The process of assembling amino acids as directed by the genetic information in mRNA is known as translation. It involves the conversion of nucleotide sequences in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that form proteins. The genetic code, which is nearly universal, employs codons to specify amino acids during this process.
Explanation:Translation of mRNA in Protein Synthesis
The assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mRNA is called translation. During this process, the genetic code inscribed in the mRNA sequence is interpreted to synthesize proteins. Translation is a complex biological mechanism that involves various molecules and cellular structures, including mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ribosomes, and numerous enzymes.
Each amino acid is specified by a three-nucleotide sequence known as a codon, and the process is facilitated by tRNA molecules that match these codons to specific amino acids. The ribosome acts as the site where this process unfolds, reading the mRNA codons and linking the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain, which ultimately folds into a functional protein. The genetic code that leads to this translation process is nearly universal among all species on Earth, governing the intricate translation from nucleotide sequences to amino acids—the building blocks of proteins.
This elucidation of protein synthesis is fundamental in understanding how genetic information dictates the structure and function of proteins within biological systems.
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DNA replication:
A) Requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins.
B) Requires DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.
C) Is a very fast process that results in numerous errors.
D) Is a slow process that results in virtually no errors.
Answer:
The answer is A) Requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins.
Explanation:
DNA replication is a very complex process that involves many enzymes such as the helicase, which breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands, the SSBs that avoid the strands from coming back together, and that only for the beginning of the process. But there are many more enzymes and molecules helping the replication.
What factor is being used to measure the rate of photosynthesis? What does this factor have to do with what is happening in the plant cells?
Explanation:
with greater TEMPERATURES, LIGHT INTENSITY, AND CO2. photosynthesis in the plant cells increase, therefore causing the plant to grow larger and stronger to survive winter or dormant months.
Final answer:
The rate of photosynthesis is measured by factors such as light, water, and carbon dioxide availability. Light powers the photosynthesis process within the chloroplasts, carbon is fixed into sugars, and water and nutrients are absorbed through roots. These factors are critical for the plant to produce energy through photosynthesis and sustain its metabolism via respiration.
Explanation:
Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis
The rate of photosynthesis in plants can be measured by several factors, one of which is the amount of light a plant receives. Light is crucial in powering the photosynthetic process and as such, up to a certain point, an increase in light intensity results in an increased rate of photosynthesis. Light energy is used by chlorophyll within the chloroplasts to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air and water (H₂O) from the soil into glucose, a sugar used as an energy source, and oxygen (O₂).
The chloroplast is the main cellular structure involved in photosynthesis, occupying a considerable space within plant cells. Within the chloroplasts, carbon is fixed during the Calvin cycle, where CO₂ is transformed into organic compounds, essentially 'storing' it within the plant. This process is central to the generation of food not only for the plant itself but also for organisms that consume plants.
Factors such as water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the soil, as mentioned by the video from Britannica, are also vital for photosynthesis. Without adequate water, absorbed through the roots, or sufficient CO₂, which enters the leaves through the stomata, photosynthesis rates are significantly hindered.
Understanding the relation between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is also important. While photosynthesis stores energy by producing glucose, respiration is the process where plants utilize this stored energy to maintain metabolism. In the absence of light, plants will continue to respire but will not photosynthesize, which can eventually lead to a decrease in their mass.
The structure that is in physical contact with the auditory receptor stereocilia is the
Answer:
The structure that is in physical contact with the auditory receptor stereocilia is the tectorial membrane.
Explanation:
The tectorial membrane is a structure or a thin layer of tissue that is floating in the endolymph on the stereocilia of the ciliated cells. Ciliated cells, which are sensory cells attached to the surface of the basilar membrane.
When the ciliated cells move up and down, microscopic projections similar to sows (known as stereocilia), which are located above the ciliated cells, cause the cilia to lean towards the side wall of the cochlea. This inclination makes that some channels that look like pores open, which are at the tips of the stereocilia. When this happens, certain chemicals enter the cells, thus generating an electrical signal. The inner ciliated cell is activated, probably by a direct contact of its stereocilia with the Hensen band of the tectorial membrane, the synapse between the ciliated cell and the auditory nerve fibers, send a message to the brain, which converts it into sounds that we can recognize and understand.
