1) A. Located in an enzyme
2) C. Synthesis of polymers from monomers
You're all good!
Answer:
The active site refers to the region present in an enzyme where the binding of the substrate takes place, and the chemical reaction occurs. The amino acids of the enzyme protein combine with the substrate in the active site. Hence, for question 1 the correct answer is option A.
The two kinds of metabolic reactions occur in the cell, that is, catabolism and anabolism. In the anabolic reactions, the energy is consumed, and the small molecules combine to produce the bigger ones. Hence, for question 2 the correct answer is option C.
Within a particular population, darkly colored rats are more likely to survive than more lightly colored individuals. This situation is likely to result in a. directional selection. b. stabilizing selection. c. disruptive selection. d. balancing selection.
Answer:
a. directional selection
Explanation:
Directional selection is a type of natural selection wherein one extreme trait is favored and the individuals with that extreme trait are at survival and reproductive advantage.
In the given example, dark-colored rats are favored by natural selection over the light-colored rats. This occurs because the rats with dark skin color have better survival rats in the prevailing surrounding. Since one extreme trait (dark skin color) is favored over the other (light skin color), the rat population is undergoing directional selection.
Consider the following family history: Bob has a genetic condition that affects his skin. Bob’s wife, Eleanor, has normal skin. No one in Eleanor’s family has ever had the skin condition. Bob and Eleanor have a large family. Of their eleven children, all six of their sons have normal skin, but all five of their daughters have the same skin condition as Bob. Based on Bob and Eleanor’s family history, what inheritance pattern does the skin condition most likely follow?
Answer: the correct answer is X-linked dominant.
Explanation:
X-linked dominant is a mode of genetic inheritance in which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
The inheritance pattern suggested by the family history is X-linked recessive inheritance. The skin condition gene lies on the X chromosome. Hence, daughters inheriting the X chromosome with the defective gene from Bob have the skin condition, while sons who inherit the Y chromosome from Bob do not.
Explanation:Based on Bob and Eleanor's family history, the most plausible inheritance pattern for the skin condition is X-linked recessive inheritance. This means that the gene causing the skin condition is located on the X chromosome. In such a scenario, females (who have two X chromosomes) will develop the skin condition if they inherit the defective gene from both parents. However, in this case, since Eleanor does not carry the defective gene, the daughters who each received an X chromosome with the defective gene from Bob have the skin condition.
Conversely, the sons who received their fathers' Y chromosome instead of the X do not get the skin condition.
Learn more about X-linked recessive inheritance here:https://brainly.com/question/33419847
#SPJ6
In many cultivated plants (such as oranges, bananas, and potatoes), favorable characteristics often are created by careful genetic crosses. Of the following, which would be the best way to maintain the traits of a new variety with favorable characteristics
A) Selfing individuals of this new variety (i.e, crossing the offspring of one parental plant)
B) Artificially pollinating wild varieties with pollen from the new variety
C) Crossing the new variety with a variety that was homozygous recessive for all traits of concern.
D) Vegetative reproduction of the new variety
Answer:C
Explanation:crossing the new variety with homozygous recessive ones means there is high chance of these being dominant over the trait that Re of concern
If a DNA-binding protein reads a short stretch of DNA and detects the following second genetic code provided by the functional groups located on each base as H-HD-CH3-HA-HA-HA-HA-HD, then what is the corresponding sequence of bases?
CGGA
CAGA
CTGA
CTAG
Answer:
If I am being Honest I am not entirely sure but below I added a link that should explain everything. I hope this helps.
Explanation:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology1/chapter/dna-base-pairs-and-replication/
A bird species known as the cattle egret is often found near farms in wet areas. The bird waits, sometimes even perched on a cow's back, until the cow kicks up a frog or fish while it walks. Then, the bird strikes and eats the exposed prey. This is an example of what kind of feeding relationship?
A. Detritus
B. Parasitic
C. Mutualistic
D. Herbivorous
Answer:
Mutualistic
Explanation:
Mutualistic relationship may be defined as a type of biological interaction in which both the organism are benefited from each other. This shows a positive type of relationship between the organisms.
The bird cattle egret perch on cow's back and eats the prey that hurdles the cow, in returns the cow provide food to the cattle egret. Hence, they shows mutual type of interaction with each other.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
The results of this experiment show that plants grow more in soil containing worms than in soil without worms. Which factors below helped the plants grow taller? Check all that apply.
