Answer:
False
Explanation:
Calcium channel blockers are NOT a mechanism of action.
The most dangerous adverse reaction to the administration of methimazole is:
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Arthralgia
c. Jaundice
d. Agranulocytosis
e. Renal toxicity
Answer: Agranulocytosis
Explanation:
Methimazole is used to cure hyperthyroid and and there are many side effects of this medicines.
It is one of the most widely used anti-thyroid drugs. They are given for a longer period of time and there are many side effects of this medicine.
The adverse reaction that is seen in 0.1 to 0.5 % patients is agranulocytosis. In this condition severe leukopenia and neutrophils lowers down in number. Neutropenia also takes place in this condition.
What is organic farming/food?
Answer:
We talk about organic foods to all those products, whether vegetable or animal that come from a breeding or cultivation where no type of chemicals or hormones have been used for their development, nor have they undergone forced or artificial processes.
These foods have the following benefits:
- freshness
- nutritional value
- they're healthy
- they are not polluting for the environment
What does polymorphic ventricular tachycardia mean?
Answer:
Its an abnormal rhythm of the heart at a rate greater than 100 beats per minute
Explanation:
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a type of heart rate disorder where there is abnormal electrical activity causing the heart to beat faster while maintaining multiple patterns. It disrupts the heart's function, making it less effective at pumping blood. Treatment options include defibrillators, medication, and possibly surgery.
Explanation:Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a form of ventricular tachycardia, a condition where the heart beats at a fast rate because of abnormal electrical activity. Such a state prevents the heart from effectively pumping blood which can lead to significant complications, up to and including brain death if left untreated. Ventricular tachycardia is regarded as a medical emergency, often addressed as "code blue" in a hospital setting.
In the case of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, the electrical variations seen on an Electrocardiogram (ECG) have multiple different forms. That's why it is called "polymorphic". This condition can make the heart even more susceptible to disturbances and pump blood less efficiently.
Treatments vary, but the use of defibrillators, devices that apply an electrical charge to the heart to establish a normal rhythm, is common. This treatment effectively stops the heart so that it can reestablish a normal conduction cycle. Other potential treatments, depending on the cause, may include medications, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, ablation, or surgery.
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The spleen filters lymph, whereas lymph nodes filter blood.
a. True
b. False
Spleen filter blood, lymph node filter lymph. Hence given statement is FALSE
Explanation:
An organ that is found in all vertebrates is spleen. The shape of spleen is same as that of the structure of a Larger Lymph node. A prime blood filter is spleen.
A spleen mainly takes off the older red blood cells and it also holds some blood as reserve which is more important in cases like hemorrhagic shock.
In the haemoglobin the globin part is degraded to amino acids. The heme part is converted into bilirubin which in return removed in the liver.
Think back to your most effective teaching session with a client. To what do you attribute this success? Why?
Answer:
paying attention to details, aware hearing, pacience
Explanation:
once i was providing information to a student (english class),i realized that the way he creates his ideas was very slow and trembling, when i asked him to read a piece of a paragraph i saw the same behaviour so i decifrated the problem was into reading word by word without conecting all of them with a constant pace until a coma or dot because we do interprate things holisticly and not individually so thanks of a pacient and responsive hearing i could saw his improvement in just one class!
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is the ________
a. mean arterial pressure
b. resistance to flow
c. pulse pressure
d. resting pressure
Answer:
The answer is A: mean arterial pressure.
Explanation:
The difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure results in mean blood pressure. It is considered as the perfusion pressure of body tissues and organs. Its normal value must be between 60 or 80 mmHg to maintain a good perfusion. Below these values there is a risk that the tissues have ischemia.
Skeletal muscles:
a. work in antagonistic pairs
b. all have fixed origins and insertions
c. are named only for their locations
d. all of the above
Answer:
The correct answer is option D. all of the above.
Explanation:
The skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, that is controlled by the somatic nervous system. Tendons are the collagen fiber that binds these muscles to the bones.
Skeletal muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs so if a muscle helps a joint to move so the other muscle can bring it to its original resting position. The point where muscle binds to an immovable bone called the origin of the muscle and the point where muscle attached to a movable bone its termed as insertion.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.
An increase in blood viscosity will cause a increase in peripheral resistance.
a.True
b. False
Final answer:
An increase in blood viscosity increases the thickness of blood, making it flow less easily through blood vessels, which in turn increases peripheral resistance. The correct answer to the statement is 'True.'
