Capsular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. (True/False)

The loss of lung tissue elasticity is a hallmark of emphysema, a respiratory disease. The air sacs' elasticity loss results in difficulty with exhalation and a feeling of breathlessness.

The loss of lung tissue elasticity is a primary characteristic of a respiratory disease called emphysema. When we breathe in, our lungs expand due to the elasticity of the lung tissues. But in emphysema, this elasticity is lost which makes exhalation difficult. This happens because the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) are damaged and hence, they lose their elasticity making it harder for the air to get out. Consequently, this leaves a residual volume of air in the lungs and gives a feeling of breathlessness to the patients suffering from this disease. Emphysema is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants like smoking and air pollution.

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The loss of lung tissue elasticity is a characteristic symptom of obstructive diseases like emphysema and asthma, as well as restrictive diseases like respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis. This decreased elasticity leads to trapping more air in the lungs after exhalation, and the lung tissues becoming less compliant and more stiff or fibrotic.

The loss of lung tissue elasticity is characteristic of obstructions and diseases such as emphysema or asthma. Emphysema results predominantly from smoking tobacco, where the alveoli walls are destroyed, thus decreasing the surface area for gas exchange. This destruction increases lung compliance as the alveolar walls become damaged and lung elastic recoil decreases due to the loss of elastic fibers. As a consequence, more air is trapped in the lungs at the end of exhalation.

In asthma, inflammation hinders the airways, possibly due to edema (fluid accumulation), spasms in the bronchioles' muscle walls, increased mucus secretion, epithelia damage, or a combination of these elements. Those who have obstruction diseases like asthma trap significant volumes of air after exhaling and tend to breathe at a very high lung volume, compensating for lack of airway recruitment.

The loss of lung tissue elasticity, leading to the lungs becoming increasingly stiff and less pliable, is also observed in restrictive diseases such as respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis. Here, airways are less compliant and are recognized as being stiff or fibrotic due to a decrease in compliance as the lung tissue cannot bend and move as required.

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Answer:

Bilaterally symmetrical animals tend to have all of the following except: poorly developed organ systems.- Choice D.

Cell signalling pathways are used to maintain homeostasis. Enzymes are normally present in adequate concentrations but whenever the need for a particular enzyme or protein arises, cell signalling is used.

Signal is sent to that particular cell, the process of genetic expression is activated. A gene that codes for that particular protein(enzyme of interest) goes through transcription, where that genes DNA is copied to make a messenger RNAmolecule, which is further expressed by a process called Protein expression. Lastly, transported to that particular area where it is needed.

A cell synthesizes more of a particular enzyme by initiating protein synthesis, which involves the transcription of the DNA sequence into mRNA and translation of the mRNA sequence assembling the specific amino acids into a protein chain. Once the protein is formed, the chain undergoes folding to become the particular enzyme. The cell regulates the synthesis of enzymes as needed.

A cell increases the concentration of a particular enzyme by creating more of the protein that functions as that enzyme. As enzymes are proteins, composed largely of chains of amino acids, the cell needs to initiate protein synthesis to produce more of a given enzyme. Protein synthesis is a process that involves transcription (where the DNA sequence is copied into mRNA) and translation (where the mRNA sequence is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain). Each enzyme is specific to the substrate it acts on and catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction.

The process begins in the cell's nucleus, where a section of DNA carrying the gene for the enzyme is copied in a process called transcription. Ribosomes, which are found on the Endoplasmic Reticulum, then use this mRNA template to assemble a chain of amino acids in the correct sequence; this process is called translation. After the protein is synthesized, it undergoes folding into a specific three-dimensional structure, which determines its enzymatic activity. The number of enzyme molecules a cell synthesizes can be regulated as required by the cell, thereby increasing or decreasing the concentration of a particular enzyme.

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Answer:

You would not be able to extend the leg straight

The hamstrings start at the pelvis and end in the lower leg so they wouldn't be affected.

If the muscles are damaged movement is not possible.