A. Worms help move nutrients toward the roots of plants.
B. Worms produce nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are essential for plants to grow.
C. Worms create tunnels that allow the soil to absorb more water.
Answer:
All of them
Explanation:
The factors that helped the plants to grow taller are as follows:
Worms help move nutrients toward the roots of plants.Worms produce nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are essential for plants to grow.Worms create tunnels that allow the soil to absorb more water.How do worms supply nutrients to the plants?The body of worms decompose rapidly and are transformed into decomposers which convert the organic form of nutrients into an inorganic form that is easily assimilated by the plant's roots.
After transforming into decomposers, worms assist plants by the production and movement of the nutrients toward the plant's roots.
They also produce some tunnel-like structure that induces the soil to absorb and hold more water.
Therefore, it is well described above.
To learn more about Worms, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13938105
#SPJ2
How has biodiversity been affected in areas where green crabs have been introduced?
A. Additional predators have migrated into the area to feed on the crabs, causing an increase in predator diversity.
B. Native shellfish populations have dramatically decreased as they are outcompeted by the crabs, causing a decrease in biodiversity.
C. The amount of predation on crabs by seabirds has gone up, but biodiversity has not been affected.
D. The overall number of crab species has dramatically increased, increasing overall biodiversity.
The correct answer is B) Native shellfish populations have dramatically decreased as they are outcompeted by the crabs, causing a decrease in biodiversity.
Biodiversity has been affected in areas where green crabs have been introduced in that native shellfish populations have dramatically decreased as they are outcompeted by the crabs, causing a decrease in biodiversity.
Green crabs represent a serious threat to biodiversity in the ocean ecosystem because they are predators that feed with animals that are part of the biodiversity such as clams, mussels, and oysters. As the predators they are, they can dramatically change the ecosystem by affecting the living and reproduction of many species.
Plants exchange gas with the atmosphere. Which statement accurately describes this process?
A. Plants release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen through the stomata in leaves.
B. Plants release oxygen and take in carbon dioxide through the xylem in leaves.
C. Plants release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen through the xylem in leaves.
D. Plants release oxygen and take in carbon dioxide through the stomata in leaves
Answer:
D. Plants release oxygen and take in carbon dioxide through the stomata in leaves.
Explanation:
The stomata are pores in plant tissues that permit gas exchange. Usually, they are found in the leaves but some plants have stomata on their stems.
The stomata allow the plant to take carbon dioxide, needed for photosynthesis, it is like the lungs for the humans.
I hope this answer helps you.
In 20 to 25 words each, describe how socialization occurs in each of the following developmental periods:
a. Childhood (birth to age 12):
b. Adolescence (ages 13-17):
c. Transitional Adulthood (ages 18-29):
d. The Middle Years (ages 30-65):
e. The Older Years (ages 65 and above):
Answer:
During their childhood, kids learn about the world that surrounds them when going through 3 different phases regarding their body parts, and taking contact with their family and school; when puberty strikes, the learning shifts towards the teen's peer group and their chosen role models to create new patterns in behaviour and find themselves (adolescence). Once the individual enters adulthood and establish his/her personality, can form strong and intimate relationships with friends and romantic partners (transitional adulthood). When reaching the middle years, the person needs to contribute to society in some way to feel productive, like raising children or helping his/her community. Finally, during the older years, humans tend to reflect on their lives and accomplishments to develop a sense of either integrity or despair.
On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm. This cell is most likely a(n) __________.
a. eosinophil
b.monocyte
c. lymphocyte
d. basophil
The cell observed on a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's Stain with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm is a monocyte. Monocytes are part of the immune system and can become macrophages that consume harmful pathogens. So, the correct option is b.
Explanation:On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's stain, if you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm, this cell is most likely a monocyte. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that have a large, often U-shaped nucleus and abundant cytoplasm that stains pale blue with Wright's stain. They play an integral role in our immune system, often transitioning into macrophages that can consume harmful pathogens or debris in our body.
Learn more about Monocytes here:https://brainly.com/question/33375495
#SPJ2
Hile examining a specimen under the microscope, Janet discovers a structure that has some genetic material that has RNA but not DNA. What is the specimen? A. virus B. plant C. fungi D. bacteria E. animal
Answer:
A. Virus
Explanation:
Most viruses are either comprised of RNA or DNA for their genetic material.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
A) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing
B) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis
D) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killin
Answer:
B
Explanation:
i'm pretty sure
Which northern marine animal has ivory tusks?
Answer:
A walrus
Explanation:
Cardiologists and other healthcare professionals recommend that people who are at elevated risk for developing cardiovascular disease adopt an “anti-atherosclerotic” lifestyle to help prevent atherosclerosis. Which of the following is a component of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle?
Answer: the correct answer consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants.
