At a laboratory at case western reserve university in 1998, geneticist patricia hunt was making a routine check of her female lab mice. as she extracted and examined developing eggs from the ovaries, she began to wonder what had gone wrong. she noticed that many of the eggs showed problems with their chromosomes, and some had irregular amounts of genetic material, which can lead to miscarriages and birth defects in mammals. she learned that a lab assistant had mistakenly washed the plastic mouse cages and water bottles with a harsh soap, releasing bpa from the plastic. knowing that bpa is an endocrine disruptor, a chemical that can enter organisms and mimic hormones, hunt set out to discover whether it had adversely affected her mice.

Answers

Answer 1
Final answer:

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that has been linked to multiple health issues, especially during developmental periods. Research indicates that even at low levels, BPA can disrupt hormonal balance and gene expression, with the FDA encouraging reduced use in food-related materials.

Explanation:

The research done by Patricia Hunt and subsequent studies have highlighted the potentially harmful effects of an endocrine disruptor known as bisphenol A (BPA). BPA exposure can lead to a series of health problems like developmental delays and an increased risk of cancers. These health risks are particularly concerning during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Additionally, the endocrine system's regulation can be significantly interfered with by BPA, which mimics hormones such as estrogen or has the opposite effect of androgens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has facilitated the decreased use of BPA in food-related materials and many manufacturers have voluntarily removed BPA from products, particularly those for babies.

In experimental studies, both in vivo and in vitro, BPA has been observed to cause changes in gene expression leading to various health outcomes. Exposure to BPA has also been implicated in epigenetic inheritance, where environmental factors can influence gene expression in subsequent generations. In light of these insights, it's suggested that risk assessments for toxic substances, especially those that can act as endocrine disruptors, need a more nuanced approach that considers low-level exposure effects over prolonged periods.


Related Questions

What do karotypes and pedigrees have in common?

Answers

Essentially, karyotypes are the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes found in an organism. Pedigrees are the genetic makeup of a person's ancestors; usually, a chart which follows a single trait as it is passed from generation to generation.

In pedigrees, we can observe carriers for a particular disease through symbols and shades throughout generations. In pedigrees, we can observe the succession of the diseases throughout generations. We can also deduce the genotype and phenotype of the offspring based on pedigrees with family histories of the disease. This can only be observed in karyotypes because we are able to visualize the chromosomes per person.

Answer:

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.

Explanation:

The form of rna that carries the code from the dna to the site where the protein is assembled is called

Answers

It is called mRNA (messenger RNA)

The medical term used to describe a chronic condition of long-lasting, severe pain around the vaginal orifice, which feels raw is

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Vulvodynia is actually a medical term commonly used to describe a condition of severe and long-lasting pain around or near the vaginal orifice. This condition lasts at least 3 months. The irritation or burning sensation associated with this condition makes a patient feel uncomfortable when having sex or sitting for relatively long periods of time.

which was least likely to have been a component of earths atmosphere before life began?

oxygen
water vapor
carbon dioxide
sulfur

Answers

Answer:

oxygen

Explanation:

Earth's early atmosphere before life began was devoid of oxygen. Intense volcanic activity occurred for around a billion years and the earth's surface was in molten state. When it started to cool early atmosphere was formed from the gases emitted by volcano. It contained carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and small amounts of water vapor. But this atmosphere had no trace of oxygen.

The water vapor condensed and formed oceans. Photosynthesis by early plants finally released oxygen which became a part of atmosphere. Carbon dioxide was also used up in various cell processes and trapped in rocks and fossil fuels which decreased its share in atmosphere.

Which diuretic remains effective when creatinine clearance drops below 25 ml/min?

Answers

Loop Diuretics

These are diuretics that exerts effect on the loop of Henle.  They are primarily used in heart failure, hypertension and edema. In contrast with Thiazides, loop diuretics are more  effective in patients with abnormal kidney function. Loop diuretics inhibit the magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle. Loop diuretics is highly protein bound. It has volume of distribution that is limited. This causes the diuretics to be secreted in the convuluted tubules  to exert its function.

The Atlantic Ocean gets about 3-5 ______ wider each year.

Answers

The Atlantic Ocean gets about 3-5 centimeters wider each year.

The tectonic plates move on the order of centimeters per year, so the ocean can only get wider by a few centimeters per year.

3 to 5 centimeters per year is a good average to use for the Atlantic Ocean. Spreading in the Pacific is faster.


If a cell at metaphase of mitosis contains 20 sister chromatids, how many chromosomes will be present in a g1 cell

Answers

The correct answer is 10 chromosome. Mitosis is the type of cell division that takes place in the somatic cells or the body cells where the parent cells divides into two daughter cells with the same genetic composition as the parent. Therefore, the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells remains the same as that of the mother cells. The opposite is the meiosis, which involves division of a germ line cells into four daughter cells which contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent.