The Hip bone is more attached to the pelvis and bone rather than upper leg muscles.

If the upper muscles are damages, movement would be extremely painful or impossible if we assume the sliding filament theory is correct making that the correct answer.

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Answer:

You would not be able to extend the leg straight.

Explanation:

Answer:

B. small heart-like pumps

Explanation:

Small heart-like pumps is a mechanism that is NOT used to propel lymphs through lymphatic vessels.

The lymphatic system uses gravity, muscle contractions, and breathing to move lymph through the vessels. It does not use small heart-like pumps. The heart's pumping action, by contrast, is essential to the functioning of the venous system.

The lymphatic system propels lymph through the lymph vessels via various mechanisms. These mechanisms include the contraction of skeletal muscles during body movements, the process of breathing, and the force provided by gravity, all of which aid in moving lymph toward the heart. The lymphatic system does not, however, contain small heart-like pumps. The statement 'B. small heart-like pumps' therefore represents the mechanism not used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels.

One key difference between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems is that lymph is not actively pumped by the heart. Instead, it moves through the vessels due to body movements, the contraction of skeletal muscles, gravity, and breathing. These mechanisms help keep lymph moving in one direction—toward the heart—thanks to the action of one-way semi-lunar valves in the lymphatic vessels.

In contrast to the lymphatic system, the venous system relies on the heart's pumping action to move blood from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

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Answer:

schemas

Explanation:

If Larry is taught new information about an elephant, which is a large animal, he will benefit from using schemas about other large animals to store that new information so he can retrieve that information when he needs it.

He will benefit from using schemas about other large animals.

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The possible answer for the given problem is RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles).

Further Explanation:

RBC (Red blood cell) is component of blood that is the most vital component as it carries oxygen and other gases from one part to another part. To be precise it helps in gaseous exchange. This step is most vital because every cell in a body need oxygen to function properly. While the gas mainly carbon dioxide produced as a waste product needs to be eliminated from the body. This function is carried out by hemoglobin a part of RBC. These cells are biconcave in structure as shown in the image attached.

If we consider the given data and its fulfillment for RBC to be the answer we have,

1. Cells that cannot make their own food: RBC is the cell that gets their energy reserves via glycolysis and as they do not have any protein coding DNA they cannot make their own proteins. Thereby they have less lifespan and withers off after the completion of the span.

2. Flexible with lot of energy synthesizers: RBC lack mitochondria thus for getting energy is quite flexible with energy synthesizers.

3. They remain active all time of the day: RBC helps in carrying oxygen to the cells in need. Thus the cells work all time of day even though the body is at rest.  

4. They get destroyed: RBC withers to form bilirubin and biliverdin which is a main component that gives color to fecal matter.

Learn more:

1. Learn more about protein synthesis https://brainly.com/question/1420458

2. Learn more about energy storage https://brainly.com/question/523624

3. Learn more about basic unit of structure and function in body https://brainly.com/question/862906

Answer Details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Biology

Chapter: Cell biology

Keywords:

Food, energy synthesizers, RBC, corpuscles, cell, red blood cells, oxygen, carbon dioxide, mitochondria, enucleate cell, blood cells, elimination of waste, gaseous exchange, vital process.

Answer: D. abiotic and biotic factors can be affected.

If a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem, both abiotic and biotic factors can be affected, which is option d, as keystone species play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of an ecosystem. Their removal can have significant impacts on the ecosystem as a whole, affecting both biotic and abiotic factors.

If a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem, both abiotic and biotic factors can be affected. Keystone species are species that have a disproportionately large effect on the structure and function of their ecosystem, despite their low biomass or population. They play critical roles in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. When a keystone species is removed, it can cause a ripple effect throughout the entire ecosystem. 

Hence, if a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem, both abiotic and biotic factors can be affected, which is option d, as keystone species play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of an ecosystem. Their removal can have significant impacts on the ecosystem as a whole, affecting both biotic and abiotic factors.