Diet low in saturated fat and trans fat.
Smoking Cessation.
The anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle is smoking cessation, diet low in saturated fat and trans fat, and consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants. The correct option is D.
What is atherosclerotic?Atherosclerosis is a thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by plaque buildup in the artery's inner lining.
High cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical activity, and consumption of saturated fats are all risk factors.
You can reduce plaques by losing weight, increasing your physical activity, or eating fewer foods high in saturated fat. Doctors may also prescribe cholesterol-lowering medications in some cases.
Atherosclerosis is a common condition that occurs when a sticky substance known as plaque accumulates inside your arteries.
The leading cause of death in the United States is atherosclerosis-related disease.
Thus, the correct option is D.
For more details regarding Atherosclerosis, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1382544
#SPJ2
Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
A) Smoking cessation
B) Diet low in saturated fat and trans fat
C) Consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants
D) All of these are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.
Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPTA) growth of a multicellular organism.B) cell replacement.C) production of sperm and eggs.D) asexual reproduction.
Answer:
C) production of sperm and eggs
Explanation:
Sperms and eggs are the male and female gametes respectively. Formation of sperms and egg cells require meiotic cell division. Meiosis in sperm mother cells and egg mother cells reduces the chromosome number of half in the sperms and eggs. Meiosis also adds new gene combinations in these gametes by the process of crossing over.
Mitosis cannot reduce the chromosome number to half in the sperms and eggs. Absence of crossing over in mitosis leads to the formation of genetically identical progeny cells from mitosis.
Hence, mitosis can not form sperms and egg cells. If it does, the sperms and egg cells would not have genetic variations and there would be doubling of chromosome number with each round of sexual reproduction.
Mitosis is necessary for the growth of multicellular organisms, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction. However, it does not play a role in the production of sperm and eggs, which is conducted through Meiosis.
Explanation:Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical through a process known as mitosis. This process is fundamental for the growth of a multicellular organism, cell replacement in tissues throughout the body, and asexual reproduction in some organisms. However, when it comes to the production of sperm and eggs, a different kind of cell division occurs known as meiosis. Meiosis produces cells that are not genetically identical, therefore cell division via mitosis does not play a role in the production of sperm and eggs.
Learn more about Mitosis here:https://brainly.com/question/9809645
#SPJ3
Someone who is HIV positive and takes his/her arvs in time which led him to test when results shows negative. Can he transmit the virus to a partner who is negative?
Answer:
I believe the answer is No.
Explanation:
HIV is a virus which lacks the mechanism to reproduce since it is just an enclosed bunch of genetic material. With that in mind, it requires a mechanism to survive and reproduce and for that it targets the T-lymphocytes since the cells have receptors for the virus. It starts its cycle by attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and lastly budding. It adds it's genetic material to the DNA chains in the nucleus which the human cells replicate unknowingly. Most of the anti-retrovirals target to prevent this replication through targeting enzymes such as protease inhibitors. Taking of the drugs only reduces the replication of the virus lowering the viral count to less than 200 where we cannot count them anymore because they are widely distributed. Having a viral count <200 does not mean you are free of the virus but only that it is very low to be counted or cause significant health problems but the small number can still be transmitted if protection is not used.
Both a man and a woman are heterozygous for freckles. Freckles ( F) are dominant over no freckles ( f). What is the chance that their child will have freckles?
Answer:
75% chance or 3/4
Explanation:
If both parents are heterozygous and freckles is a dominant trait (F) then we can denote having no freckles as (f)
Using a punnett square, this will produce the following genotypes of the children:
FF, Ff, Ff and ff.
Therefore, there's a 3 out 4 chance or 75% of the children also inheriting freckles.
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers in pea plants. A gardener mates a purple plant with a white plant and records the offspring as having all purple flowers. The gardener just performed a(n) ________ and determined that the purple plant’s genotype was _________________
Answer:
The gardener performed hybrid crossing and the purple plant's genotype is: PP
Explanation:
Since we know the offspring's phenotype (appearance) is purple, the genotype can either be PP or Pp. We know that the farmer crossed a white plant, we can denote it's genotype as pp and a purple plant with a dominant trait. Because the farmer crossed the white plant with the purple plant, this tells us that the genotype of the purple plant must be PP.
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers in pea plants. By performing a monohybrid cross and observing all purple offspring, the gardener determined that the purple plant's genotype is PP.
Explanation:The gardener performed a monohybrid cross by mating a purple plant with a white plant. Since all the offspring had purple flowers, we can conclude that purple flowers are dominant. Therefore, the purple plant's genotype must be homozygous dominant for the purple flower color, which is represented as PP. This is because, even when crossed with a plant possessing the recessive white flower color (pp), all the offspring expressed the dominant purple flower color, meaning the purple parent must have had two dominant alleles to pass on.
