Ap biology work pls help

Answer:

K+

Explanation:

Leak channels are the gated channels that randomly open and close. The plasma membranes have many more potassium ion (K+) leak channels than the leak channels for other ions such as sodium ion. Also, the potassium ion leak channels are leakier than the sodium leak channels and allow exit of more and more K+ from the neurons. This makes the inside the neuron negative at rest and outside becomes more positive. In this way, the leakage of K+ across the K+ leak channels is mainly responsible for maintaining the resting potential.

Answer:

Eukaryotic translation.

Explanation:

Translation is the process of the formation of the proteins from the RNA molecules with the help of different enzymes and proteins. Translation is quite different in case of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

The initiation in case of eukaryotes requires different enzymes and translation factors. eIFs are the initiation factors that contains proteins and required for the initiation of eukaryotes translation. eIF1 and eIF1A are the proteins binds with the 40'S ribosome subunit of eukaryotes.

Thus, the correct answer is option (1).

Answer:

External

Explanation:

External or expiration is brought about by the external intercostal muscles relax while the internal intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to move downwards and inwards. At the same time the muscles of the diaphragm relax and the diaphragm regains its original dome shape. These movements decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and increase the pressure inside it thus air is forced out of the lungs into the atmosphere and gaseous exchange is completed.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood happens during gas exchange, which is facilitated by the concentration gradient in the alveoli within the lungs.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood during respiration occurs in a stage known as gas exchange. This vital process takes place in the lungs, specifically within the tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries, where the blood is low in oxygen concentration and high in carbon dioxide concentration. This creates a concentration gradient that facilitates the diffusion of oxygen from the air in the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air in the alveoli. Hence, gas exchange plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by supplying cells with oxygen, carrying away carbon dioxide waste, and maintaining the proper pH of the blood.

Answer:

Law of independent assortment

Explanation:

The law of independent assortment was given by Gregor Mendel which says that one pair of gene get assorted independent of the other pairs of gene during the time of gametogenesis that means each pair of different character(traits) have no association with other characters.

So this independent assortment gives rise to new character combinations in the offspring. For example, the seed color is one trait and seed shape is another trait so during the time of gamete formation these two traits will assort independently. Therefore the right answer is the law of independent assortment.

Answer:

The answer is C.The skin is hot and dry.

Explanation:

When someone experiences hypoglycemia the skin isn't hot and dry. Otherwise, the breathing does accelerate therefore the heart pumps faster and the blood vessels constrict. These in order to, for example, avoid arterial and general vascular damage.

Answer:

The correct answer is e. Postzygotic barrier.

Explanation:

Different species can not mate and produce viable, healthy and fertile descendence, due to certain mechanisms of reproductive isolation.

These mechanisms involve different kinds of barriers that make it difficult for two different species to produce viable and fertile progeny.

One of these is the postzygotic barrier, which avoids the hybrid zygote to develope to adultness. In these situations, there is a mix of chromosomes that can not happen to meet or that they lack information.

There are cases in which the embryo dies, but some times the individual can reach some more advanced develope stages.  If this is the case, in general, they can not survive because the organism is unhealthy. And if they reach adultness in good sate they can not leave descendence, as they are sterile.

Answers & explanation:

I - False

A sympatric speciation can occur commonly in both animals and plants. Sympatric speciation events are very common in plants because it is normal for them to develop multiple sets of chromosomes.

II - False

Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic variation. When two populations of the same species live in the same area but there is no crossing between populations, sympatric speciation occurs.

III - True

Sympatric species may indeed lead to the formation of new species. Sympatric speciation is believed to be responsible, for example, for the large number of cichlid fish species found in Lake Victoria on the African continent. According to research, this lake was colonized by only one ancestral species.

Answer:

The correct answer is e yellow; blue.

Explanation:

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to yellow light are inhibited by exposure to blue light. The opponent-process theory states that some colors suppress other colors. In this case, yellow is suppressed by blue.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, cells stimulated by exposure to green light are inhibited by red light. This theory explains why we don't perceive colors like greenish-red or yellowish-blue and causes the phenomenon of negative afterimages.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, cells are excited by exposure to light of one color and inhibited by exposure to the complementary color within the opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. Hence, for the specific pair that typically causes confusion, the correct answer is that cells stimulated by exposure to green light are inhibited by exposure to red light, and vice versa. There are no opponent cells for greenish-reds or yellowish-blues because our visual system is based on this opponent-process theory, which also explains the phenomenon of negative afterimages.

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Answer:

In case   mother carries an X-linked recessive disease and father does not, the risk for each offspring is dependable upon the offspring is male or female. In case of male child, there is a 50% chance to be disease free, and a 50% chance to be affected by this disorder.

Explanation:

G6PD deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder. The coding gene for G6PD is in the distal long-arm of the X chromosome (Xq28). The gene is 18 kb of length. It has 13 exons. The G6PD enzyme consists of  515 amino acids.

There are over 60 mutations detected in the G6PD gene. The majority of them are single-base changes (amino acid substitution). The X-linked disease is a disease caused by mutation of a gene on the X chromosome. In X recessive disorder male children most commonly manifest the abnormality. The female children are carriers and asymptomatic in case of homozygous or if there is an inactivation of their normal X chromosome.

In case   mother carries an X-linked recessive disease and father does not, the risk for each offspring is dependable upon the offspring is male or female. In case of male child, there is a 50% chance to be disease free, and a 50% chance to be affected by this disorder.

In case of a female offspring, there is a 50% chance to be unaffected, and a 50% to be a carrier.

If a father has G6PD deficiency, while the mother is a carrier all male offspring will be healthy. In this case, the female offspring will be carriers.

In case of  G6PD deficiency, reactive oxygen molecules accumulate and lead to the damage of red blood cells. Certain factors (fava beans, certain medicaments, infections etc. ) may lower the reactive oxygen molecules and lead to acute episodic hemolytic anemia.  In that case, red blood cells are damaged faster than they may be replaced in the human body. There are signs of hemolytic anemia in case of G6PD deficiency. Thus, chronic hemolysis may occur with a significantly lower level of enzyme.  In case of symptomatic patients there is a neonatal jaundice and acute hemolytic anemia. Kernicterus may be a neonatal complications in G6PD deficiency.

Answer:

4. diseases in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, FALSEly identifying them as invaders

Explanation:

Components of the immune system are able to distinguish between the self and invading substances/proteins and exert their responses towards the invading foreign substances only. An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system is not able to make such a distinction between the self and foreign substances and attack the body's own tissues/cell/proteins or other molecules.

For example, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the synovial membranes of the joints of the body.

Answer:

4. diseases in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, FALSELY identifying them as invaders

Explanation:

Answer:

1. Sweat makes the body cool off in the heat

2. Shivering in the cold

Explanation:

sweat is a reflex that the body makes to maintain homeostasis. the purpose is to make the human body cooler as if it was water produced by the body. On the other hand, shivering in the cold produced heat made by body movement.

Reflex reactions, driven by the autonomic nervous system, play a vital role in homeostasis by ensuring balance in bodily functions. These reactions can regulate heart rate and body temperature depending on the body’s needs, maintaining equilibrium and promoting health.

Reflex reactions play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body, which is the maintenance of equilibrium around a specific set point in the body. Reflex reactions are driven primarily by the autonomic nervous system, which has two divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, that often effect change in opposing directions thereby ensuring balance within the body's systems.

One example of this is in the regulation of heart rate. The sympathetic system increases heart rate when the body needs to respond to a stimulus such as emotional stress or physical exertion, whereas the parasympathetic system decreases heart rate when the body is at rest, helping to conserve energy and facilitate recovery. This balance helps maintain a consistent heart rate that is appropriate for the body's current needs and conditions.

Another example is the role these systems play in regulating body temperature, an important aspect of homeostasis. If the body becomes too warm, for instance, the sympathetic system triggers a reflex response to promote heat loss through processes such as sweating and dilation (widening) of blood vessels in the skin. If the body is too cold, the sympathetic system will trigger reflex responses to conserve heat, such as causing goosebumps and reducing blood flow to the skin. These reflexes help maintain a consistent body temperature, even when external conditions change.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be option-D

Explanation:

In-plant cells, ATP is synthesized during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.  The ATP molecule formed during photosynthesis is utilized during the synthesis of sugar molecule during the Calvin cycle.

The ATP which are synthesised during the cellular respiration is higher in number as compared to photosynthesis. In cellular respiration, the ATP is synthesised during the glycolysis and electron transport chain which accounts for 34 to 36 ATP molecules.

These ATP molecules are utilized to perform other metabolic functions like amino acid synthesis and active transport.

Thus, option-D is the correct answer.

Due to huge effect use of Drought the population of animal get extinct.

Explanation:

Droughts can have a severe impact on the extinction of animal populations, specifically in Arid and Semi environments. Different type of climate changes can accelerate the dying of particular species or animal population.  

For extinction of population and also species Droughts play vital role. Droughts are one of such severe climatic change that leads to the extinction of species. Some life traits of specific Species make it vulnerable to drought.  

Answer:

Individuals could now freely mate, and gene flow would increase

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer will be-

1. decrease in blood volume

2. secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus

3. production of angiotensin II

4.  secretion of aldosterone

5. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts

Explanation:

The RAAS pathway or Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone pathway gets activated in the human body to maintain the osmolarity and blood volume.