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Answer:

The part of a seed grows into a root: Radicle

The part that acts as a protective covering for a seed during seed dormancy: Seed coat.

Explanation:

The seed of the plants carries embryo in it. The part of the embryo that serves as the embryonic root is called radicle. Once the conditions become favorable for growth and the seed germinates on suitable substratum, the radicle enlarges and gives rise to roots.  

The seed coat is the part of the seed that protects the embryo from any injury during the seed dormancy. The seed coat is derived from the outer most covering, that is integuments of the ovule after fertilization.

Native American religions were closely interconnected with the natural world. Their religious rituals, ceremonies, and daily activities were influenced by nature cycle and they held sacred various elements of nature, reflecting their deep respect for their environment.

Native American religions were indeed deeply interconnected with the natural world. Native Americans saw a direct bond between themselves and the environment surrounding them, and this played a significant role in their religious beliefs. Various elements of nature like animals, plants, and geographical features were often held sacred and seen as part of the spiritual realm. This connection goes beyond just respect for nature; their religious rituals, ceremonies, and daily lives were intrinsically linked to the cycles of seasons, wildlife behaviors, and agricultural routines. This deep connection to the natural world was reflected in their respect for the land, animals, and resources, leading them to live harmoniously within their environment.

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Answer: a.myoglobin

Explanation:

Myoglobin (Mb) and Hemoglobin (Hb) are heme proteins and are part of the family of globular proteins. These proteins are characterized by having the spherical or globular wrapped polypeptide chain having various types of secondary structures. Myoglobin is an extremely compact protein found in muscular cells of vertebrate animals, having as their main function the storage and it also facilitates the transport of oxygen in the muscles. This protein is found in the cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle of the mammals and increases the effective solubility of oxygen in the muscle by acting as an oxygen reservoir and facilitating the diffusion of O2 from the capillaries blood to the mitochondria.

The molecule that binds oxygen in skeletal muscle cells, aiding in aerobic ATP production, is myoglobin.

The molecule found in skeletal muscle cells that binds oxygen, which can then be used during aerobic metabolism to help generate ATP, is myoglobin. Myoglobin is essential for oxygenating musculature during strenuous activities when the blood oxygen delivery might be limited. In contrast, creatine phosphate serves as a quick energy reservoir by donating a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP, which is critical during the initial phases of muscle contraction. However, it does not bind oxygen. Glycogen is a form of energy storage that can be broken down to glucose for ATP production primarily through glycolysis, which is useful if oxygen is in short supply.

Answer:

The respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers

the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.

Explanation:

Answer:

A, pleiotropy.

Explanation:

Pleiotropy - genes that have multiple phenotypic effects. Remember that phenotype means a physical characteristic caused by a gene, such as eye color or fur patterns.

Incomplete dominance - when neither allele is dominant and they mix together in the phenotype. A popular example is a red flower crossing with a white flower and resulting in a pink flower.

Epistasis - when two genes contribute to the phenotype, but one gene completely masks another gene. An example would be labrador fur colors.

Multiple alleles - 3 or more alternative forms of a gene, but only 2 alleles can occupy an organism. An example is blood type.

Hope this helps!

Final answer:

Pleiotropy is the term that describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects. An example of this is sickle cell anemia, where mutations in a single gene result in various symptoms and health effects.

Explanation:

The term that describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects is pleiotropy. Pleiotropy can result in multiple, seemingly unrelated physical traits or effects caused by a single allele. A classic example of pleiotropy in humans is the case of sickle cell anemia, where mutations in the hemoglobin B gene not only cause changes in red blood cells but also lead to symptoms such as anemia, pain, and increased risk of infection.

Other terms like incomplete dominance and codominance refer to the expression of two different alleles in the phenotype, while epistasis refers to the interaction of different genes where one gene can mask or modify the effect of another. A trait controlled by more than two alleles is described as having multiple alleles, like the ABO blood group antigens.

I believe the correct answer is mucus.