Learn more about Monohybrid cross here:https://brainly.com/question/15314052
#SPJ3
A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs. Generation after generation, she allows only the quietest dogs to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dog with interesting traits, but on average, the dogs still bark at about the same rate as other dog breeds. Which of the following would be a logical explanation for her failure?
A. There is no variation for the trait (barking).
B. The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait.
C. The selection was artificial, not natural, so it did not produce evolutionary change.
D. There was no selection (differential reproductive success) related to barking behavior.
Answer: Option B
Explanation: There are basically two types of traits. Acquired and inherited traits.
Acquired traits: The traits that is acquired from the environment and cannot be inherited from one generation to another generation is known as acquired trait.
Such as time of barking, time of sleeping, amount of food that one animal eats.
Inherited traits: The traits that can be transferred from one generation to another generation is known as Inherited traits.
Example: fur color, height, eye color.
So, the condition here is rate of barking which is not a heritable trait and cannot transferred from one generation to another even by breeding for several generations(option B ).
Which of the following terms is defined as a relaxation technique that involves a sensation of heaviness, warmth, and tingling in the limbs? Progressive relaxation Autogenic training Bracing Neuromuscular relaxation
Answer: Autogenic training
Explanation:
Autogenic training is a kind of relaxation technique which can be used to reduce the anxiety. It is a self guided relaxation process, which concentrates over the sensations occurring within the body. This method of training was developed by J. H Schultz. This method creates a feeling of heaviness, which is useful in slowing down the breathing and heartbeat which usually raised during the anxiety. This method also generates a cool sense over the forehead and warmness in the body. The method can be practiced while lying down and sitting.
They discover that the chemical energy in the glucose produced added to the energy used to split water to make oxygen and to the heat lost in the process is equal to the energy of sunlight that was captured by chlorophyll. This is an illustration of what?
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a process performed by producing organisms in which the capture of solar energy and its transformation into chemical energy is observed.
Photosynthesis means synthesis by light, the process by which plants, algae and some bacteria use light energy to produce organic matter. Photosynthesis is the main means of energy production of autotrophic beings. This process usually uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to produce organic matter in the form of glycids, which will serve as food for the body, also releasing oxygen gas (O2) to the atmosphere in the process. Virtually all the oxygen that makes up Earth's present atmosphere is the result of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a long and complex process and it is in it that the chemical energy in glucose produced added to the energy used to divide water to produce oxygen and for the heat lost in the process is equal to the energy of sunlight that was captured by chlorophyll.
which kind of disturbance is most likely to precede primary succession?
Ava has arrived at the clinic for her well-child visit. She is 4 months old. Ava’s immunization record reveals that she has received the following vaccines: 2 doses of HepB 1 dose of Hib 1 dose of rotavirus 1 dose of PCV13 1 dose of DTaP 1 dose of IPV Which vaccines should Ava receive at today’s visit
Answer:
At 4 months old, the baby should receive the vaccines in order to get protected against the diseases like Diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, rotavirus, and pneumococcal infections. Thus, the child in the mentioned case will receive the second dose of DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV13 and rotavirus vaccine.
What happens when there is an error in the mechanisms by which chromosomes are passed down? What are some genetic disorders that can arise from mutations that are either inherited or acquired?
Answer:
Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways: ... These mutationsare also called germline mutationsbecause they are present in the parent's egg or sperm cells, which are also called germ cells. When an egg and a sperm cell unite, the resulting fertilized egg cell receives DNA from both parents.
The error takes place when the genes are copied and chromosomes are divided. They can lead to genetic disorders that are inherited.
What is gene mutation ?The mutation of the gene is the change in one or more genes that can lead to genetic disorders or the illness. The gene disorders are classified as per the 2 ways as germline mutations which are present in the parent's cells and are called germ cells. That can take place when the egg of the parent cell and the DNA unit.
Find out more information about the chromosomes
brainly.com/question/25810586.
Clinical trials model the effects of new drugs on human society. Which of the
following is used to avoid bias in a clinical trial of a new drug?
A. High self-confidence
B. Data manipulation
C. Double-blind testing
D. Personal interest
Answer:
Double-blind testing - C.
Double-blind testing is used to avoid bias in clinical trials for new drugs. Neither the participants nor researchers know who is receiving the new drug or a placebo, eliminating potential biases.
