Compare the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes whose function is to codify proteins that participate in the immune response, helping the system to recognize foreign substances to develop an immune response.

Histocompatibility or compatibility of tissue is given by self-identifications molecules (antigens) located on the surface of cells, membrane, these molecules are almost unique to each person, letting the body to distinguish self from non-self.

Answer:

d. One more neutron

Explanation:

Phosphorus-32 is known as a radioactive isotope of the phosphorus element. The nucleus of this isotope has 15 protons and 17 neutrons.

There is also Phosphorus-31 which is the most common isotope of phosphorus. This isotope has at its core 15 protons and 16 neutrons.

Therefore, the difference between them is one neutron more than the other.

The radioactive isotope 32P has one more neutron compared to 31P; the number of protons and the atomic number remain unchanged.

Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has one more neutron. Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. The atomic number, which represents the number of protons, remains the same across isotopes of the same element. Therefore, option a, different atomic number, and option b, one more proton, are incorrect because the atomic number for phosphorus is 15 for both isotopes, and therefore, the proton count is also the same. Option c, one more electron, is also incorrect because the number of electrons in a neutral atom matches the number of protons, which has not changed between these isotopes. 32P has one more neutron than 31P, making option d the correct answer.

Answer:

B. Low thermal conductivity

Explanation:

Thermal conductivity is the capability of a given material to conduct heat. It effectivly quantifies how easily that particular material enables heat transfer.

Remember that heat (thermic energy) always flows from a hotter body to a colder one. Whatever cold a body is, if we place a colder one in contact with it, heat will flow from the latter to the first one.

Materials with low thermal conductivity difficult the heat flow as they act as a resistance to that flow, basically because much more time and energy is required to heat them. In constrast, materials with high thermal conductivity ease the trasfer of heat, thus speeding the loss of heat from the hotter body to the colder one.

In our case, Lee is interested in reteining his own heat (preventing from getting cold), so sitting on a body made of a material with low thermal conductivity would be the best option to keep himself warm.

Answer: d. glucose

Explanation:

Cellular respiration starts with a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Then pyruvate oxidates and forms Acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle and ends up producing 36 ATP molecules that will be used as energy by the cell.

Other sugars can enter the cycle but must be turned into some intermediate molecule first. For example, fructose must be turned into fructose-6-phosphate, the third molecule used in glycolysis.

Answer:

a. the fish swam in a zigzag motion.

Explanation:

When someone quantifies (quantity) usually assigns a certain number (1,2,3 etc.) quality is a subjective measure that depends on the point of view of the observer like color, behaviour.

Answer:

Explained

Explanation:

Bone healing has three main processes and these stages are overlapping to each other. These processes are inflammation,bone production and bone remodeling.

Inflammation occurs immediately after the fracture and last several days. It enables clotting of blood. It provides initial structure stability and framework for new bone formation.  

Bone production occurs when the clotted blood formed by inflammation is replaced with fibrous tissues and cartilage as soft callous.

Bone remodeling is the final stage of the bone healing and it goes on for several months. Bone continues to form and compact. Bones returns to its original shape and the blood circulation in that area improves.

Answer:

Carrying capacity is defined a the ability of the natural ecosystem to take care of the environment which does not necessarily cause the resistance in population increase.

Explanation:

Answer:

binding regulatory subunits and inducing their release from the  catalytic subunits

Explanation:

cAMP molecules diffuse into the cytoplasm where they bind to an allosteric site on a regulatory subunit of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase ( protein kinase A,  PKA).

-In its inactive form, PKA is a  heterotetramer comprised of two subunits namely, regulatory (R) and two catalytic (C) subunits.

-The regulatory subunits normally inhibit  the catalytic activity of the enzyme. cAMP binding causes the  dissociation of the regulatory subunits, thereby releasing the  active catalytic subunits of PKA.

-cAMP stimulates glucose mobilization by  activating a protein kinase that adds a phosphate group  onto a specific serine residue of the glycogen phosphorylase  polypeptide.

What are the nephron?

Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney. There are about two million nephrons in each of our kidneys. Each nephron has a network of glomelural capillaries called  glomerulus where blood filtration occurs, and the renal tabule which is where the filtered fluid is converted to urine.

How they work?

The nephrons act as a filter, cleaning our blood. Unwanted metabolites like urea and creatinine are taken from the blood, as well as high amounts of sodium. The filtered fluid flows from inside Bowman's capsule (epithelial cells surrounding the glomerulus) and from there into the proximal tubule (see attached figure at the end). From the tubule, fluid flows into several other ducts until it reaches the ducts where collectors will empty into the renal pelvis.

Nephrons are functional units in the kidney that play a vital role in filtering blood and forming urine. They undergo three principal biological processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Ultimately, these nephrons contribute to the creation of urine from the filtrate, maintain body homeostasis, and help excrete potential toxins.

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, critical for the filtration of blood and the formation of urine. Composed of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule, they take a straightforward filtrate of the blood and transform it into urine, a process that involves three principal functions: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The glomerulus is a significant part of the nephron; it functions as a specialized capillary bed that enables the filtration process.

The filtration process uplifts almost all solutes, except proteins, from the bloodstream into the glomerulus, a process known as glomerular filtration. Next, the filtrate is collected in the renal tubules where most solutes are reabsorbed in a process known as tubular reabsorption. The filtrate then interacts with solutes and water in the loop of Henle, where further reabsorption occurs. Subsequently, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the kidney tubules during tubular secretion. The final product, urine, is then collected from the filtrate in the collecting ducts.

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Answer:

The correct answer will be-

1. Evolutionary unity-  DNA

2. specialized cellular modifications- plant cells have chloroplasts and large central vacuole.

Explanation:

Case I

Evolutionary unity is a concept which explains that all the organisms possess some common structure or universal structure or molecules.

The best characterized evolutionary molecule is DNA molecule which took the role of genetic material in past and is passed on to the daughter cells and still is made up of the same components which are a five-carbon sugar, four types of nitrogenous bases and a phosphate group. This DNA molecule is present in almost every organism except for a few viruses.

Case II

The specialization of the cellular components depends on the function a cell has to perform which became established in the population. The plant cells depended on the sunlight to prepare food for themselves which was done by the chloroplast organelle which is absent in the animal kingdom.

Cell structures like ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei reveal evolutionary unity. Specialized cellular modifications, such as the dendrites and axons in neurons, demonstrate diversity.

The cell structures that best reveal evolutionary unity are the organelles that are universally present in cells across different species, such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei among others. These organelles play fundamental roles in cellular life processes, indicating that all life forms evolved from a common ancestor which also possessed these structures.

An example of diversity related to specialized cellular modifications can be seen in neuron cells. These cells have specialized structures known as dendrites and axons, which enable them to perform their specific function of transmitting electrical signals throughout the body. Other cells may also exhibit modifications in their structure, size, and shape according to their specific functions.

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Answer:a. The normal gene function is required for the viability of the zebrafish.

Explanation:

It is mentioned that if the gene responsible for forming stripes on its body is inactivated by mutation then fish without stripes will produced.

This will lead to the absence of phenotypic character that is strips on the fish. The other genes which are responsible for the survival of the fish will function normally thus this will be untrue that normal functioning of the gene required for expressing horizontal strips is also necessary for the survival and viability of the zebrafish.

Answer:

B) acetic acid or acetyl CoA

Explanation:

At the end of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of 3carbon pyruvate. In the next step, the 3 carbon pyruvate is converted into 2 carbon compound called acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).

The acetyl CoA is the initiator of the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. In the respiration process, acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is the oxidative decarboxylation reaction. In this reaction coenzyme NAD⁺ is e reduced to form NADH and removal of the carboxylic acid group and subsequent conversion into CO₂.