In the respiratory tract, there exist hairs called cilia that ensure anything entering the tract is moved out through a wavelike movement. To assist them, mucus is produced in pits of specific cells called goblet cells.

The mucus traps dust and other large particles that might cause physical harm to the soft tissue of the linings of the respiratory tract. The mucus starts all the way from the mouth to the nasal cavities, the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. Goblet cells are just but specialized epithelial cells that are usually found in every hollow surface in the body and are non keratinized. These goblet cells are not only found in the respiratory tract but every surface of the gastrointestinal tract. In the stomach, they are very essential since they protect the stomach from corroding itself because it secretes hydrochloric acid that has a pH of 2.3 which is very acidic. It also lubricates the gastrointestinal tract to ensure the smooth movement of food from the mouth to the anus as it is being digested.

Answer:

C. Plants release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen through the xylem in leaves.

Explanation:

Plants exchange gas with the atmosphere and release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen through the xylem in leaves.

Answer: D. Plants release oxygen and take in carbon dioxide through the stomata in leaves

Explanation:

Plants evolved from freshwater green algae and eventually developed strategies that adapt them well for life on land. The major source of plant nutrition is the fixation of atmospheric CO2 into simple sugar using the energy of the sun. CO2 enters through the stomata. O2 is a product of photosynthesis and atmospheric component that also moves through the stomata. It is used in cellular respiration to release energy from the chemical bonds in the sugar to support growth and maintenance in the plant. Water and gas diffusion into and out of a plant occurs through tiny mouth-shaped openings called stomata (singular, stoma).

Answer:

In bacterial DNA replication of the lagging strand,DNA polymerase III is required for the synthesis of a new DNA strand.

whereas DNA polymerase I is required for removing the RNA primer and replacing it with DNA nucleotides.

Explanation:

Replication: is a process by which two identical copies of DNA are produced from the original DNA molecule.

Bacterial DNA replication take place in three steps

DNA polymerase III is an enzyme that is responsible for DNA synthesis in bacteria and to carry out the '5-3' polymerase function.

DNA polymerase consists of

DNA polymerase I: function is to join the Okazaki fragments by removing the RNA primer and replacing it with nucleotides and to repair the damage the DNA.

In bacterial DNA replication of the lagging strand, a primer is required for synthesis of a new DNA strand, whereas DNA polymerase I is required for removing the RNA primer and replacing it with DNA nucleotides.

In bacterial DNA replication of the lagging strand, a primer is required for the synthesis of a new DNA strand, whereas DNA polymerase I is required for removing the RNA primer and replacing it with DNA nucleotides.

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Answer:

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the center and spindle fibers become visible? Explanation: Mitosis involves four distinct stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the first step of mitosis, during which chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves.

The nuclear envelope re-forms during the telophase phase of mitosis. It's in this phase that the chromosomes decondense, mitotic spindles are broken down and the nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes.

The nuclear envelope re-forms during the telophase phase of mitosis. This phase is also referred to as the "distance phase," where the chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense or unravel, relaxing into a more stretched-out chromatin configuration. The mitotic spindles are broken down into tubulin monomers that will be used to assemble cytoskeletal components for each daughter cell.

Finally, nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes and nucleosomes appear within the nuclear area, signaling the end of mitosis, and the beginning of cytokinesis, the process of physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.

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Answer:

Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.

Explanation:

Once the DNA in a cell is replicated, the cell can divide into two cells, each of which has an identical copy of the original DNA.

DNA replication is a vital process in the cell cycle because it enables cell division, ensuring that each new daughter cell receives an exact genetic copy from the parent cell. This is carefully regulated and monitored through cell cycle checkpoints to prevent DNA replication errors, which could lead to harmful mutations and diseases like cancer. Thus, DNA replication plays a critical role in maintaining cellular and genetic integrity.