Explanation:The correct method to avoid bias in a new drug's clinical trial is double-blind testing. In a double-blind trial, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the new drug or a placebo, until the study is completed. This approach eliminates biases that might affect the results, such as the placebo effect, where a participant's symptom's might improve simply because they believe they are receiving medication, or researcher bias, where researchers might inadvertently influence the participants or interpret the results in a way that favors the new drug.
Learn more about Double-blind testing here:https://brainly.com/question/33000436
#SPJ2
The ____________ describes a species as groups of organisms that interbreed, have a shared ____________ , and are reproductively isolated from all other species.
Answer:
1. Biological species concept
2. Gene pool
Explanation:
Biological species concept defines the species as a group of individuals that can interbreed to produce fertile progeny. The individuals from two different species cannot interbreed and produce viable and fertile progeny. This means that two species are reproductively isolated from each other.
The total number of genes and alleles present in the individuals of a species makes its gene pool. Each species has its unique gene pool.
If humans did not breathe in O2, we would not _____. make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements have enough enzymes to catalyze reactions be able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules be able to perform lactic acid fermentation be affected because we can switch to alcoholic fermentation
Answer: If humans did not breathe in O2, we would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements
Explanation:
During the last step of aerobic cellular respiration, the respiratory chain where oxidative phosphorylation occurs, most of the ATP generated in cellular respiration occurs. This step is coupled with the reoxidation of the NADH and FADH2 molecules, which become NAD + and FAD, respectively. In this reoxidation, high energy electrons are released which, after losing their excess energy, reduce the oxygen gas to water molecules. The energy released gradually by the electrons during their transfer to the oxygen gas is used in the production of ATP.
Final answer:
Without oxygen, humans would not be able to produce enough ATP to meet energy requirements efficiently, as they would have to rely on less efficient processes such as lactic acid fermentation instead of aerobic respiration.
Explanation:
If humans did not breathe in O2, we would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements. Oxygen is crucial for aerobic cellular respiration, a metabolic process that produces a significant amount of ATP by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen. When oxygen is not available, cells resort to fermentation to produce ATP, but this process yields significantly less ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
Fermentation, such as lactic acid fermentation, allows for the continued production of ATP in the absence of oxygen by converting pyruvate into lactate. This process is crucial during situations where oxygen supply is limited, such as during intense exercise. However, it is not as efficient in meeting the body's energy demands as aerobic respiration. With a limited oxygen supply, the human body could not sustain high energy needs over extended periods, impacting many biological functions.
Moreover, aerobic respiration enables the complete breakdown of glucose molecules, yielding up to 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, as opposed to only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule via glycolysis in fermentation. This vast difference underscores the essential role of oxygen in efficiently meeting the body's energy requirements.
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
A. Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
B. Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins.
C. Connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses.
There are three types of connective tissue. Connective tissue is found lining body surfaces.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria
a. the ph of the matrix increases
b. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport
c. the electrona gain free energy
d. NAD is oxidized
Answer: a. the ph of the matrix increases
Explanation:
NADH and FADH2 molecules resulting from the Krebs cycle (by reducing respectively NAD + and Electron and proton carriers (e- and H +), are oxidized in the final reactions of cellular respiration, and the electrons and protons are captured by oxygen, the final acceptor. The flow of electrons along the respiratory chain causes the active transport of protons along the chain through the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Protons return to the mitochondrial matrix by diffusion - chemiosmosis - and at the same time, ADP undergoes oxidative phosphorylation forming ATP. Because of this movement of protons inside the matrix, the ph of the matrix increases.
In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ATP synthase uses proton gradient energy for ATP synthesis; electrons' energy decreases; NAD is oxidized; the pH of the matrix does not necessarily increase.
Explanation:The electron transport chain in mitochondria is part of the cellular respiration process during which energy is extracted from molecules such as glucose and transferred to other molecules (such as ATP, the main energy currency of the cell), a process that involves the flow of electrons. Here's what happens:
a. The pH of the matrix does not necessarily increase. The matrix contains a higher concentration of protons when the electron transport chain is active, which would actually decrease pH (meaning it becomes more acidic).b. ATP synthase does not pump protons, but it does utilize the energy from the flow of protons (down their gradient) to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). This is known as chemiosmosis.c. Electrons don't gain free energy. The energy of the electrons is actually decreased as they are passed along the electron transport chain, and this energy is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.d. NAD is indeed oxidized, it loses its electrons to the first complex of the chain, becoming NAD+.Learn more about electron transport chain here:https://brainly.com/question/24368622
#SPJ3
A. 13
B. 6
C. 4
D. 7
Answer:
4
Explanation: