5. Why do many historians consider 3200 bce to be the beginning of history?
A. This was when first written language appeared.
B. This was when humans first discovered agriculture.
C. This was when the first humans inhabited the Nile River.
D. This was when humans first discovered tools.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

A. This was when the first written language appeared.

Explanation:

The term history is associated to the appearance of writing, therefore, prehistory refers to the period before (pre) writing existed.

In the case of 3200 BCE, it corresponds to the ancient civilization known as Mesopotamia.  There, a group called the Sumerians developed the world's first known writing system called cuneiform.  This was a pictographic system that was traditionally inscribed on clay tablets.


Related Questions

Which was the original difference between Sunnis and Shias?

Answers

Sunnis believed that Muhammad's successor should be chosen by the people, while Shia believe that Muhammad's successor should only be chosen by God. Hope this helps!

What is efficiency?.................

Answers

Efficiency is the "state of being efficient" and efficient means working in a competent way. A example of efficiency would be a good running machine that is running smooth and is doing what it is suppose to do without any problems.

Hope this helps.

Answer:

using resources in such a way as to maximize the production of goods and services

Why did Italians want to unite and create their own constitutional government?
A) Italy preferred to have a conservative government, not a liberal one.
B) Italy wanted its own power because it was controlled by foreign states.
C) Italy wanted to rescue Lombardy and Venetia from the revolutionaries.
D) Italians wanted to join the Austrian Empire.

Answers

Italy wanted its own power to its constitutional government because it was controlled by foreign states.

Answer: B) Italy wanted its own power because it was controlled by foreign states.

Explanation:

Italy's government was constituted established a parliamentary system of government with two elected houses i.e chamber of duties and senate. It established and guaranteed the civil rights and political rights and established an independent judiciary, a court who has powers to take decisions based on constitution.

Italy wanted its own power because it was controlled by foreign states. New constitution was established including women for the first time. Christian Democrats, Socialists, Communists took most of the seats and dominated the assembly.

How does religion play a important role in government?

Answers

Answer:

The relation between religion and politics continues to be an important theme in political philosophy, despite the emergent consensus (both among political theorists and in practical political contexts, such as the United Nations) on the right to freedom of conscience and on the need for some sort of separation between church and state. One reason for the importance of this topic is that religions often make strong claims on people’s allegiance, and universal religions make these claims on all people, rather than just a particular community. For example, Islam has traditionally held that all people owe obedience to Allah’s will.

Explanation:

What was the primary goal that spanish settlers shared in the south and southwest reions

Answers

Answer:

To find gold

Explanation:

In the Early Ages conquistadors, or Spanish settlers heard rumors about the Gold Rush in California

Answer:

Finding Wealth

According to Thomas Paine, what should be the ruling factor in a free country?

Answers

Answer:

The law. The people should be ruled by the law, not by a king.

Hope I helped

Answer:

Thomas Paine, in his book “Common Sense” stated the ruling factor of liberty and equality in a free country.

Explanation:

Published in 1776, January, Thomas Paine’s book “Common Sense” states the argument of equality among humans by birth. He believed in liberty and equality of people in a free country.  He suggested for a representative government and the need to break ties from the England.

He opposed the tyranny of government and asked the colonist’s support in breaking the ties with Britain. He believed in natural rights of men and dream of a free America. He influenced the declaration of American Independence.

What did the Office of Price Administration (OPA) do?

Answers

Answer:

The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28, 1941. The functions of the OPA were originally to control money (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II.

Explanation:

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The functions of the OPA were originally to control money (pricecontrols) and rents after the outbreak of World War II.

What role did commodification play in mercantilist policies?

A.
It ensured that native peoples still had access to necessary goods.

B.
It decreased the value of certain goods that were highly traded.

C.
It established a monetary value for goods that were not previously traded.

D.
It eliminated demand for goods that had no monetary value.

Answers

Commodification play in mercantilist policies, established a monetary value for goods that were not previously traded.

Explanation:

Commodification means treating anything as a mere commodity. It played an important role in Mercantilist policies as there were certain goods which were not treated as commodity and didn't have any monetary value.