The skin pigment melanin is expressed differently according to exposure to sunlight, with a greater production of the molecule with greater exposure. However, the degree of production can never exceed the inherited genetic level. What evolutionary advantage would be gained from having this phenotypic range for skin pigmentation?
answer:
by having a high genetic level of melanin in your skin, you're skin is more protected from the ultra violet sun rays. Darker skinned races have more melanin present, these races originate from hot countries where sunlight is often present; the production of melanin in their skin allows them to reflect and inhibits they're skin from becoming extremely damaged. Light skinned races don't have a large amount of melanin due to they're native countries lacking sunlight. This is an evolutionary adaptation of the human race.
Answer:
the evolutionary advantage would be if the species became nearly extinct because their skin color was very limited so it became noticeable. Over years it could adapt to the new environment to try and blend in with their surroundings so they could survive. Basically survival rate would go up
Explanation:
Current genetic research has found that bipolar disorder has a strong and complex genetic component. Perhaps one reason that the genetic component of bipolar disorder is so strong is that______.
People are more likely to develop bipolar disorder if they have a close relative with the condition.
Answer:
The answer it Is probably linked to more than one gene
Explanation:
The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are _____ black eyes. A cross between two aliens with black eyes. Their offspring have two phenotypes. 247 of them have black eyes, 86 of them are orange-eyed. The total number of the offspring is 333.
Answer:
The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are recessive to black eyes
Explanation:
According to Mendel, a cross involving two individuals that are heterozygous for a dominant trait will yield offspring in the phenotype ratio 3:1 with the dominant trait accounting for about 75% of the phenotype and the recessive trait accounting for the remaining 25%.
In this case, black eye colour phenotype is 247 while orange eye colour phenotype is 86.
Calculating the percentage for each trait
Black eye = 247/333 x 100% = 74.1%
Orange eye = 86/333 x 100% = 25.8%
74.1:25.8 is approximately 3:1
Hence, it is obvious that the orange eyes are recessive while the black eyes are dominant.
Answer:
recessive
Explanation:
did a punnet square
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history. True or False
Answer:
The answer is true.
Explanation:
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history. Resulting in two main subgroups, lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa.
Suggesting that the division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.
Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment relative to the cytosol). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If sucrose or saline was added to the pond water in different concentrations (in millimolars, mM), under which conditions would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?
Answer:
The contractile vacuole will be most active when the concentration of sugar will be 0.0 mM sucrose.
Explanation:
A hypotonic solution can be described as a solution in which the concentration of the solutes is more inside the cell. So the addition of sucrose or saline will not effect such kind of cell.
But if such kind of cell is transferred into an isotonic solution where there is 0.0mM of sucrose, then the solutes will move out of the cell. The vacuole will become more active to take in solutes from the solution in such kind of condition.
A Paramecium's contractile vacuole, which helps regulate the water content within the cell, would be most active in a hypotonic environment (low saline or sucrose concentration) as the water continuously enters the Paramecium and needs to be continually expelled.
Explanation:A single-celled organism such as a Paramecium uses its contractile vacuole to regulate the amount of water inside it, a process called osmoregulation. In a hypotonic environment like pond water where there's a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell, water rushes into the paramecium due to osmosis. This can potentially lead to cell bursting or cytolysis.
If the pond water (hypotonic to the Paramecium cytosol) has sucrose or saline added, which would increase the solute concentration, it becomes isotonic or hypertonic. Here, water would either stay balanced or leave the paramecium, respectively. In these situations, the contractile vacuole would pump out less water because water isn't entering the cell as much as before.
So, the contractile vacuole is most active in a hypotonic environment, i.e., low sucrose or saline concentration where water continuously enters the paramecium and needs to be continually expelled.
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What word is used to describe the exact position of a gene on a chromosome?
Final answer:
The term for the exact position of a gene on a chromosome is called the locus. Each locus can be mapped and used to understand genetic inheritance, and is associated with specific alleles, which are variants of a gene at a locus.
Explanation:
The exact position of a gene on a chromosome is referred to as the locus (singular), with loci being the plural form. Each locus corresponds to a specific location where a gene is found, which can be used in genetic mapping to identify where the gene resides on a particular chromosome. During metaphase, a stage of mitosis, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, allowing for observation of their structure, including the specific loci of genes. Chromosomes have arms called 'p' for the short arm (petite) and 'q' for the long arm, and are further subdivided by numbers to precisely specify gene locations.
Moreover, genes are associated with alleles, which are the different variants of a gene that may exist at a particular locus. The entirety of an organism's alleles composes its genotype, which in turn has the potential to affect the phenotype through the expression of these genes. The terms locus, gene, and allele are distinct but related, and understanding their meaning is crucial for studying genetics and inheritance patterns.
