Negative reinforcement refers to the strengthening of a behavior by the removal of an undesirable stimulus after the behavior occurs. In contrast to positive reinforcement, which strengthens a behavior by adding a positive stimulus, negative reinforcement works by subtracting a negative one.
Explanation:Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a negative reinforcer. It is a term used in operant conditioning, a form of learning where the strength of a behavior is modified by its consequences, such as reward or punishment. The concept behind negative reinforcement is that by removing an undesirable stimulus after a behavior, that behavior will increase. For instance, if a student studies hard and as a result, the teacher cancels a scheduled test (an undesirable stimulus), the student's studying behavior might increase.
Its counterpart, positive reinforcement, refers to the addition of a pleasurable stimulus to increase the behavior. In contrast, a negative reinforcer involves removing an aversive stimulus to enforce the desired behavior. Both of these techniques aim to increase the likeliness of a behavior.
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Land that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor
b.nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the use of pesticides
c.grains raised for feeding livestock must be fortified and thus require additional nutrients
d.cultivation of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matter
e.the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested
What are the short-term effects on the land? (Flooding, coastal dune erosion, etc.)
Answer:
The short-term effects can take place by various types of processes such as flooding, earthquakes, dune erosion, and many others.
Due to the high amount of rainfall, flood occurs which is one of the natural disasters that can result from the collapsing of dams and natural levees. Some of the short term effects of flooding on land include the damage of household properties, agricultural crops and also affect the fertility of the soil. Every year, a lot of people dies due to flood
And, some of the short-term effects of coastal dune erosion include the increasing sea level, occurrence of frequent storms. The coastal sands are eroded as a result of which the coast becomes steeper.
A 75-year-old client presents to the health care provider's office with bleeding gums and multiple bruises. when the nurse reviews the client's drug history, the nurse finds that the client is prescribed aspirin 81 mg/d. what drug may cause increased bleeding when used in conjunction with the aspirin?
"bacteria are dependent on telomerase to complete synthesis of their chromosome ends."
decay of organic matter is caused by?
The pink parts of the graph represent the pH range where some common freshwater organisms survive. If the pH of a lake were to start at 3 and become more basic, at what pH would these freshwater organisms begin to die out?
4.0 As the pH increases, the first type of fish, catfish, would begin to die off at a pH of 4.0. By the time the pH increased to 5.5, all organisms would be removed.
In a healthy person, after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the production of the hormone ________ will increase, causing the uptake of ________ from the blood into liver cells.
During a heated argument with his father, mike was suddenly unable to move his right arm. medical examinations are unable to detect a physiological basis for the paralysis. it is likely that mike suffers from
How is the definition of "lipid" different from the types of definitions used for other biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins?
Lipids are defined by their solubility properties rather than specific functional groups, encompassing a range of nonpolar hydrophobic molecules, unlike proteins and nucleic acids, which have more specific structural criteria.
Explanation:The definition of "lipid" differs from other biomolecules like amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins because lipids are defined not by the presence of specific functional groups but by their physical property of solubility. A lipid is a broad category, which includes a diverse range of hydrophobic or nonpolar molecules that are more soluble in nonpolar solvents like ether or chloroform than in water. This encompasses various molecules such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. The criterion for a molecule to be classified as a lipid is based on its solubility characteristics rather than a specific structural formula. For example, triglycerides are formed by a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules and are the main component of body fat in humans and other animals.
Proteins, on the other hand, are defined by the presence of one or more long chains of amino acids. Amino acids and nucleic acids have well-defined structures involving specific atoms in certain arrangements, making the classification of these molecules less ambiguous compared to lipids. Lipids play various roles such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as signaling molecules.
Why did the removal of wolves from northern wisconsin change the makeup of the plants in the forest? question 1 options: wolves used to feed on some of the plants there, and without wolves, the plant population exploded. wolves disperse the seeds of pine trees, and without wolves, the seeds couldn't land in new places to germinate. wolves are important pollinators of many forest species, and without wolves, fewer plants could pollinate. wolves are predators of deer, and without wolves, more deer survived and ate more forest plants. save?
Answer:
Option- D.The wolves are predators of deer, and without wolves, more deer survived and ate more forest plants.
Explanation:
They act as the consumers of the herbivores, as the different organisms are there inside the ecological system or web in which the different organisms serves greater purpose while being a secondary, primary, and tertiary consumers.Along, with having the producers inside the ecological system.So, if there is decrease or increase in one specific species number or density inside any region then we would have an imbalance inside the whole food chain or mainly the ecological pyramid.Science is not based on inquiry, but rather on facts.
True/False?,
Which term describes the movement of alleles into and out of a population?
genetic drift
overproduction
recombination
gene flow
Gene flow is the answer
How long does it take iriscode to generate a match?