Hence, it was important to establish some monetary value to those goods so as to boost the economy and trade. Commodification is transformation of goods ideas and people into commodity in the capitalist economy society.

There were particular goods in mercantilist policies that were not preserved as a commodity and didn't have any economic value. Therefore, in mercantilist policies, commodification established a monetary value for goods that were not previously traded.

EXPLANATION:  

In a capitalist economic structure, commodification is the alteration of services, ideas, goods, and individuals into objects or commodities of commerce. The most basic commodity, based on Arjun Appadurai, is " anything intended for exchange," or anything of economic value.

Commodification is usually disapproved of the surroundings that several things should not be treated as commodities—for instance, education, water, information, data, knowledge, human life, and animal life.

Based on Gøsta Esping-Andersen, individuals are 'turned into objects' or commodified when trading their labor in the market to employers. Slavery is a form of human commodification.

Consumers can benefit from commoditization because seamless competition usually causes lower values. Branded producers mostly suffer below commoditization, because the value of the brand is able to be weakened. Though, incorrect commoditization leads to substantial risk once premier products do have substantial value to offer, particularly in safety, health, and security. Examples are counterfeit drugs and generic network services

Consumers can profit from commoditization because perfect competition often leads to lower prices. Branded producers usually hurt under commoditization, because brand value (and the ability to order premium prices) can e deteriorated. However, false commoditization can produce great risks when the main products have substantial value to propose, especially in health, safety, and security.  

Mercantilism is a policy of national economy which is designed to enlarge exports, and minimalize imports, of a country. These policies are aimed to decrease the possibility of a current account deficit or achieve a surplus of a current account. Mercantilism comprises a national economic policy intended for gathering monetary reserves by a positive trade balance, specifically finished goods. Historically, such kind of policies often sparked war and also inspired colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory diverges in complexity from one author to another and has changed over time.

LEARN MORE:  

If you’re interested in learning more about this topic, we recommend you to also take a look at the following questions:

• What is meant by commodification? https://brainly.com/question/13295457

• The policy of mercantilism was intended to? https://brainly.com/question/2503300

KEYWORDS : Commodification, Mercantilist Policies

Subject  : History

Class  : 7-9

Sub-Chapter : Commodification

When dealing with its neighbors in East Asia, the Ming dynasty generally:
A. refused to trade with countries unless they acknowledged Chinese
superiority
O
B. formed military alliances with other countries to weaken Japan's
dominance in Asia.
C. offered to pay tributes to powerful countries to stop them from
attacking China.
D. worked with its European allies to invade weaker countries and
seize their lands.

Answers

Final answer:

The Ming Dynasty typically refused to trade with neighboring countries unless they acknowledged China's superiority, reflecting a Sinocentric worldview.

Explanation:

When dealing with its neighbors in East Asia, the Ming dynasty generally refused to trade with countries unless they acknowledged Chinese superiority. This policy was influenced by the traditional Chinese worldview known as Sinocentrism which placed China at the center of civilization. Culturally, the Ming dynasty continued the practice of considering itself the 'Middle Kingdom' and expected tributes and acknowledgements of its superiority from surrounding nations. This tributary system reinforced the image of the emperor's supreme power and moral authority.

When dealing with its neighbors in East Asia, the Ming dynasty generally offered to pay tributes to powerful countries to stop them from attacking China. This practice of tribute system was a key feature of Ming foreign policy. The Ming dynasty believed in the concept of Chinese superiority and viewed other countries as vassal states that needed to pay tribute to China in order to maintain peace.

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Final answer:

The Ming dynasty generally C. offered to pay tributes to powerful countries to stop them from attacking China.

Explanation:

The Ming Dynasty was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644. Known for its cultural achievements and the construction of the Great Wall of China, it succeeded the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and was followed by the Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty's fall was marked by internal strife and external pressures.

The Ming dynasty, which ruled China from 1368 to 1644, generally offered to pay tributes to powerful countries to stop them from attacking China when dealing with its neighbors in East Asia. This practice was known as the Tribute System, where China would give gifts to other countries as a sign of both goodwill and respect. By doing so, the Ming dynasty aimed to maintain peace and stability in the region.