You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have
not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as
to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
A) biological
B) phylogenetic
C) ecological
D) morphological
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D
Explanation:
The morphological species concept is the concept which defines the species based on the morphological characters.
The species which can be grouped or organised on the basis of the morphological traits including the anatomy of the organisms arr called morphospecies and the concept is known as a morphological concept.
In the given question, since there is no information available for the collected grasshoppers, therefore, the biologist will classify the grasshopper species by studying the morphological characters of the species.
Thus, option-D is the correct answer.
A 5.0-g egg falls from a 90-cm-high counter onto the floor and breaks. What impulse is exerted by the floor on the egg?
Answer:
0.021 kgm/s
Explanation:
using energy
change potential energy of the egg = change in kinetic energy of the egg
mgh = 1/2 mv² m in kg, h in meters
5.0g = 5.0/1000 kg= 0.005 kg
90 cm = 90 / 100 = 0.9 m
cancel m on both side
gh = 1/2 v²
make v subject of the formula
v = √2gh = √2×9.81×0.9 = √17.658 = 4.2 m/s that is the velocity of the egg on impact with floor and the initial velocity of the egg is zero.
impulse = m × Δv = 0.005 × 4.2 = 0.021 kgm/s
The impulse exerted by the floor can be calculated by finding the change in momentum of the egg, using the formula Impulse = Mass * (Final velocity - Initial velocity). To find the final velocity, we use the equations of motion and take into account the height of the fall and the acceleration due to gravity.
Explanation:To calculate the impulse exerted by the floor on the egg, we can use the formula Impulse = Change in Momentum. In this physics problem, we are given the initial velocity of the egg (0 m/s), its mass (5.0 g), and the height from which it falls (90 cm). To calculate the final velocity after hitting the floor, we need to use the equations of motion. The equation for final velocity given initial velocity, acceleration, and distance is: v² = u² + 2as. Here, u = initial velocity = 0 m/s, a = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s², and s = distance (height) = 90 cm = 0.9 m. Solving the equation gives us the final velocity. Once the final velocity is obtained, it can be substituted back into the impulse formula: Impulse = Mass * (Final velocity - Initial velocity). Please note that since the direction of the force of the floor on the egg is opposite to the direction of fall, the impulse would have a negative sign.
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You cross two fruit trees. one tree produces lemons with spiky leaves and bumpy fruit. the other produces lemons with smooth leaves and smooth fruit. your f1 generation produces lemons with smooth leaves and spiky leaves and bumpy fruit. what are the genotypes of the parents?
A. l = lemons with bumpy fruit;
B. l = lemons with smooth fruit;
C. s = smooth leaf;
D. s = spiky leaf.
Answer:
Explanation:A
A recessive allele on the x chromosome is responsible for red-green color blindness in humans. Alleles are C = normal and c = color blind. A woman with normal vision whose father is color blind marries a color-blind male. What is the probability that this couple's first son will be color-blind? A) 1/4 B) 1/2 C) 2/3 D) 3/4
Answer:
1/2
Explanation:
The allele for the red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. The father of the woman was colorblind (X^cY) which means that the woman is a carrier for the allele and has genotype (X^cX). The genotype of the colorblind male would be X^cY. A cross between a carrier woman and a color-blind man would produce progeny in following ratio= 1/2 colorblind daughter: 1/2 normal daughter: 1/2 colorblind son: 1/2 normal son.
Therefore, there is a 50% probability that their first son is colorblind.
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algaeA) are heterotrophs.B) have alternation of generations.C) have cell walls containing cellulose.D) have plastids.E) are unicellular
Answer:
The correct answer is E) are unicellular
Explanation:
Most of the green algae are unicellular and most of them have two flagella for locomotion. The most common habitat of green algae in freshwater but they are also found on moist soil and marine environment.
Some species of green algae form colonies and huge filaments but mostly remain single-celled in their life. They show some similarities with higher plants as they have chlorophyll a and b like higher plants which they use to do photosynthesis and their chloroplast is double membraned like plants.
Some examples of green algae are chlorella, Chlamydomonas, volvox, spirogyra, etc. So green algae differ from land plants as they are mostly single cellular.
Green algae differ from land plants in that they are unicellular, lack true tissues and organs, and do not have a waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation.
Explanation:Due to the fact that they share the same photosynthetic pigments as plants, green algae are closely related to plants. In that, they can produce their own sustenance using nutrients and sunshine through the process of photosynthesis, green algae and plants are closely linked. They are closely related to land plants since they have the same carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b. Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae:
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The human colon supports a large population of beneficial bacteria. How are these bacteria beneficial?