Explanation:
An increase in blood viscosity will indeed cause an increase in peripheral resistance. This is because viscosity refers to the thickness or stickiness of a fluid, and blood is no exception. When blood viscosity increases, it flows less easily through the blood vessels. Just like sipping a milkshake through a straw would require more effort compared to sipping water, more effort (or higher pressure) is needed to pump thicker blood through the circulatory system.
Think of the circulatory system as a series of pipes: if the 'fluid' inside the pipes becomes thicker, it's naturally going to flow with more difficulty. This difficulty is what's referred to as resistance. Increased viscosity thus increases resistance and decreases flow. Therefore, the correct answer to the given statement would be:
a. True
A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving clindamycin. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of this medication?
a. Report of blurred vision
b. Watery diarrhea
c. Hypertension
d. Agitation
Answer:
B. Watery diahrrea
Explanation:
Clindamycin inhibits the synthesis of ARN proteins in chain elongation phase. As a result tRNA dissociates from the ribosome and does not allow to incorporate amino acids. They cover positive cocci, anaerobes and some anaerobic negative bacilli.
Side effects include:
Dermatological: rashes, erythema multiforme, anaphylaxis
Diarrhea
Colitis induced by antibiotics (pseudomembranous colitis)
Mild alteration of liver function tests
Rare: neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
The correct answer is B. Watery diarrhea
Explanation:
Clindamycin is an antibiotic commonly prescribed to treat serious infections, more specifically those caused by bacteria, this includes meningitis, tooth infections, and respiratory infections. This medicine can be prescribed in injection, capsules or intravenous solution. In terms of effects, common side effects of clindamycin include abdominal pain, rashes, nausea, and diarrhea, although if they persist the patient will need to go to the doctor. This implies the one that is an adverse effect of this medication is watery diarrhea; also others such as blurred vision, hypertension or agitation are not connected to this medication.
Elevated levels of cortisol would:
A. increase CRH and ACTH
B. exert permissive effects on the heart
C. promote anti-inflammation
D. inhibit proteolysis in skeletal muscle
E. More than one of the above apply
Answer:
The correct answer here is e) more than one apply here
Explanation:
Look cortisol is very essential for a persons health as this is the hormone ( which is produced in adrenal glands) which sees how the body is going to respond to the stress. This cortisol hormone helps in controlling the blood pressure, controlling sugar levels in our blood etc.
But if the levels of cortisol are increase then the CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) and ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone) also increases which can lead to the corticotrop tumor.
With the increase in the cortisol levels , it will lead to the decrease in the inflammation and also our body won't react to the stress properly, our blood sugar levels and stress levels with blood pressure would increase which leads to bad effects on the heart.
So therefore we can say that the option e is correct.
Pulmonology is the study of the __________ and associated structures.
a. lungs
b. trachea
c. alveoli
d. sternum
Answer:
A. Lungs.
Explanation:
Pulmonology is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It comes from the Greek and the world could be translated as the study of lungs.
It is considered as a branch of internal medicine and is related to intensive care medicine.
I hope this answer helps you.
Answer: a. lungs
Explanation: took the final
Where does the diaphragm insert?
a. xiphoid process
b. coastal cartilages
c. lumbar vertebrae
d. central tendon
e. sternum
Answer:
Xiphoid process.
Explanation:
Xiphoid process is also known as metasternum. The seven ribs articulate with the sternum in the xiphoid process.
This xiphoid process is important for the insertion of diaphragm at its correct place. The excess pressure on the xiphoid process can cause the laceration of the diaphragm.
Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
What effect does the lack of pneumotaxic and stretch receptor neurons have on ventilation?
Answer and explanation :
there are many problem due to lack of pneumotaxic and stetch receptor neurons on ventilation
DUE TO LACK OF PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER :
pneumotaxic center is present in the nucleus which is used to transmit impulse to the inspiratory area which is not possible due to lack of pneumotaxic centerit controls the duration of filling of lungs it also control the medullary respiratory system which is not possible due to lack of thisDUE TO LACK OF STRETCH RECEPTOR :
The hearing breuer inflation reflex is generated by stretch receptor neuron which is not generated due to lack of stretch receptorwhen stretched these receptors send the inhibitory impulses through the vegus nerve to the DMG neuron which is not possible due to lack of this
Final answer:
The absence of pneumotaxic and stretch receptor neurons would disrupt the regulation of breathing rate and the ventilatory response to physical activity, affecting the body's ability to maintain homeostasis during rest and exercise.