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What was the name of the person who took control of Rome during times of immediate danger when a chief executive was needed?


Senator


Congressman


Dictator


Senator

Answers

Final answer:

During times of immediate danger, the Romans appointed a dictator, a single person with absolute authority. The dictator's role was to save Rome and step down after the crisis. Although the office had the potential for abuse, most dictators respected the temporary nature of their position.

Explanation:

During times of immediate danger when a chief executive was needed, the Romans had the option to appoint a dictator. The dictator was a single man with absolute authority over the state for a limited time during emergencies. Their role was to save Rome from the threat and then step down, returning things to normal. Although the office of dictator could have led to a takeover, very few dictators abused their powers and respected the temporary nature of the position.

Italy finally became unified when Italian forces defeated the German army in Rome. options: True False

Answers

I think The answer is true

Answer:

Italy finally became unified when Italian forces defeated the German army in Rome is False.

Explanation:

The French invaded Italian peninsula and converted the Italian states into republic which later made them realise the sense of Nationalism among french. It is FALSE, Italy finally became Unified with the help of foreign powers and under the leadership of Camilo Cavor.

It was then Italy became united nations under the Sardian king. It was not when Italian forces defeated the Germany army in Rome. It was the leadership of Cavor when Garibaldi yielded his territory to Cavor.

Which method do scientist use to track evolutionary changes over time?
A. radiocarbon dating
B. paleomagnetic dating
C. DNA analysis
D. Potassium argon dating

Answers

Answer:

C. dna analysis

Explanation:

Answer:

C. DNA analysis

Explanation:

Scientists use DNA Analysis to track evolutionary changes over time. I am 100% sure this is the correct answer. Hope I helped!

Who came up with the Reform Bills?

Answers

Answer:

The Reform Bills, also known as the Reform Acts, were primarily developed and introduced by members of the British Parliament during the 19th century. Key figures involved in the introduction and development of these bills include: The First Reform Act (1832) - Introduced by Lord Grey, the Prime Minister, and his Whig government. The bill was chiefly crafted by Lord John Russell.The Second Reform Act (1867) - Introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, who was then the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a key member of the Conservative government led by Prime Minister Lord Derby.The Third Reform Act (1884) - Introduced by William Gladstone, the Prime Minister, and his Liberal government.

The earliest occupation of most Plains Indians was
horse wrangling
bison hunting
agriculture
war​

Answers

Answer:

Bison Hunting

Explanation:

The vison resided in the plains and were hunted by such native americans

Langston Hughes wrote poems in the 1920s that protested​

Answers

Answer:

He wrote poems that protested racism and were made for empowerment

Explanation:

Answer:

dont mind me

Explanation:

One colony was founded with the hope that it would prevent the Spanish from attacking the other colonies. Which region was this
colony in?

Answers

Answer:

georgia in the southern colonies

Explanation:

Answer:

The colony that was founded with the hope that it would prevent the Spanish from attacking the other colonies was in the southeast region.

Explanation:

This colony was Georgia (named after King George II), which was the last formally founded colony to become part of the later United States. The initial reason for founding this colony was to have a place to send English debtors since prisons in England were becoming overcrowded. However, the primary purpose was to have a "buffer" area that would prevent or slow down possible Spanish attacks to the northern colonies.

Buffer: something or someone that helps protect from harm.

How many amendments did the Congress pass in 1789, and how many were ratified by the states in 1791?

a,b,c or d?

Answers

D because they’re we’re 12 amendments and 10 were ratified

Answer:

12 and 10

Explanation:

when were the Intolerable acts passed? what was their purpose?​

Answers

The Intolerable Acts were passed in the year 1774. It was Britain’s version of punishment for the colonies in defiance from the Boston Tea Party. This act closed Boston’s port until the tea that was thrown into the ocean was paid.
Final answer:

The Intolerable Acts were passed in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. The harsh measures helped unite the American colonies against the British Crown and Parliament. The acts led to significant pushback, culminating in the formation of the First Continental Congress.

Explanation:

The Intolerable Acts, also known as the Coercive Acts and Quebec Act, were passed by the British Parliament in 1774 as a reaction to the Boston Tea Party. These consisted of several punitive measures aimed specifically at Massachusetts to retaliate for the perceived disobedience of the Boston Tea Party. However, these harsh acts ended up uniting the American colonies against perceived infringements on their rights as British subjects.

The Intolerable Acts comprised the Boston Port Act, which closed Boston Harbor, and the Massachusetts Government Act, which significantly restricted Massachusetts' self-governance. Additionally, other acts restricted the colonists' rights to a fair trial and allowed for the quartering of British troops in colonists' homes.

A significant response to the Intolerable Acts was the formation of the First Continental Congress in September 1774. During this assembly, delegates from the colonies approved the Suffolk Resolves, which decried the Intolerable Acts as null and void, and drafted a Declaration of American Rights, specifying Parliament's infringement on their rights and listing grievances towards the British Crown and Parliament.

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What was a major cause of the Spanish American War?

Answers

Answer:

The reasons for war were many, but there were two immediate ones: America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.Feb 28, 2015

Explanation:

what compromise was reached at the concordat of worms

Answers

Answer:

The Concordat of worms was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V the Holy Roman Emperor. It seems to have been a fair compromise since there was an amicable relation ship between them after that. The emperor guaranteed bribe-free election of bishops and abbots and renounced the right to invest them with a ring and crosier. The pope granted Henry the right in Germany to be present at elections and to invest those elected with their lay (office of duty) rights.

Explanation:

Have A Blessed Day :)

The answer is...D: Henry V was allowed to veto the appointment of a bishop.

During Civil War the north economy experienced major growth

Answers

Answer:

The American economy was caught in transition on the eve of the Civil War. The North, by contrast, was well on its way toward a commercial and manufacturing economy, which would have a direct impact on its war making ability. By 1860, 90 percent of the nation's manufacturing output came from northern states.

HOPE THIS HELPED!!!!!!!!!!!!! XDDDDDD

Answer: this is true

5. Which innovation allowed rights to land
holders in England?
A Magna Carta
B common law
C English Bill of Rights
D Locke's social contract

Answers

answer is a magna carta

Which were results of the conflict between Native Americans and white settlers in the 1800s? Choose all answers that are correct.
A. Native Americans were required to settle on government-designated reservations, sometimes far from their homelands.
B. Native American children were sent to government-run schools in the East and forced to abandon their own culture.
C. Native Americans elected their own representatives to Congress to ensure their concerns were met.
D. Native Americans fled to Canada by the thousands, where they were permitted to maintain their way of life.

Answers

Answer:

A. Native Americans were required to settle on government-designated reservations, sometimes far from their homelands.

&

B. Native American children were sent to government-run schools in the East and forced to abandon their own culture.

Explanation:

These two options were results of the conflict that had happened between Native Americans, as well as white settlers in the 1800s.

Answer:

native american children and native americans were required

Explanation:

only if your k12 its right

Senators must be at least 30 years of age

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

If this is a true or false question, this statement is true.

Plz help me with 1 and 2 I thought I added the attachment to it but I guess it didn't work sorry

Answers

Answer:

1.New Englad is at the top, Middle in the Middle, and Southern at the bottom. It apperars to be outlined right

2.And for the second one, underline all the names in the outlined areas (it seems that's already done)

Explanation:

I guess you already have the answers

PLEASE HELP
Which of the following descriptions was not on Jefferson's epitaph after he died? Select one: a. President of the United States b. Author of the Declaration of American Independence c. Father of the University of Virginia d. Author of Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation

Him being President of the United States is not written on his epitaph

Based on the above excerpt, why did Wilberforce think that slavery should be abolished?

Answers

Where is the excerpt
Final answer:

Arguments against slavery by several abolitionists revolved around matters of morality, economic efficiency, labor market fairness, and family integrity. Their belief was grounded in the contradiction between the principles of equality stated in the Declaration of Independence and the existence of slavery.

Explanation:

The question does not mention someone called 'Wilberforce', but it contains several excerpts from different authors and activists of the anti-slavery movements in the United States during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, including William Lloyd Garrison and Antislavery Societies, Dr. Benjamin Rush, and Anderson. These individuals and societies believed strongly that slavery should be abolished as it contradicted the principles of equality stated in the Declaration of Independence ('all men are created equal').