The image shows part of the humerous bone in different genera of primates.
Which statement is best supported by the observable structures of the different humerus bones?
A)
The primates lived in similar environments.
B)
The primates shared a common ancestor.
C)
The primates interbreed with similar organisms in a population.
D)
The primates had diets that consisted of similar types of foods.
Answer:
B) The primates shared a common ancestry.
Explanation:
I took a test EXACTLY like this a very long time ago, and since they look similar all the way down, passed down from generation to generation, this would be the obvious answer.
I am joyous to assist you anytime.
The primates shared a common ancestry.
What is Humerus Bone?The humerus is a long bone that extends from the shoulder and scapula (shoulder blade) to the elbow.
It is sometimes referred to as the upper arm bone. Proximal humerus fractures and humerus shaft fractures are the two categories used to classify humerus fractures.
A proximal humerus fracture can occur at different levels and with either a simple or comminuted fracture pattern. It typically happens close to the shoulder joint. On the other hand, a fracture of the humerus shaft is limited to the middle of the upper arm.
Therefore, The primates shared a common ancestry.
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Months after last taking a drug, a former drug abuser still produces very little serotonin. The person is depressed and anxious and has great difficulty remembering new material. MOST likely, the abused substance was:A) Ecstasy.
B) cannabis.
C) LSD.
D) benzodiazepine.
Answer: Ecstasy
Explanation:
It is called as Molly and is a very know psychoactive drug which is used as as a recreational drug.
The effect includes altered sensations, empathy, pleasure and increased energy.
It is taken orally and it shows its effect in 30 to 40 minutes after the drug is taken and lasts for 3 to 6 hours. The longer effects of this drug results in decreased level of serotonin and the person stays in depression for a longer period of time.
The person might have taken ecstasy.
Carbonydrate loading a. provides a competitive edge for award-winning sprinters, bodybuilders, and weight lifters b. involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event c. often results in short-term weight loss and positive energy balance d. is generally recommended for long-term weight control for athletes
Answer: Option B.
Carbohydrate loading involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event.
Explanation:
Carbohydrate loading is a method used by endurance athletes to increase their glycogen (energy level) storage in the muscles and livers by changing their diets and physical exercises. This is done a week before an endurance activity and it is my increasing the intake of Carbohydrates by 8 to 12 kilogram by weight of the body. This give you more energy to compete for physical activity with less fatigue for a long period of time as we know that physical activity requires energy.
In 2000, when then-President Clinton along with Francis Collins of the Human Genome Project and Craig Venter of Celera announced the completion of a "draft" of the human genome, the event did not, in fact, represent true completion because most of what types of sequences were not included?
The millions of sequences were not put up together from their end and had no repeating non-coding sequences.
Explanation:
Celera Venter of Gene Myers started working in collaboration with the Human Genome project which was designed as a revolutionary concept of sequencing of human genome at a large scale. Myers break through the traditional method of sequencing and proposed of an idea of sequencing in a unique way.
He suggested the method of breaking genome copies and then sequencing them together using LINEs. However, the declaration of this proposal by the Human project had certain failures at first as it lacked the non-coding repeating sequence.
During photophosphorylation in plants, electrons flow through a series of carriers in the chloroplast. What is the ultimate donor of electrons, and what is the ultimate acceptor? What provides the energy to move those electrons?
The ultimate donor is H2O, and the acceptor, NADP+. The energy that drives this electron flow is from light.
How are parasitic fungi different from other fungal symbionts?
Answer:
Explanation:
In contrast to other fungi symbionts for example: saprotrophic fungi, parasitic fungi attack living organisms, they invade them, penetrate their outer defense mechanism and take nourishment from the cytoplasm of living things and cause disease which may result to death of the host. Most disease causing or pathogenic fungi are parasitic to plants.
Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells. Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells.
a. True.
b. False
Answer:
The correct answer will be- False
Explanation:
In humans three types of chief cells are found, one of which is present in the stomach and thus are called gastric chief cells.
The gastric chief cells are involved in the digestion of proteins present in the food by producing pepsinogen enzymes in its inactive form which gets activated in the presence of acid produced by the parietal cells.
Since the pepsinogen is produced to digest the proteins and not to prevent the erosion caused by the acid inside the chief cells therefore, false is the correct answer.
Explain why predators and prey with many generations of interactions are likely to have pronounced behavioral responses to each other.