DNA replication is essential to the cell cycle because it allows the cell to divide and produce two new daughter cells, each containing an identical copy of the DNA from the parent cell. This process of DNA replication takes place during the synthesis phase, or S phase, of the cell cycle, preceding mitosis or meiosis. This is crucial for maintaining the continuity of life and ensuring that each new cell has the precise genetic information to function correctly.

Cell cycle checkpoints serve as internal control mechanisms that help prevent any missteps in DNA replication, halting cell cycle progression until favourable conditions are met. Therefore, incorrect DNA replication can lead to mutations, which may result in abnormal cells. If such cells continue to divide, they can lead to harmful effects like cancer.

In essence, DNA replication is a fundamental process that validates the accuracy of genetic information passed on from parent to daughter cells, promotes healthy cell growth and division, and maintains an organism's overall health by replacing old or damaged cells with new ones. It is intricately regulated and monitored to ensure the preservation of life at a cellular level.

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The testes are located in the scrotum outside the body mainly because it requires a cooler temperature for the efficient production of sperm, a process called spermatogenesis.

The male testes are located in the scrotum, a pouch outside the body, primarily because of the need for a temperature lower than the body's internal temp for spermatogenesis (the process of sperm production) to occur efficiently. In fact, the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis is about 2-4 degrees Celsius below the body’s average temperature. This is why, when exposed to cold conditions, the scrotal muscles contract to bring the testes closer to the body for warmth, whereas in hotter conditions they relax, allowing the testes to stay cool. Therefore, option (D) is the most accurate.

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Answer:

a model of mountain formation ( second choice)

Answer:

The correct answer is a model of mountain formation.

Explanation:

A model signifies towards a demonstration of a process, an idea, or a system that is used to illustrate a particular procedure, which cannot be experienced straightforwardly. The models are generally used in science to illustrate various procedures. When one is speaking about an appropriate model to demonstrate an incident, which takes place gradually, the most likely choice from the mentioned options will be a model of mountain formation. This is due to the fact that the procedure of mountain formation takes place very gradually over an extended time duration.

Answer:

A volcanic eruption would be a primary disturbance, because it would affect the complete environment. The eruption would destroy all plants, and would most likely kill all organisms. After the volcanic eruption however, a second generation of organisms will move into the habitat.

Explanation:

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The primary disturbance is a volcanic eruption. The correct option is B.

In ecology, the primary disturbance is any disturbance that causes a temporary change in the environment. It changes and affects the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment.

Volcanic eruption is a primary disturbance because it causes earthquakes and destruct the areas nearby.

Thus, option B. Volcanic eruption is correct regarding a primary disturbance.

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Answer:

During interphase, a cell is metabolically active

Explanation:

Cell cycle is divided into two stages: interphase (lasts 3/4 of the cycle) and phase M (1/4 of the cycle).

Interphase is also divided into three stages:

Phase G1

Protein and RNA synthesis is done.

Phase S

DNa synthesis is done.

Phase G2

Protein synthesis continues and the cell grows to start the division.

Answer:  lac operon is enhanced when CAP-cAMP complex interacts with rna polymerase.

Explanation:

The operon is defined as a set of structural genes organized in sequence and under the control of a single promoter. RNA polymerase transcribes, from the common promoter, all the structural genes into a single polycistronic RNA molecule, which is translated into the proteins encoded by the genes.

The CAP-cAMP Complex acts positively by providing the basic conditions for transcription. The complex binds to the lac promoter and doubles the DNA of this region, which allows it to be recognized by the RNA polymerase. In the absence of cAMP or CAP protein, the process of transcription does not occur because the RNA polymerase does not recognize the Lac promoter. When the CAP-cAMP complex is present, the promoter is recognized by the RNA polymerase, which binds to it. The CAP protein is, therefore, an activator and the cAMP an effector.

Answer:

When the pollen tube grows into the ovule

Explanation:

Simmilar to animals, fertilization occurs when the egg (ovule) and the sperm join together to produce a new individual. In flowers, when the pollen tube grows into the ovlue is when pollen and ovule join together and fertilization occurs. A new seed is the produced, ready to produce a new individual.