They highlighted the cruelty and inhumanity involved in slavery, especially in separating families. Economically, they argued that enslaved working force was costlier than free labor. Also, according to them, slavery stood as a major obstacle for the poorer white workers seeking opportunities in the west as it distorted the labor market. Lastly, there was a condemnation of the exploitation of enslaved women by the enslavers. By highlighting these diverse aspects, primarily moral and economic ones, they sought to instigate a national consciousness against slavery.

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who is john winthrop​

Answers

Answer:

John Winthrop (12 January 1587/88 – 26 March 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony. ... Winthrop was born into a wealthy landowning and merchant family.

John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the chief figure among the Puritan founders of New England.

Why were the Framers of the Constitution against a democratic rule of the majority?

Answers

Answer:

The framers of our Constitution wanted unbiased justices. To be democratic would have meant a biased opinion.

source awnsers.com

Explanation:

Answer:

The framers of our Constitution wanted unbiased justices.

Explanation:

Which is not a method used by the first ruler of the Qin Dynasty to control his empire?


he built a network of roads


he divided the empire into districts and appointed administrators


he tolerated opposing views


he took power away from local landowners and warlords


NEED THE CORRECT ANSWER ASAP PLEASE!!!!!
(I'm not an idiot, im just behind and trying to rush through all my work lol)

Answers

Answer:

- He tolerated opposing views.

Explanation:

In order to establish a solid control of his empire, Shi Huang, the creator of the Qin Dynasty, had to use strong policies to consolidate his power.  In order to do this he needed to ensure the people would not oppose him.  Some of his strategies included taking away the authority of the nobles so they would not act independently and undermine his rule.  He also divided China into districts to have a better administration and he built a large network of roads to connect the empire.