Answer:
Due to coevolution
Explanation:
Coevolution occurs when the evolution of two species (or more) is influenced by the biological relationships between those species. It is, the evolution takes place in a mutually dependent manner. A type of coevolution, is that of the type Predator-Prey , in which a selective pressure on the prey generates new features to avoid being captured, but at the same time, the predator evolves to overcome the new features adopted by the prey becoming a more effective hunter. Thus, coevolution often leads to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator
The predator-prey relationship involves coevolution, where both species influence each other's evolution over many generations. This leads to pronounced behavioral responses and adaptations in both predator and prey, based on survival strategies such as enhanced hunting and evasion tactics. Cyclic population fluctuations are common in these relationships.
Explanation:Predators and prey with many generations of interactions are likely to have pronounced behavioral responses to each other due to coevolution. This process involves two species influencing each other's evolution over time.
An example of this is the lynx and snowshoe hare. Over generations, the lynx has evolved to become an efficient hunter of the hare while the hare has evolved in its ability to evade the lynx. The predator-prey relationship leads to a cyclical pattern where the rise and fall of predator and prey populations are interconnected. When the hare population increases, it provides more food for the lynx, which increases the lynx population. However, when the lynx population becomes too dense, it leads to a decrease in the hare population due to over-predation and in turn, the lynx population also decreases due to scarcity of food. Similar interactions result in a strong behavioral response and adaptations in both predator and prey, such as enhanced hunting skills in the predator and evasion tactics in the prey. In addition, both species undergo some form of defense mechanism evolution to reduce the impact of predation.
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Uncle Smiley is heterozygus for a yellow face, married a woman with a green face.Both of them always wanted a large family! If they were to have 12 children, what are the probability that the children would have yellow faces? How many would have green faces? Create a Punnett square to help you find your answer
The probability that the children would have yellow faces is ½. Six children would have green faces.
Explanation:
It is given here that uncle smiley is heterozygous for yellow face. If an individual is heterozygous for a trait then it will be the dominant trait that will be expresses. Thus the dominant trait here is yellow face.
The wife has green face which means that she is homozygous recessive since she expresses the recessive trait. Let the letter Y represent the dominant yellow and letter y represent the recessive trait green. The trait can be represented as
[tex]Yy \times yy[/tex]
Yy Yy yy yy
Yellow yellow green green
It is clear from the cross that half of the individuals will have yellow face and half will have green face. Thus if the couple has 12 children the probability that the children have yellow faces will be 1/2.
6 children would have green faces.
When a heterozygous yellow-faced person (Yy) has children with a green-faced person (yy), there's a 50% chance for each child to have a yellow face (Yy) or green face (yy), with an expected ratio of 6 yellow to 6 green faces among 12 offspring.
Explanation:Uncle Smiley, who is heterozygous for a yellow face, when crossed with a woman with a green face, produces offspring with either yellow or green faces based on Mendelian genetics. A heterozygous yellow face can be represented as Yy where Y represents the dominant yellow allele and y represents the recessive green allele. If Uncle Smiley's genotype for face color is Yy and his wife's genotype is yy, each child's face color is determined by one allele from each parent.
Using a Punnett square, we can predict the outcomes for their children. The square would show that there is a 50 percent chance for a child to have a yellow face (Yy) and a 50 percent chance for a child to have a green face (yy). Therefore, for 12 children, we would expect about 6 with yellow faces and 6 with green faces, though actual results may vary due to random assortment of alleles.
Non-disjunction involving the X-chromosome may occur during oogenesis and produce two kinds of eggs. If normal sperm fertilize these two types, which of the following pairs of genotypes are possible?
a. XX and XY
b. XXY and XO
c. XYY and XO
d. XYY and YO
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B
Explanation:
Non-disjunction is the process of the failure of the separation of the homologous chromosomes during cell division which could be observed during the meiosis I, meiosis II or mitosis.
If Non-disjunction takes place during the oogenesis then the resultant cells will be formed with XX and O gametes.
When a normal male sperm with XY fertilizes the cells then they will form four combinations:
1. XX + X = XXX
2. XX + Y = XXY
3. O + X = XO
4. O + Y = YO
Thus, in the given question option-B is the correct answer.
Non-disjunction involving the X-chromosome during oogenesis can produce two types of eggs: XX and O. When these are fertilized by normal sperm, the viable genotypes that can result are XXY and XO. YO is not a viable genotype and will not develop.
Explanation:The term non-disjunction in biology refers to the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division, which can result in aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is a condition in which a cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes. Specifically in the context of this question, non-disjunction involving the X-chromosome during oogenesis (egg production) can produce two types of eggs: one with two X chromosomes (XX) and one without an X chromosome (O). When normal sperm (either X or Y) fertilize these two types of eggs, four combinations are possible: XX, XY, XO, or YO.