How many chromosomes does a human zygote have and where did these chromosomes come from originally?
The correct answer is b) 46.
A human zygote, which is formed by the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell during fertilization, typically contains 46 chromosomes.
These chromosomes originate from the gametes (sperm and egg cells) of the parents, each contributing 23 chromosomes to the zygote.Therefore, the zygote inherits a total of 46 chromosomes, half from the father (via the sperm) and half from the mother (via the egg). This combination of chromosomes forms the diploid set necessary for the development of a new individual.Complete Question:
How many chromosomes does a human zygote have and where did these chromosomes come from originally?
a) 48
b) 46
c) 23
d) 92
As a health care worker, you are keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming patients. you worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. according to the cdc, what is the most important thing you can do to avoid this?
Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
a.pulmonary ventilation
b.transport of respiratory gases
c.external respiration
d.pulmonary respiration?
The right answer is b.transport of respiratory gases.
Breathing is the process by which oxygen from the air gets into your lungs and gets into your body. Our lungs take oxygen from the air and carry it into our bloodstream, which carries it into the tissues and organs that allow us to walk, talk and move. Our lungs also remove carbon dioxide from our blood, through the air we breathe.
The transport of respiratory gases is provided by the blood.
* Oxygen is transported for about 99% in bound form to hemoglobin present in red blood cells.
* Carbon dioxide is transported for about 20% in bound hemoglobin form, the remainder being either dissolved in the plasma or as bicarbonate ion due to its hydration.
Liver tissue is a combination of many types of cells. In addition to other tissues, it contains connective tissue and epithelial tissue. Which two sentences correctly identify the roles of these tissues?
Connective tissue supports the framework of the liver, and epithelial tissue protects the liver.
Connective tissue helps to send impulses to the brain, and epithelial tissue helps in contraction and relaxation.
Connective tissue helps with contraction and relaxation, and epithelial tissue supports the framework of the liver.
Connective tissue forms the lining of the liver, and epithelial tissue helps to send impulses to the brain.
Connective tissue holds the liver in place during movement, and epithelial tissue forms the lining of the liver.
Answer: Connective tissue supports the framework of the liver, and epithelial tissue protects the liver. Connective tissue holds the liver in place during movement, and epithelial tissue forms the lining of the liver. Connective tissues are mainly used in forming support networks within tissues
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The nurse is developing a list of appropriate foods for a client who has been prescribed a low sodium diet. the nurse reviews the list with the client. the nurse evaluates that the teaching is understood when the client states, "it is okay for me to eat:
Low sodium food would include mostly vegetables and fruits such as pumpkin, spinach, grapes etc.
What are low sodium diets?Low sodium diets are often prescribed for patients who have conditions such as hypertension and is one of the non-pharmaceutical management methods of the ailment.
Low sodium food would include mostly vegetables and fruits such as pumpkin, spinach, grapes etc.
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Which form of water, when present in the atmosphere, is most likely to contribute to global warming?
Water vapor in the atmosphere is the form of water that most significantly contributes to global warming. This is due to its ability to absorb and emit thermal radiation, thereby enhancing the greenhouse effect. Increased global warming can result in more evaporation and therefore a potential increase in atmospheric water vapor.
Explanation:The form of water that, when present in the atmosphere, is most likely to contribute to global warming is water vapor. As an efficient greenhouse gas, water vapor absorbs and emits thermal radiation, which can lead to the heating of the Earth's atmosphere, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect.
Global warming can increase the evaporation of water from oceans and land, resulting in an increase in atmospheric water vapor. This can lead to a feedback loop, where the increased water vapor intensifies the greenhouse effect, leading to further warming and hence more evaporation. This phenomenon, in extreme cases, could lead to a runaway greenhouse effect, although this is a long-term scenario that could occur on a timescale of 500 million to 2 billion years, according to some estimates.
The role of water vapor in the atmosphere and the climate is closely connected to Earth's water cycle, where water from the land and oceans enters the atmosphere by evaporation or sublimation, condenses into clouds, and falls as rain or snow, thereby influencing the distribution and availability of water on Earth, including fresh water resources.
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2. Comparative biochemistry is the study of similarities and differences in _______ among organisms.
A. development
B. homologous structures
C. DNA sequences
D. vestigial structures
My guess is DNA sequences,
Nitrogen is one of the important elements for life. Nitrogen is present in DNA and proteins. It’s also a component of 1.water 2.chlorophyll or 3.air in plants, a pigment that’s critical for photosynthesis. Although nitrogen is present in the air, it can’t be consumed directly. It’s converted into usable form by 1. bacteria 2.animals or 3.plants .
Answer: first : Chlorophyll
Second : bacteria
Explanation: Nitrogen is vital component of chlorophyll, that plants use to trap sunlight to produce sugar from the elements like water and carbon dioxide by photosynthesis.