Explanation:
The lack of pneumotaxic and stretch receptor neurons has a significant effect on ventilation. The pneumotaxic center, located in the pons, helps regulate the rate of breathing by inhibiting the activity of the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group. Stretch receptors in muscles, joints, and tendons, known as proprioceptors, provide a stimulus that can trigger the respiratory centers of the brain to adjust breathing during activities like exercise.
Without the pneumotaxic center, the body may lose the ability to properly regulate the rate of breathing, possibly leading to an erratic or inefficient breathing pattern. The absence of proprioceptive feedback from the stretch receptors could result in a diminished respiratory response to physical activity, thereby affecting the necessary increase in ventilation that generally corresponds with exercise. Overall, these deficiencies can impair the body's ability to maintain homeostasis during various states of physical activity and rest.
What is blood pressure a measurement of exactly?
Answer:
The blood pressure is the measure of the strength by which the blood pushes against the side of the blood vessels when it circulates inside the body.
Explanation:
When heart beats, the heart pumps the blood around the body to supply energy/oxygen to the various parts of the body where it is needed.
As the blood circulates, it pushes against sides of blood vessels. The strength of pushing of the blood is measured by blood pressure. Most of the pressure is due to the work done by the heart in pushing the blood.
It is measure by using sphygmomanometer. Two numbers are used to measure the blood pressure.
Systolic blood pressure is the first digit used for measuring blood pressure and it measures pressure in blood vessels when heart beats.
Disystolic blood pressure is the second digit used for measuring blood pressure and it measures the pressure of blood in the vessels when heart is resting between beats.
What are the steps for endochondral ossification?
Answer:
Endochondral ossification can be defined as two essential processes by which the development of mammalian skeletal system takes place.
During this process the bone tissue of the body is created. Cartilage is present during the time of endochondral ossification.
There are five major steps involved in this process.
Bone Collar Formation Cavitation Periosteal Bud Invasion Diaphysis Elongation Epiphiseal OssificationFinal answer:
Endochondral ossification is the development of bone from hyaline cartilage, excluding the flat bones of the skull. It follows five steps, starting with mesenchymal cells differentiating into chondrocytes and culminating with the formation of secondary ossification centers, while maintaining cartilage at the growth plates and as articular cartilage.
Explanation:
Endochondral Ossification Steps
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, which are the cells responsible for cartilage formation.The cartilage model develops, representing the shape of the future bone, and is surrounded by a membrane known as the perichondrium.As the process continues, blood vessels, or capillaries, penetrate the cartilage. The perichondrium transforms into the periosteum, and a periosteal collar is formed along with the primary ossification center in the shaft of the bone.Cartilage growth progresses, with chondrocytes and cartilage continuing to expand at the ends of the bone.Secondary ossification centers appear in the regions of the epiphyses, which will eventually become the ends of the bone. Throughout this phase, the cartilaginous growth plates remain intact, facilitating the elongation of the bone.At the conclusion of endochondral ossification, cartilage remains solely in two key areas: the epiphyseal (growth) plates and as articular cartilage, which is essential for joint function.
Which tissue is not a structural/supporting connective tissue?
A) hyaline cartilage
B) fibrocartilage
C) bone
D) dense regular CT
E) elastic cartilage
Answer:
D) dense regular CT
Explanation:
There are four basic types of animal tissue:
Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue and Connective tissue.
Connective tissues are found in between the other tissues in the body everywhere.The functions of connective tissues are:
1. Binding and support
2. Protection
3. Insulation
4. Transportation (for blood)
There are four main types of CT:
Connective Tissue Proper: 1. Loose connective (areolar, adipose, reticular) 2. Dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic).
Bone Tissue: 1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone.
Cartilage: 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage.
Blood
Bone and cartilage are supportive and structural connective tissues which provide strength and structure to body. They also protect the soft tissues.
Hence, D) Dense regular CT is not a structural/supporting connective tissue.
Blood type is Identified primarily by?
Answer:
The test to determine the blood group is called ABO typing. A blood sample is mixed with the antibodies against blood type A and type B. Then, the sample is checked to see if the blood cells stick or not. If the blood cells remain together that means that the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.
During an emergency cesarean section, large bleeders are clamped and not ligated because:
A. electrosurgery will harm the baby.
B. coagulation agents will be given by anesthesia personnel.
C. bleeding will stop over time
D. bleeding will be addressed after the delivery
Answer: Option d
Explanation:
In case of Cesarean section, large bleeders are clamped and not ligated because there is a chance of postpartum hemorrhage which is very fatal for the mothers.
It has been recorded that almost 1 to 5% of the women die after giving birth to the baby because of excessive blood loss.
So, it is better to clamp the placenta rather than to ligate it as it would not prevent blood loss.
What are free radicals? Nutrients that act as antioxidants? What are antioxidants?
Answer:
Image below further illustrates
Explanation:
Free Radicals in the Body
Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage the cells in your organism. They result when atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons. They are byproducts of ongoing metabolic processes.
Antioxidants are those molecules in cells that prevent loose radicals from taking electrons and causing celldamage. Antioxidants are capable to give an electron to a free radical without becoming destabilized themselves, thus hinder the free radical chain reactions
Nutrients that act as antioxidant
Most cereals. vegetables and fruit every day. fish, coffe, strawberries or any kind of berries,etc.
Describe the structures and functions of the organ of Corti.
The coupling of muscle excitation & muscle contraction involves the 2nd physiologic event. This process is best described by which of the following?
A) An action potential propagates along the motor axon innervating the muscle fiber.
B) The synaptic end bulb releases a neurotransmitter, causing the muscle to contract.
C) Ca2+ channels, stimulated by depolarizing T-Tubules, open and release Ca2+ ions to the sarcoplasm.
D) Crossbridge cycling & muscle contraction.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option D.
Explanation:
Excitation–contraction coupling is a link process which converts the electrical impulse to a mechanical response. It links the action potential of the sarcolemma to the muscle contraction.
In this process, when acetylcholine binds to the receptors it leads to the generation of the action potential. This action potential travels down via T-tubules from the sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum due to which calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm. These calcium ions bind to the troponin which leads to the binding of the myosin to actin forming cross-bridge. This cross-bridge pulls the actin causing muscle contraction. This impulse generation and muscle contraction repeat again.
Thus, option D is the correct answer.
The coupling of muscle excitation and contraction is best described by calcium channels being stimulated by depolarizing T-Tubules, which then open and release calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. This leads to the initiation of muscle contraction.
Explanation:The process you're referring to, which involves the coupling of muscle excitation and muscle contraction, is best described by option C: Ca2+ channels, stimulated by depolarizing T-Tubules, open and release Ca2+ ions to the sarcoplasm. This is an integral part of the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism which happens within muscle cells during contraction.
In this process, an action potential travels along the sarcolemma (the muscle cell membrane), and into the T-tubules, which are essentially inward extensions of the sarcolemma. The depolarization of the T-tubules causes the adjacent calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane to open and release calcium ions into the sarcoplasm, where they then interact with contractile proteins to initiate muscle contraction.
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Which of the following instruments is often used to grasp the intestines?
A. Kelly
B. Crile
C. Babcock
D. Ochsner
Answer:
The correct answer to the question: Which of the following instruments is often used to grasp the intestines, would be: C: Babcock clamps.
Explanation:
Surgery on the abdominal cavity, be it open, or through laparoscopy, is major, and requires specialized equipment, as destabilazation of the patient will be very fast, especially with the loss of temperature, and the possibility of coagulopathies. There are many types of equipment and tools that are required during a GI tract surgery, and most of them had to do with either the careful manipulation of the blood vessels around the abdominal cavity, or the intestines. In the case of the intestines, the instrument that must always be present are the Babcock clamps which are used to hold the intestinal tissue during surgery.
What are Kupffer cells and their actions?
Answer:
Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages due to their particular structure while viewed under a microscope, were first identified by scientist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer, after whom the cells were named, in 1876.
These cells, whose origin is in the yolk sack during fetal development, later on move to the liver where they will stay and further differentiate into their mature versions.
These cells are part of the liver cells, and are found particularly on the walls of the sinusoids, where they perform their two most important tasks. First, these cells are part of the immune system, as they are essentially macrophages. However, their role is pretty unique, as they are responsible not just for phagocytosis of invading bacteria, and other pathogens, and initiating immune responses, but also, this cell plays a role in decomposing red blood cells who are dying, and taking up the hemoglobin from them to further break that into reusable globin, and the heme group, from which iron is further extracted to be re-used and also to create bilirrubin, a part of bile.
Finally, these cells have been found to be connected to hepatic cirrhosis, as in their process of detoxifying ethanol, they produce toxins that force the liver cells to produce collagen, and thus to become fibrous.