Answer:

20 chromosomes

Explanation:

The G1 phase of the mitosis is the phase where a cell grows and prepares itself for cell division , by this time the cell has yet even initiated to divide. In the G1 phase the cell synthesizes enzymes and nutrients that will be needed in the later stage of mitosis for DNA replication and cell division. After the G1 phase DNA of the cycle starts replicating during the S phase. Thus the number of chromosome remains the same during the G1 phase of mitosis cell division.

Solar cells have many advantages. what is not one of these?

Answers

 electricity storage systems readily available. 

Gel electrophoresis separates dna fragments according to their ________.

Answers

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to size. Samples containing a mixture of DNA molecules of different sizes are loaded on to the gel. When an electric current is applied DNA moves towards the positive electrode since DNA is negatively charged.
Final answer:

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their size. Nucleic acids are loaded into a gel matrix and an electric field moves them, with smaller fragments moving faster than larger ones, creating separation.

Explanation:

Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used to separate biological molecules, particularly DNA fragments, based on their size. The process involves loading nucleic acids into a slot near the gel's negative electrode. Due to the negative charge of nucleic acids at neutral or basic pH in an aqueous environment, an electric field can mobilize them towards the positive electrode at the opposite end of the gel.

Size separation occurs due to the gel's porous matrix: smaller fragments move faster through the pores than larger ones, thus, creating a separation. This concept is visually manifested on the gel as bands at specific distances from the top, with each band representing DNA fragments of a particular size. A mixture of fragments varying in size may appear as a long smear, while uncut genomic DNA is often too large to run through the gel, creating a single large band at the top of the gel.

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On a 6-week postpartum visit a new mother tells the nurse she wants to feed her baby whole milk after 2 months because she will be returning to work and can no longer breastfeed. the nurse plans to teach the mother that she should switch to formula feeding because whole milk does not meet the infant's nutritional requirements for what

Answers

The answer would be: Vitamin C and iron

Whole milk has many differences of concentration when compared to the breast milk. Whole milk has higher calcium, sodium and protein. The imbalance of concentration is dangerous as it might not same as the baby nutritional needs. It also lack of severals nutrition like vitamin C and iron.

Answer:

The young infants do not possess the tendency to digest whole milk as easily or completely as they digest formula milk. In addition, the whole milk comprises higher quantities of minerals and proteins that can stress the immature kidneys of newborns and can result in extreme illness at the times of fever, heat stress, or diarrhea.  

The whole milk is also devoid of the proper concentrations of vitamin C, iron, and other nutrients, which are required by the infants. It may also result in iron-deficiency in some of the infants. It also does not contain the healthiest kinds of fat for developing babies. Due to this it is recommended to not provide whole milk for the initial twelve months of life.  

One of the easiest ways to assess if you are at a healthy weight is to

Answers

Hey there! :)

Checking the BMI is most profusely used to check if you are at a healthy weight by comparing to that of your height.

Referring to BMI is the way to assess

A client in the intensive care unit (icu) is on a dobutamine drip. during an assessment the client states, "i was feeling better but now my chest is tight and i feel like my heart is skipping." physical assessment reveals a heart rate of 110 beats per minute and blood pressure of 160/98 mm hg. what is the nurse's immediate concern for this client

Answers

The answer would be: Dosage may need to be decreased.

Dobutamine is a drug that increases the strength and frequency of heart pump. It is frequently used in ICU to help the patient with a heart problem. While it can help strengthen the heart, high doses might cause arrhythmia which could threaten the patient life. That is why the doses need to be titrated carefully.

The ______ structure is a single virus unit, including the genetic material and capsid. envelope virion lysogenic icosohedral

Answers

The correct answer is "virion".
When viruses are not inside an infected host, they exist in the form of independent viral particles, called virions. In general, virions are comprised of the genetic material of the virus and a proteinic coat called capsid which protects the molecules of DNA or RNA. Sometimes, this capsid is also enclosed in a lipid envelope.

Answer:

virion

Explanation:

WILL GIVE MEDAL! PLEASE HELP!
what happens to the body if the urinary system no longer functions?
A- the body cannot fight infections
B- toxic cellular waste builds up
C- nutrients cannot reach cells
D- oxygen cannot reach cells.,

Answers

The urinary system is one of several major pathways which the body uses to remove waste and toxins. If the urinary system stops functioning (such as through kidney failure), these toxins can build up in the body and bloodstream, leading to a number of dangerous conditions. Thus, the answer is "B - toxic cellular waste builds up".

B- toxic cellular waste builds up

One of the best ways to distinguish how much genetic and environmental factors affect behavior is to compare children who have the same genes but different environments. similar genes and environments. the same genes and environments. different genes and environments.

Answers

Same genes and different environments. In cases where twins are separated at birth and have no knowledge of each other, they often dress and act alike, may take jobs in the same fields, and even be in relationships with similar people.

One of the best ways to distinguish the way much genetic and environmental factors affect behavior is to compare children who have the same genes but different environments. The correct option is A.

What are genetic factors?

Many diseases are influenced by genetic factors. This means that some, if not all, of the risk is inherited from one's parents.

CADASIL is one of these diseases that is caused by an abnormality in a single gene. Genes produce proteins that are required for the body to function normally.

Understanding genetic factors and genetic disorders is essential for learning more about health promotion and disease prevention.

Genes, through their influences on morphology and physiology, create a framework within which the environment acts to shape an individual animal's behavior.

The environment can impact anatomical and morpho - physiological advancement, and behavior and attitude develops as a consequence of the shape and internal workings of the animal.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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Why does increased global movement of people increase the risk for pandemic flu? A-It decreases the population densities of urban areas.
B-It increases the transmission of flu between countries.
C- It decreases the responsiveness of national government.
D- It increases the evolution of treatment resistant flu virus.

Answers

B- It increases the transmission of flu between countries.

We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of:

Answers

We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of their large number of carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds that they contain. Most fatty acids have straight chain compounds with an even number of carbon.

A client has received a diagnosis of portal hypertension. what does portal hypertension treatment aim to reduce? select all that apply.

Answers

Portal hypertension treatment aims to reduce,
 1. Reduce fluid accumulation.
2. Reduce venous pressure.

 Portal hypertension is termed as an increase in blood pressure within a system of veins which are known as a portal venous system.

Veins which are from spleen, pancreas, stomach, and intestine the emerge into portal vein which branches into small vessels which travel through the liver.
 If the vessels which are in the liver are blocked because of damaged liver then blood can not flow properly through the liver. This results to high pressure in the portal system.

How does the cat's lymphatic drainage pattern compared to that of humans?

Answers

The cat lymphatic system protect the body’s immune system. Humans and cats have basically the same way of system. Lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus are all common organs responsible for the production and drainage of antibodies. Lymph nodes had horizontal group and lymph receive from anterior abdominal wall bellow hip, buttocks and upper lateral thigh.

Cats and humans have similar lymphatic systems, but cats have fewer and less defined lymph nodes than humans.

Cats and humans share similarities in their lymphatic drainage patterns, but there are also notable differences. Like humans, cats have a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes throughout their bodies that play a crucial role in immune function and fluid balance. Both species rely on lymphatic vessels to transport lymph fluid, which contains white blood cells and waste products, back to the bloodstream.

However, one key difference is the organization of lymph nodes. While humans have numerous lymph nodes clustered in specific regions like the neck, armpits, and groin, cats have fewer and less defined lymph nodes. Cats tend to have more diffuse lymphatic drainage patterns, with lymph nodes located along major blood vessels and organs rather than concentrated in specific areas.

Additionally, the size and location of lymph nodes may vary between cats and humans due to anatomical differences. Despite these variations, the overall function of the lymphatic system in both species remains vital for maintaining health and immunity.

The spinal cord is a thick column of nervous tissue that links the brain to the ____? a peripheral nervous system b muscular system c excretory system d endocrine system

Answers

A. Peripheral nervous system

According to the cladogram, which characteristic was used to separate bony fish from amphibians?
A. jaws
B. cartilage
C. bony skeleton
D. lungs

Answers

Answer:

(D). lungs

Explanation:

Cladograms are diagrams that show cladistic relationship between organisms of different species on the basis of their characteristics. The cladograms may include characteristics to make two organisms different from each other.  

In given cladogram, characteristic that separates bony fish from amphibians is 'lungs', as lungs are absent in bony fishes, while present in amphibians.

Thus, the correct answer is option (D).

 

Answer:

   (D) .    Lungs

Explanation : look above

The most plentiful source(s) of potential energy in the body is/are ____________

Answers

The most plentiful source of energy present in the body is Fat.

Explanation:

The body requires nutrient and energy in the form of Fat, Proteins and carbohydrates also known as the macro nutrient. Fats are the one which enables the metabolic function of the body.

Fats are of two types. Saturated Fat and unsaturated fat. Saturated fatty acids are not good as it is stored in the solid form and unsaturated fatty acids are good as stored in a liquid form. Fats are rich in energy which helps the body to protect it’s organs and provides energy for the smooth functioning of the system .

Final answer:

The most plentiful sources of potential energy in the body are the chemical potential energy stored in fat cells and carbohydrates, with glucose being a key immediate source and fats providing long-term energy storage. These sources are oxidized to release energy for the body to use.

Explanation:

The most plentiful sources of potential energy in the body are the chemical potential energy stored in the macromolecules, especially fat cells, carbohydrates, and proteins. While carbohydrates are the body's most readily available source of energy, fats store a larger amount of energy for long-term use. During metabolic processes, these substances undergo oxidation, releasing energy that is converted from potential to kinetic energy, which is used for various functions such as muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and synthesis of molecules.