Nitrogen is also present in the proteins that is used by the plants. Without proteins, plant would die.
Although nitrogen is present in atmosphere plants cannot use it until it is converted by the bacteria in a usable form.
Plants do not utilize nitrogen in the form of nitrogen gas it has to be first converted by the bacteria in the from of nitrates.
The complexity of an organism is proportional to the number of genes in its genome.
a. True
b. False
All the individuals of a species that live together in one place at the same time
A garden aboard the International Space Station allows space scientists to research the growth of plants in space. This research is important because astronauts will need to grow their own food to survive long space journeys. What challenges would you expect scientists to face when growing plants in space? What challenges will the astronauts have with meeting their own energy needs? Scientists are also evaluating plants for gene mutations that would help them grow better in space environments. What traits could a plant have that would help it grow better in space?
A _____ remains when the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid is removed. select one:
a. fatty acid
b. ribonucleotide
c. carbon skeleton
d. dipeptide fragment
The removal of the nitrogen-containing part of an amino acid leaves behind its carbon skeleton. This includes the central ">-carbon attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a variable side chain.
When the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid is removed, what remains is the carbon skeleton. The ">-carbon is central to the structure of an amino acid and is attached to a carboxyl group (C=O), the amino group (N-H), and a variable side chain, or R group, which distinguishes one amino acid from another. In a protein, the amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form chains, where individual amino acids are referred to as residues.
In which stage of growth do plants rest or grow very little?
When human red blood cells are placed in pure water, the cells immediately burst. which process explains what happens to the red blood cells?
Final answer:
Red blood cells burst or undergo hemolysis when placed in pure water due to the hypotonic environment causing water to flow into the cells more quickly than it can flow out. The cells' plasma membrane can only stretch so much before it breaks, releasing the cell's contents.
Explanation:
When human red blood cells are placed in pure water, they encounter a hypotonic solution. This means that the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cells compared to the surrounding water. As a result, water rushes into the cells through the process of osmosis, causing the cells to swell. Animal cells, including red blood cells, typically lack rigid cell walls that can resist the pressure of the incoming water. Instead, they have a plasma membrane that can only stretch to a limit.
Hemolysis is what occurs when red blood cells swell to the point where the plasma membrane is no longer able to contain the pressure, resulting in the cells bursting. The plasma membrane, which resembles a mosaic composed of lipids and proteins, has a fixed surface area and when this limit is exceeded by the swelling cell, it will lyse.
In a hypertonic solution, the water would flow out of the cells, causing them to shrivel up, a process called crenation. Conversely, in an isotonic solution, the movement of water in and out of the cell is equal, allowing the cell to retain its shape and function properly. Red blood cells lack the regulatory mechanisms many other cells have to prevent excess water uptake, which makes them particularly prone to hemolysis in a hypotonic environment like pure water.
What is the advantage of crossing-over?
Final answer:
Crossing-over during meiosis leads to genetic diversity and gene recombination which are critical for species adaptation and evolution. It results in unique genetic combinations and limits mutation effects, enabling species like the sweetpotato to develop genetic variation essential for survival.
Explanation:
The advantage of crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis is significant since it contributes to genetic diversity. During this phase, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments, which results in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. This process not only allows for genetic recombination, making it possible for offspring to have a unique genetic makeup different from both parents, but it also helps to limit the effects of mutations to specific areas around a gene rather than affecting an entire chromosome.
Gene recombination resulting from crossing-over is fundamental to evolution, as it leads to increased variation within a population. This variation is vital for the survival of a species as it enhances the ability of a population to adapt to changing environments. In species such as sweetpotato, which are highly heterozygous and generally self-incompatible, crossing-over enables the creation of genetic variation since seeds cannot develop through self-fertilization.
Although the domain archaea contains many acidophilic organisms, there are still many others within the domain that grow well in environments with a neutral ph. although the domain archaea contains many acidophilic organisms, there are still many others within the domain that grow well in environments with a neutral ph.
a. True
b. False
Producers make up more biomass than primary consumers because _____.
a. only 10 percent of the energy at each trophic level is passed on to the next level
b. they do not eat anything
c. pound for pound, plant sugars are heavier than fat
d. both primary and secondary consumers eat grass
The correct answer is option a. only 10 percent of the energy at each trophic level is passed on to the next level.
The producers obtain their energy from the sunlight and convert it into usable form of energy for consumers. The primary consumers eat the plants, and obtain energy from the plants. On each trophic level, only 10 % energy is transferred to the succeeding one.
As only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level, the primary producers need to eat more plants in order to meet their energy requirement. This insufficiency of the energy transfer from one trophic level to another causes the decrease in the biomass on next level.