m)

W = 0

The work done by the 156 N force is 2630.77 J. The magnitude of the work done by the friction force is 743.14 J. The work done by the normal force is zero.

a. The work done by a force is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the displacement in the direction of the force. In this case, the force is applied at an angle of 31.9 degrees above the horizontal, so we need to find the component of the force in the horizontal direction.
Fx = F * cos(θ) = 156 N * cos(31.9°) = 132.3 N
The work done is given by W = Fx * d = 132.3 N * 19.9 m = 2630.77 J

b. The magnitude of the work done by the force of friction can be calculated using the formula:
Wfriction = friction force * displacement = μ * m * g * d, where μ is the coefficient of kinetic friction, m is the mass of the block, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and d is the displacement. Substituting the given values:
Wfriction = 0.209 * 18.8 kg * 9.8 m/s2 * 19.9 m = 743.14 J

c. The work done by the frictional force is negative, indicating that it acts against the motion of the block.

d. The work done by the normal force is zero because the displacement of the block is perpendicular to the direction of the normal force.

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Answer:

a) Energy of Photon = 2.9 * 10^ -19 J