The viable combinations, however, are XX and XO. This is because an embryo with the genotype YO (having only a Y chromosome and no X chromosome) is not viable and won't develop. Thus, the correct answer is option 'b. XXY and XO'.
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Which of the following is an animal with rigid bones, jaws, and a swim bladder? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sharks lobe-finned fish salmon lampreys hagfish
Answer:
Salmon has the rigid bones, jaws, and a swim bladder.
Explanation:
The bony fishes have the skeleton made up of bones, same as in case of salmon. It helps them in support, move and give protection to various body parts. The swim bladder of salmon is filled with gas that helps to create the thrust and contributes in maintain the control over buoyancy. The extensible jaw present in salmon helps them in swimming in the deep water easily.Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this expression of phenotypes
a, incomplete dominance
b.codominance
c multiple alleles
d epistasis e pleiotropy
Answer:
e: pleiotropy
Explanation:
Pleiotropy is a genetic term that describes a situation in which a single gene controls the expression of multiple traits.
Depending on the underlining mechanism, there are different types of pleiotropy:
gene pleiotropy: this occur when a protein representing a gene interacts with other proteins or catalyses multiple reactionsdevelopmental pleiotropy: this occur when mutation of a gene have multiple phenotypic effectsselectional pleiotropy: This occur when the phenotypic expression of a single gene has multiple effects on fitness.In this case, cystic fibrosis gene has multiple phenotypic effects which include its effects on the lungs, pancreas, digestive system and other organs.
The correct option is e.
The correct answer to the student's question is (e) pleiotropy, as cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene leading to symptoms in multiple organs. Pleiotropy is when one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits.
Explanation:Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects multiple organs in the body, including the lungs, pancreas, and digestive system. The term that best describes the expression of symptoms in various organs caused by a single gene is pleiotropy. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is (e) pleiotropy.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a gene called CFTR and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This single gene alteration leads to a wide range of phenotypic expressions, such as the production of thick and sticky mucus that obstructs respiratory and digestive organs. This results in chronic lung infections, problems with digesting food properly, and other complications.
Medical advancements have increased life expectancy for people with cystic fibrosis, which was once very low. It is a progressive condition that requires careful medical management. Knowledge of its inheritance and impact on multiple body systems is critical for understanding the disease and advancing treatment options.
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following? Group of answer choices sequence of bases side groups of nitrogenous bases complementary pairing of bases phosphate—sugar backbones different five-carbon sugars
Final answer:
The DNA molecule carries a vast amount of hereditary information in the sequence of bases, which enables precise replication and transmission of genetic information, essential for protein synthesis and cell function.
Explanation:
The Role of DNA Base Sequence in Hereditary Information
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in the sequence of bases. Each DNA molecule consists of two strands forming a double helix, with the backbone made of phosphate and sugar groups, and nitrogenous bases inside. The base pairing is specific—adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). This complementary nature not only stabilizes the DNA structure but also allows for the precise replication of genetic information during cell division.
The information for building proteins is encoded in the sequence of these bases, often read in groups of three, known as codons, each specifying an amino acid in a protein. Thus, the sequence of bases along the length of a DNA molecule is fundamental in storing and transmitting hereditary information. This principle underlies all genetic functions, from the replication of DNA to the synthesis of proteins crucial for cellular function.
Which part of the CNS sorts almost all sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex? Which part of the CNS sorts almost all sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex? thalamus hypothalamus pons mesencephalon
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-Thalamus
Explanation:
Thalamus is the small structural and functional part of the brain which lies between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain.
The thalamus is known as the relay system of the brain as it collects all the sensory information from the afferent impulses, analyses it and then send it to the appropriate cortical areas.
Since thalamus collects and relays the sensory information from the CNS to the cortical areas therefore, the thalamus is the correct answer.
In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added and which of the following atoms or molecules of the last nucleotide in the polymer?
Answer:
3' OH ( hydroxyl group).
Explanation:
DNA is present as the genetic material in almost all the living organisms except in case of some viruses only. DNA is made of the polymers of the nucleotides.
The phosphodiester bond is present between the two nucleotide chains. The phosphodiester is a covalent bond formed in which the phosphate group of nucleotide is involved with the hydroxyl group of the sugar and a small molecule like water is removed during the process.
Thus, the correct answer is 3' OH ( hydroxyl group).