When the receptors in the blood sense the low volume of water in the body sends signals to the brain which activates the secretion of the renin from the juxtaglomerular cells. Renin helps converts the inactive angiotensin to angiotensin I and II which help reabsorption of sodium ions. This activates the production of aldosterone which increases the reabsorption of the sodium ions into distal and collecting ducts.

Answer:

The correct option is ' Different temperature-sensitive mutations affect different stages of the transport process.'

Explanation:

Specific genes make mRNA for a protein by the process of transcription. Protein is made from the mRNA by the process of translation in the ribosomes.

After the synthesis of a protein, it travels to the Endoplasmic Reticulum where it is packaged, then to the Golgi complex where they are modified and packaged. From the Golgi complex, they move out of the cell to where they have to function through vesicles. Hence, the mutation due to which the proteins accumulate in ER, Golgi and vesicles show that the mutations have affected the transport process.

Protein accumulation in different areas of the cell, such as the ER, Golgi, or vesicles near the plasma membrane, can indicate defects at different stages of the secretory pathway. This could be due to a failure in trafficking between these compartments or problems in exocytosis.

The differences in where unsecreted proteins accumulate in these yeast mutants is likely a result of defects in the secretory pathway at different stages. Proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) before being packaged into vesicles that bud from the RER to fuse with the Golgi apparatus. If there's a defect preventing the proteins from progressing from the RER to the Golgi, they will accumulate in the RER.

For the mutants where proteins accumulate in the Golgi, the defect is probably at the stage of trafficking between the Golgi and the plasma membrane. In other words, the proteins can reach the Golgi but cannot leave.

Lastly, for those mutants where the proteins accumulate in vesicles near the plasma membrane, the defect is likely in the stage of exocytosis, where secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell.

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Explanation:

d. 1 : 1 IAi (type A) : IBi (type B)

Answer:

Explanation:

The major reason is due to the different and diverse possible arrangements of chromosomes into gametes.

Answer:

all of the above are true.

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer is d Bill"s plasma contain B antibodies

Explanation:

As Bill"s plasma contain B antibodies that"s why his blood cells do not aggutinate when mixed with anti B serum.

Bill's blood type is A, so he could donate blood to a person with type B blood, but cannot receive type B blood in a transfusion.

Based on the information provided, Bill's blood agglutinates with the anti-A serum but not with the anti-B serum. This indicates that Bill's blood contains the A antigen and does not contain the B antigen. Therefore, Bill's blood type is A. With blood type A, Bill could receive blood transfusions from individuals with type O or type A blood, but not from individuals with type B or AB blood. Therefore, option a. Bill could receive type B blood in a transfusion is not true. However, Bill could donate blood to an individual with type B blood, making option b. Bill could donate blood to an individual with type B blood true.

Answer:

The correct answer is desert.

Explanation:

If an entomologist wants to look for a good example of an organism that prevents water loss, he must look for organisms in the desert.

A desert is one of the ecosystems that receives less water, the rainwater that falls is less than 150 mm per year.

Despite the heat and lack of water, there is a wide variety of living beings that inhabit this type of ecosystem. But for that they must save water, and they do this through adaptations that they developed when they were living in this place.

They can have two types of adaptations: physical or behavioral adaptations.

In behavioral adaptations, desert animals simply avoid the sun to generate greater water retention. Depending on the species, some choose to go out only during the night, and others prefer to be under the shadow of a cactus.

Some species also get the water they need through the food they eat, which prevents them from having to go in search of water.

One type of physical adaptation is the one that occurs in those animals who accumulate fatty tissue in their body which allows them to stay fresh and thus prevent water from evaporating.

Answer:

d. maintains all reactions in a pathway near the equilibrium of each.

Explanation:

In living organisms, control processes similar to the control processes used in technology take place in a purely formal way, one can look at living beings as cyber machines. Governance and regulation are fundamental principles of the organization of the living. According to the type of signal or transmission of information, four different types of biological control processes are distinguished:

Answer:

Reflexes that control skeletal muscle are called stretch reflex.

Explanation:

The stretch reflex (osteotendinous reflex) is a medullary reflex that occurs when the body responds to a mechanical stimulus, it is produced by stretching a skeletal muscle. Usually, this reflex occurs on the tendons and, in some cases, on the bone. Muscle fibers and muscle spindles extend during stretching. The latter activate the muscle that contracts. The muscle spindles are those that are responsible for sending the signal to the spinal cord, it receives and transmits messages to the brain. The spinal cord is responsible, among other things, for the control of movements.

Somatic reflexes are the type of reflexes which control the skeletal muscles. These are rapid, automated responses from the somatic nervous system for safety measures.