"John is two years older than Joe." This statement is an example of
A-a theory
B-a chronometric comparison
C-a relative date
D-an absolute date
Answer:
(c) a relative data
Explanation:
in the given statement the exact birth date of neither jhon of joe is given but it is given that jhon is two years older than joe means bothe age are dependent on each other for example when age of joe will be 10 then age of jhin will be 12 similarly when age of joe will be 20 the age of jhon will be 22 means both are relative to each other so this is relative data
Which of the following would be an outcome for an individual receiving pain medication?
a. Patient states his pain is a 3-4 or less 30 minutes after pain medication is administered.
b. The nurse administers pain medication 30 minutes before beginning activities that could increase the patient's pain.
c. The patient will be encouraged to practice meditation to help reduce the pain.
d. The patient will be taught to ask for the pain medication before the pain becomes too severe.
The outcome for an individual receiving pain medication is that the patient will be encouraged to practice meditation to help reduce the pain.
What is Medication?This is defined as a drug which is used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
The outcome of a patient receiving pain medication will be to adequately use it in order to reduce the pain.
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What is the path that sperm follow through the male reproductive tract?
a. epididymis, ejaculatory duct, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra
b. seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
c. epididymis, vas deferens, seminiferous tubules, ejaculatory duct, urethra
d. urethra, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, seminiferous tubules
e. urethra, ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, seminiferous tubules, epididymis
Answer:
The answer is B. Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vasdeferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
Explanation:
The process of ejaculation that runs along the sperm through the male reproductive tract begins in the epididymis, then through the vas deferens which is a smooth muscle that, through its contractions, drives the semen into the urethra. The sperm arrives first in the blister where the secretions of the seminal bladders are added, and then the seminal fluid is propelled through the ejaculatory ducts to the urethra, previously passing through the prostat where a milk fluid is added, thus forming semen
Describe the importance of referred pain in the diagnosis of deep visceral pain and give examples.
Answer:
The referred pain in deep visceral pain can be diagnosed in the somatic locations. Example: stomach ulcers and heart problems.
Explanation:
Referred pain may be defined as the pain experienced at the location other than the site of origin. The referred pain can be used to diagnose the deep visceral pain as this pain is poorly localized. The damage in the visceral organs may leads to the characteristic pain in the somatic locations of the body.
Example:
In case of the heart problems (myocardial ischemia) the pain can be felt at arm, shoulder and left pectoral region.
The case of stomach ulcers includes the pain at the back, in between the scapulae.
What are the symptoms of undifferentiated connective tissue disease?
Symptoms of undifferentiated connective tissue disease:
- Low fever
- Hair loss
- Rashes
- Sores or swelling inside of your mouth
- Dry mouth
If you experience any of these symptoms, go to the hospital as soon as possible.
Surgeons typically try to leave the ovaries in during a hysterectomy to ensure the patient will still produce which of the following two sex hormones?
A. progesterone and HCG
B. estrogen and luteinizing hormone
C. progesterone and estrogen
D. testosterone and FSH
Answer:
c
Explanation:
progesterone and estrogen
What are the basic types of body membranes? How do they differ? Where found?
Answer:
Tissue Membranes
Connective Tissue Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Explanation:
Tissue membranes are thin layers of cells that are covering the outside of our bodies, (ex; skin, ) organs , or like smotach they are internal passages that continue opening to the exterior of our bodies.
The mucosa of the stomach is a tissue membrane.
Then we have connnective tissue membranes and epithelial membranes:
Connective Tissue Membranes
The connective tissue membrane is composed only from connective tissues. These membranes encapsulate organs, examples arekidneys, and line our movable joints.
Epithelial Membranes
An epithelial membrane will have epithelium attached to the layer that connects tissue, like the epidermis. Other epithelial membranes are the mucouses.
The two basic types of body membranes are connective tissue membranes and epithelial membranes. Connective tissue membranes encapsulate organs and line movable joints, with synovial membranes being a specific example. Epithelial membranes line passageways leading to the body's exterior, line closed internal cavities, and form the skin; they include mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes.
Explanation:Body membranes are thin layers or sheets of cells that cover and protect various parts of the body. There are two basic types of these membranes: connective tissue and epithelial membranes.
Connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes and are mostly found encapsulating organs, such as the kidneys, and lining our movable joints. A characteristic example of this type is the synovial membrane, which lines the cavity of freely movable joints (like the shoulder, elbow, and knee) and helps reduce friction during movement.
Epithelial Membranes include mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes. Mucous membranes contain glands and line the passageways that lead to the exterior of the body. Serous membranes secrete a lubricating fluid and are found lining the cavities not open to the exterior, such as the thoracic and abdominal cavities, as well as enveloping internal organs within these cavities. Cutaneous tissue refers to skin – a protective barrier covering the body's external surface.
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