Glucose is a form of carbohydrate that is especially important, as it is broken down into energy quickly through the process of glycolysis to form ATP, which is used immediately by the body's cells for energy. Conversely, the fat stored in adipose tissue can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then used for energy during periods of fasting or intense physical activity.

Although sound energy from footsteps or energy given by a wind blowing at your back are examples of energy transfer, they are not sources of potential energy within the body. The true potential energy, as seen in the biological energy context, lies within the chemical bonds of food molecules and body tissues.

A nurse in a mental health clinic is caring for a client who has bipolar disorder

Answers

I did not get ur question.

A nurse is caring for a client with severe depression. the client reports changes in appetite and sleep pattern and has lost her job because of the effects of her depression. the client has two young children at home and states, "i just wish things could be like they were. i feel so helpless that i can't even get out of bed in the morning." the physician has ordered electroconvulsive therapy (ect) for the client in addition to her current antidepressant medications. a nurse evaluates the ect therapy as effective when the client:

Answers

When the client sleeps soundly through the night, finishes her meal and stays out of bed to perform daily activities. ECT is a safe therapy and is known to be an effective procedure to treat patients with severe depression and psychosis. 

Field studies are used to study animals in the laboratory?
True or false

Answers

The answer is (False field studies for anything are used in the field not a lab) hope it helps and have a great day!  

Which environments were most common to find algae?

Answers

Algae live in bodies of water and damp places and are commonly found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Terrestrial algae mostly live in moist, tropical areas. They prefer wet places because they do not have vascular tissues and the other necessary adaptations to survive on land.

What are some problems that can occur from an altered gene that makes hemoglobin?

Answers

The most common is the development of sickle cell anemia. This is as a result of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene that affects the beta polypeptide chain of the protein. This reduces HB’s affinity to oxygen. Other problems include Thalassaemia, Porphyria, and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.






Answer:

what he said^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Explanation:

Which of these help in the sexual reproduction of black bread mold

Answers

The correct answer would be A. Zygospores

Zygospores help in the sexual reproduction of black bread mold. The correct answer is: a. Zygospores

Zygospores are structures formed during the sexual reproduction of black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer).

When conditions are favorable, two different mating strains of the fungus come into contact, and specialized hyphae called gametangia develop. These gametangia fuse to form a zygospore, which contains a diploid nucleus resulting from the fusion of haploid nuclei from each mating strain.Zygospores serve as the site of genetic recombination and exchange between the two mating strains. They undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores called sporangiospores, which are released into the environment. These sporangiospores can then germinate under suitable conditions to form new mycelia and continue the life cycle of the fungus.Ascospores and basidiospores are spores produced during the sexual reproduction of other fungi, such as ascomycetes (which produce ascospores in structures called asci) and basidiomycetes (which produce basidiospores in structures called basidia), respectively.

While these spores play crucial roles in the life cycles of their respective fungi, they are not involved in the sexual reproduction of black bread mold.

The complete question is:

Which of these help in the sexual reproduction of black bread mold?

a. Zygospores

b. Ascospores

c. Basidiospores

This symbiotic relationship provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis, which states that A) animal-like cells evolved from ancestors that were photosynthetic. B) mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from small prokaryotes living within larger cells. C) photosynthetic organisms, like today's land plants, evolved from photosynthetic bacteria. D) heterotrophic organisms could not have evolved before the evolution of photosynthetic organisms.

Answers

the correct answer is B

Chloroplasts and mitochondria developed from tiny prokaryotes that lived inside larger cells. The best choice is B.

What are chloroplasts and mitochondria?

The idea that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from small prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger host cells is supported by the statement that "Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from little prokaryotes living within larger cells."

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria provide metabolic energy, have independent genetic systems, originated through endosymbiosis, and multiply through division. Compared to mitochondria, chloroplasts are bigger and more complex, and in addition to producing ATP, they also carry out a number of other vital functions.

The host cell benefited from the prokaryote's capacity for energy production (in the case of mitochondria) or photosynthetic capacity (in the case of chloroplasts), while the prokaryote benefited from the host cell's resources and protection.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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You are a marine biologist. what is the best way for you to follow reproducing corals? you are a marine biologist. what is the best way for you to follow reproducing corals? as spring progresses, move east. as spring progresses, move north. as spring progresses, move west. as spring progresses, move south.

Answers

The answer is  ‘As spring progresses, move north’. Corals are known to release their eggs and sperms in a synchronized fashion. The eggs are then carried by an underwater ‘blizzard’ (current) that increases the chances of fertilization of the eggs by the sperms. The underwater blizzards occur regularly in cycles such as during lunar cycles, certain times of the year, tides and water temperatures.






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