Other Questions
solve the following exact ordinary differential equation:(2tz^3 + ze^(tz) - 4) dt + (3t^2z^2 + te^(tz) + 2) dz = 0^3 = to the power of 3 After 2 days, the Johnsons had used23 tanks of gas. How many tanks of gaswere they using per day?tanks of gas True healthcare systems thinking involves looking at: What is 848 -662 rounded the nearest hundred estimated Mark is developing the marketing strategy for his business, which is a retail store. He knows that situation characteristics will interact with his marketing activity. Which of the following is a situation characteristic he needs to consider? One of the four people listed below was known for recording traditional musicians for the Archive of American Folk Song at the library of congress.Which one? Stars release lots of energy in the form of what kind (or kinds) of light? A. visible only B. invisible only C. both visible and invisible A fluid flows through a pipe of constant circular cross-section diameter 1.1m with a mean velocity of 50cm/s. The mass flow rate of the flow through the pipe, given by the formula mass flow rate = (density) (mean velocity) (cross - sectional area), is measured to be 110 kg/s. Find the specific gravity, specific weight and specific volume of the fluid. Data mining and __________ tools are used to find relationships that are not obvious, or to predict what is going to happen. a. DSS b. reporting c. predictive analytic d. queries PLEASEEEEEEEEE HELPPPPPP. 95 POINTS PLUS BRAINLIEST. PROJECT: NEW WORLD EXPLORERSBefore You BeginIn this project, you will be asked to write an informative essay about a New World explorer. Informative essays use evidence-based research to clearly and precisely inform an audience about a topic. Characteristics of an informative essay are:A precise thesis statement that outlines the key information to be presentedA consistent and effective organizational style that uses transitions to create a seamless flow of informationEvidence-based research from credible sources, including facts, definitions, primary source quotations, examples, and concrete detailsFormal writing styleAn effective conclusionResearching a TopicThe Internet provides a wide variety of sources for you to use. However, not all of these sources are reliable. How do you evaluate the reliability of a source? Look at the image below.This site ends in .gov. This means it is sponsored by the U.S. government. Sites that end in .gov and .edu are usually reliable sources.This site clearly states who is responsible for the information provided. This information comes from "the Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives."Notice that you can contact the people responsible for providing the information. This is another feature of a reliable source.This site gives you citation information. Most reliable sources will help you accurately cite any research information you use.Notice that this site is ad-free. There are no pop-ups. This is another key feature of a reliable source. No one is trying to sell you anything.Use the checklist provided to help you as you evaluate research sources.As you research, look for information that will support your essay. Your goal is to inform an audience about the New World explorations of an explorer. This is not a biography. Stick to information about the explorer's experiences in the New World and why those experiences were significant.Craft a ThesisAfter you've gathered enough information to begin, it's time to craft a thesis. A thesis statement expresses the central idea of an essay. It should be one sentence that gives the key information you will share with your audience. Make sure your thesis directly addresses the prompt by answering the question or task you have been assigned.Begin Your OutlineAn outline helps you organize your ideas into a logical flow. You may want to use an outline like the one below.Image Description:Thesis Statement:Paragraph 1: IntroductionA. Introductory StatementB. Attention GrabberC. Thesis StatementParagraph 2: First Body ParagraphA. Topic SentenceB. Two or three pieces of research-based evidence that supports and enhances topic sentence1.2.3.Paragraph 3: Second Body ParagraphA. Topic SentenceB. Two or three pieces of research-based evidence that supports and enhances topic sentence1.2.3.C. Transitional SentenceParagraph 4: Third Body ParagraphA. Topic SentenceB. Two or three pieces of research-based evidence that supports and enhances topic sentence1.2.3.C. Transitional SentenceParagraph 5: ConclusionA. Restatement of ThesisB. Summary of Key PointsC. Concluding ThoughtPrepare your outline by first determining the key points of information you will present. Each body paragraph should have a main idea that is supported with research-based evidence. This can include concrete details, definitions, examples, relevant facts, and quotations. Make sure to write down the source information for any evidence you use. Then, transfer this evidence into your outline. Once you organize your essay, you are ready to begin writing.DirectionsChoose an explorer, and write an informative essay regarding his role in the New World. Include evidence-based research from reliable sources. Your essay should include a thesis statement, three body paragraphs and a conclusion. Your essay should also include a mathematical calculation regarding the modern-day cost of the exploration in order to help the reader better understand the exploration. When you are finished, upload your completed essay for grading.PromptChoose one of the following explorers and write a 500-word informative essay regarding his role in the New World. Include information about the explorer's work and an evaluation of its historical significance. Provide present-day calculations of how much the exploration would cost today.CabotDe SotoColumbusDrakeJolietPonce de LeonBalboaChamplainMagellanPizarroHudsonVespucciCortesCoronado in your new home, you are planning to completely re-landscape the backyard. the yard is 18 feet long and 20 Feet Wide. a contractor has said that for labor and materials, the cost to re-landscape will be $7 per square foot. how much will the landscaping project cost?Answer: The Project will Cost _____ Dollars 3) Michael, the ice cream man, can make 24 ice cream sandwiches in 1 hour. At this rate, howmany ice cream sandwiches can he make in 4 hours? a company owner has 20 employees, and plans to give bonuses to 6 of them. 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During weekends, Julia teaches painting at an orphanage close to work. D. Julia saves more in rent than she spends on commuting to work. E. The city has one of the highest crime rates in the country. Why must reverse transcriptase be used to create a eukaryotic expression library?a. reverse transcriptase is only used to create prokaryotic expression librariesb. reverse transcriptase creates cDNA from mRNA in prokaryotesc. reverse transcriptase ensures the gene is in the correct orientation within the expression vector to create proteind. reverse transcriptase creates cDNA from mRNA because genes in eukaryotes have large numbers of non-coding regions.e. no other enzymes are used to create expression libraries except restriction enzymes Which statement best expresses Edith Whartons purpose in choosing the name starkfield for the fictional town excerpt from Ethan Frome Find x- and y-intercepts. Write ordered pairs representing the points where the line crosses the axes.y=-2/5x+11/5 Consider a cylindrical nickel wire 2.1 mm in diameter and 3.2 104 mm long. Calculate its elongation when a load of 280 N is applied. Assume that the deformation is totally elastic and that the elastic modulus for nickel is 207 GPa (or 207 109 N/m2).