The correct answers are:

epifauna - lives on top of benthic sediments

holoplankton - swims for its entire life

meroplankton - can never swim against a current

nekton - swims actively against currents

infauna - lives within benthic sediments

Marine organisms are organisms that live in the marine environment, which includes oceans, seas, and other bodies of saltwater. The marine environment is home to a diverse range of organisms, including fish, shellfish, coral, seaweed, plankton, and many other types of plants and animals. These organisms play important roles in the functioning of the marine ecosystem, and many of them are important sources of food for other animals, including humans.

The marine environment is also home to a wide variety of ecosystems, including coral reefs, kelp forests, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, each with its own unique community of marine organisms.

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Answer:

b. The rigid cell walls limit how far plant cells can expand and exert a back pressure to limit further water uptake.

Explanation:

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose. Animal cells lack a cell wall.  

When the plant cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters into the cells and the cells expand. However, after a certain limit, the cell wall exerts wall pressure on the contents of the cell and does not allow it to take more water in. The wall pressure from the cell wall of plant cells protects them against bursting when placed in a hypotonic solution.

Animal cells burst out due to intake of water by osmosis when placed in a hypotonic solution. They do not have a cell wall to protect them from bursting.  

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes across a generation as opposed to down generations in vertical gene transfer. Bacteria can transfer gene horizontally through mechanisms such as transformation and transduction. The ‘male’ bacteria develops pili that it inserts into the ‘female’ bacteria and transfers some genes. This result in recombinant DNA that confers some of the beneficial characteristics to the ‘female’ bacteria that were there in the ‘male’ bacteria. This is how a population of bacteria can develop resistance to an antibiotic really fast.  

Final answer:

Horizontal gene transfer is a vital concept in understanding antibiotic resistance among bacteria, as it allows bacteria to exchange resistance genes quickly.

Explanation:

Horizontal gene transfer is relevant to humans primarily because of its role in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria, as captured in option B: Bacteria can exchange genes for resistance to antibiotics in this way. Through mechanisms such as transformation, transduction, and conjugation, bacteria can swiftly adapt to environmental pressures, including the presence of antibiotics. As a result, horizontal gene transfer serves as a significant evolutionary pathway, allowing bacteria to acquire and disperse resistance genes, making infections harder to treat with standard antibiotics.

Answer:

Self-antigens are not recognized and attacked by the T cells.

Explanation:

In immunology, the antigens are those substances which are bound by the antibodies. The antigens can be originated from within the bodies, known as self antigens or from outside the body, known as non-self antigens. The immune system identifies and attacks non-self invaders or the foreign harmful objects present in the body. It does not attack the self-antigens under the normal conditions. This is due to the negative selection of T cells of the thymus.

T cells, developed in the thymus, recognize antigens through an antigen receptor on their surface. They do not recognize self-antigens, but only processed antigens presented on their surface. This understanding is crucial in dealing with organ transplantation and cancer treatment as T cells discern between self and non-self antigens.

They are unable to recognize self-antigens, but only processed antigen displayed on the surface in a major histocompatibility complex molecule. This learning process cultivates tolerance to self-antigens.

There are many functional types of T cells including helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells. Each of these T lymphocytes plays a distinct role in mounting an immune response against foreign bodies and pathogens. Interestingly, T cells do not engage with antigens in the same way as B cells. Unlike T cells, B cells can recognize native, unprocessed antigen and do not need the involvement of MHC molecules and antigen-presenting cells.

In practical terms, the ability of T cells to distinguish between self and non-self antigens is crucial in conditions such as organ transplantation and cancer treatment. For instance, a transplanted organ may be rejected as body's immune system can identify it as foreign due to its non-self antigens. Similarly, in the case of cancer, cellular antigens often change, which enables the immune system to identify and destroy cancerous cells.

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Answer:

A but i am not sure.....

Answer:

D: Organ

Since it consist of multiple tissue that perform a function by working together