Reflexes that control skeletal muscle are called somatic reflexes. These are rapid, involuntary muscle reactions that are performed by the somatic nervous system. Somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscles and include actions like withdrawing your hand from something hot, or an automatic blink when something moves towards your eye. These reflexes are essentially automated responses to keep you safe from harm.

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Answer:

The answer is true.

Explanation:

It was discovered that a silt loam soil with 6% organic matter will hold more than twice water of a the one with 2% organic matter.

This means that, the more the organic matter in the soil, the more the ability of the soil to hold water for the usefulness of the plants.

Answer:

Answer is C.

Explanation:

For A and B, a base substitution affects one of the three bases that comprise a codon, the DNA/RNA unit that corresponds to a particular amino acid. If one base is substituted, one codon and therefore one amino acid will be affected. Codons have built-in redundancy, so even by changing one base, the new codon sometimes still corresponds to the same amino acid. Therefore, a base substitution at most affects one amino acid, and sometimes doesn't affect it all.

Frameshift mutations cause a lot more trouble. These occur when you have a deletion or insertion that changes the number of bases in your gene. As a result, the "frame" of the codons changes (everything shifts one way or the other by the number of bases added/removed). This affects EVERY codon downstream of the mutation, so you can imagine that such a mutation would have a bigger effect the closer to the start of the gene it occurs. This is why C is correct.

Answer: frontal

Explanation:

Frontal lobe or frontal region of the brain in humans is relative to large mass and restricted in movement. It is part of the cerebral system. It supports goal-directed behaviors.

The damage caused to the frontal lobe or frontal region of the brain affects the ability of an individual to make a decision and good choices. The damage to the frontal lobe causes an increase in irritability which may lead to the change in mood and the person is unable to regulate own behavior. The person feels unmotivated and with limited ideas.

Answer:

Option A

Explanation:

The first stage in digestion is intake of food either liquid or solid

The second stage is mechanical digestion in which the solid food material is broken down into smaller digestible pieces through chewing. There is no change in the chemical properties of food

The third stage is the chemical digestion. In this stage, the food is digested chemically by action of bio –enzymes, hormones, temperature and pH.  

The next stage is absorption of nutrients in the blood through diffusion or absorption in the small intestine.  

The last stage is excretion in which undigested or waste food is excreted out through the rectum via large intestine.  

Hence, option A is correct

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct answer will be- relationship between facial movements, facial expressions and emotions.

Explanation:

The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a comprehensive system used to study the facial expressions and relating them to the emotions.

This coding system was developed by a psychologist named Paul Ekman which is used by the detective agencies to detect lies and the animation industries all over the world.

The system is based on the anatomical facial movement which is broken down into the smaller components called Action Units based on the muscles movements.

Thus, the relationship between facial movements, facial expressions and emotions is the correct answer.

Answer:

Both neurons carry different information

Explanation:

Both spinocerebellar tract neuron and sensory neuron originating in the quadriceps femoris carry different information to the brain.

spinocerebellar tract neuron has a function of transmitting information from Golgi Tendon organ and muscle spindle to brain for coordination in movement.  Whereas  sensory neuron originating in the quadriceps femoris have function sending sensory signals to the brain.  Both neurons have myelin sheathing and both pass through dorsal root ganglion.

Thus, we can say that Both neurons carry different information.

Lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ in fluid flow direction, structure, and permeability. Lymph flows in one direction in lymphatic capillaries and these are dead-end tubes unlike the looped structure in blood capillaries. Also, lymphatic capillaries are more permeable.

Lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries have several key differences in their structure and function, which is reflected in their roles within the body's circulatory and immune systems.

Firstly, the fluid in lymphatic capillaries, known as lymph, only flows in one direction – from the tissues to the heart, which contrasts with the blood in blood capillaries that flows in two directions. This difference reflects a fundamental difference in their functions: while blood capillaries circulate oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products, lymphatic capillaries primarily transport immune cells and excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to the bloodstream.

Secondly, lymphatic capillaries start as dead-end tubes which is different from blood capillaries that are part of a loop. This unique structure allows lymphatic capillaries to absorb fluid from tissues.

Thirdly, even though walls of both lymphatic and blood capillaries are composed of endothelium, lymphatic capillaries are more permeable due to the loose junctions between endothelial cells. This high permeability allows lymphatic capillaries to absorb larger molecules, such as proteins, and cellular debris.

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Lymphatic capillaries, unlike blood capillaries, are one-way, dead-end tubes that are highly permeable and collect fluids from tissues. These capillaries have a unique structure with overlapping endothelial cells that function like valves, allowing fluid and larger particles to enter but not exit.

The lymphatic and blood capillary systems are two different plumbing systems in our bodies, each serving its unique set of functions. Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in several ways.

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