Final answer:

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) is the 2-carbon molecule that enters the Krebs cycle following the catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Explanation:

The 2-carbon molecule that results from the catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and enters the Krebs cycle is known as acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is first broken down to form pyruvate, which is then converted into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, a reaction facilitated by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This reaction includes the decarboxylation of pyruvate, which loses a carbon atom in the form of carbon dioxide, and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The resulting two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA then combines with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, to form the six-carbon molecule citrate, signaling its entry into the Krebs cycle.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-B.

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is a slow process which produces energy from the oxidation of food components which could be glucose, fatty acids and proteins.

The process proceeds in four steps: glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

The energy molecules are produced when a high energy electron gets reduced and the released energy is stored in the form of energy molecules which could be ATP or energy equivalents like NADH and FADH₂.

These reducing equivalents donate its electrons during electron transport chain where the electrons flow to the last electron acceptor called oxygen.

Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.

Option B is correct.  The correct order of electron travel downhill is

[tex]\rm \bold {Food\rightarrow NADH \rightarrow \texttt{Electron transport chain} \rightarrow Oxygen}[/tex]

Aerobic Respiration is the process by which food convert to energy.

It completes in few steps

So,option B is Correct. other sequences are incorrect.

Hence we can say that the correct order of electron Down hill is

[tex]\rm \bold {Food\rightarrow NADH \rightarrow \texttt{Electron transport chain} \rightarrow Oxygen}[/tex]

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Answer:

b. forward mutation, suppressor mutation

Explanation:

When the nucleotide sequence of an organism is altered, it is called as mutation. It can be caused by DNA damage or replication errors. In forward mutation, the wild type allele is converted to a mutant version such that the gene product is non functional or its not produced at all. Suppressor mutation is the second mutation which reverses the phenotypic effects of the previous mutation. This process is called as synthetic rescue.

Since here gene X was converted into a mutant form by the mutation, it had undergone forward mutation. When gene Y was mutated, the function of gene X was  restored which ultimately also restored the phenotype hence it is an example of suppressor mutation.

Answer:

The organism is sterile because parts of the chromosomes in the zygote will only have a  single set of chromosomes rather than the ideal pair. The arctic fox will produce gamates with 25 chromosomes (a single set) while the red fox will produce gametes with 19 chromosomes (another set). These gametes are supposed to fuse and have their chromosomes paired. However notice that the offspring will have (25 – 19) six (6)  unpaired chromosomes. This means that during the formation of gametes in this hybrid offspring, there will be an issue in meiosis I which will result in nonviable gametes.

Final answer:

The hybrid offspring of an arctic fox and a common red fox will have 44 chromosomes. Infertility is likely due to improper pairing and segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, preventing normal gamete formation.

Explanation:

If an arctic fox with 50 chromosomes (25 per set) breeds with a common red fox with 38 chromosomes (19 per set), their offspring will have a number of chromosomes that is the average of both parents. This means the offspring will have 44 chromosomes total. The process of meiosis is likely to present problems for the hybrid offspring because meiosis relies on the pairing of homologous chromosomes. As the parental species have different numbers of chromosomes, the offspring's chromosomes cannot pair and segregate properly during meiosis. This results in the production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to infertility of the hybrid offspring.

Answer:

The correct answer is E. Answer choices a, b, and c.

Explanation:

There can be many causes for a gram standard culture to appear red like if we use decolorizer for a long time then even the gram-positive cells present in the culture will lose their dye and become decolorized. Then they appear red after counterstaining with safranin.

If a gram-positive culture is older than 24 hours they can appear red because after 24 hours because the peptidoglycan starts degenerating and fails to persist crystal violet it their walls.

Iodine makes complex with crystal violet which is retained by peptidoglycan present in gram-positive cell wall. So when we forgot to add iodine crystal violet will not be retained and cells will appear pink.

Thus, the correct answer is E. Answer choices a, b, and c.

Answer:

C. During meiotic division, the members of the chromosome pairs regroup themselves into the original combinations derived from the individual's mothers and father for separation into haploid gametes.

Explanation:

During meiosis, there is a random segregation of chromosomes. Metaphase-I of meiosis-I includes alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at the cell's equator.

During anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are separated from each other and move towards the opposite poles. This segregation of homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles is a random event and creates unique combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes at each pole and finally in each gamete.

Answer:

Explanation:

In the members of the class ascomycetes such as yeast, two haploid yeast cells of two different stains or mating types fuse to form a diploid zygote. Zygote quickly undergoes meiosis or reductional division to form four haploid spores called a tetrad. The tetrad is contained in a sac-like structure called an ascus or fruiting body. Formation of ascus is the characteristic feature of ascomycetes. In the ascus tetrad are not arranged in any specific order. The tetrad are called random or unordered spores. The genetic analysis of the genotypes in the tetrad can tell us about the events during meiosis.

Answer:

C) Lactobacillus

Explanation:

Lactobacilli form part of the natural flora of the vagina producing lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide which keep the pH acidic and prevent the growth of yeast.

Answer: b and c

Explanation:

Answer:

Option B,  Their volumes are the same, and their masses are different.

Explanation:

Two metallic cubes made of different metal types can have same volume and shape and size but their weight will always be different due to difference in physical properties such as density.

For example two cubes of volume 10 cubic meter each have same volume but since one cube is made up of aluminium and the other cube is made up of iron, both the two cubes with similar shape, size and volume will have different mass

Hence, option B is correct.

Answer:

The correct answer is c.  A:C

Explanation:

Thymine and guanine are most stable in their keto form and adenine and cytosine are most stable in their amino form. Sometimes these bases undergo tautomeric shift(proton shift) which converts them into rare less stable form called tautomeric form which are imino and enol form.

In this rare form, these bases can pair with the base which are not complementary to them. Like adenine base pairs with cytosine and guanine base pairs with thymine when present in rare form.

When these tautomeric forms of nucleotides incorporated in DNA they may cause mutation in the DNA.

Therefore the correct answer is c.  A:C .

Answer:A. Anorexia nervosa

Explanation: this shows signs of anorexia because she doesnt eat much. Anorexia is when people deorive themselfs of food and try to become as skinny as possible. A lot of people do this because they feel uncomfortable with their body, or if their going through a hard time in their life and doing this help them cope....it then becomes an addiction. Some people think this is signs of bulimia...but bulimia is actually somone eating but purging themselfs after they eat.

Answer:

Thanks for you question. Your hypothesis suggests a linear relationship between serum Cholesterol levels and MI. This hypothesis seems to ignore the difference in the prevalence and effectiveness of LDL receptors in the FH patient.

FH patients who have inherited the mutation from both parents have very few LDL receptors in their blood and therefore almost no ability to pass the unused Cholesterol through the liver. FH patients who are heterozygous will have more LDL receptors although both will find Cholesterol removal problematic without the addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor.

In short, your hypothesis need to account for other factors that are in play.

Explanation:

Consider my case. I am a 64 year old male who has Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Before treatment at age 12 my Total cholesterol was 510 mg/dl. My genetic testing shows two mutations to the LDL Receptor gene with only one mutation being pathogenic. My first heart attack was at 47 and first stroke at 62. My current LDL is too low to detect with the use of a PCSK9 inhibitor (Repatha®).

Answer:

(a) AABBCC × aabbcc->AaBbCc     → 1

(b) AABbCc × AaBbCc->AAbbCC   → 1/32

(c) AaBbCc × AaBbCc->AaBbCc     → 1/8

(d) aaBbCC × AABbcc->AaBbCc    → 1/2

Explanation:

In such cases we calculate the probability of each allelic pair separately.

(a) AABBCC × aabbcc -> AaBbCc  

Aa  Aa   Aa  Aa           Bb  Bb  Bb  Bb         Cc  Cc  Cc  Cc

↓                                   ↓                                ↓  

4/4 = 1                          4/4 = 1                       4/4 = 1    

In case of gene A, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 4 will be Aa so the probability is 4/4 = 1.

In case of gene B, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 4 will be Bb so the probability is 4/4 = 1.

In case of gene C, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 4 will be Cc so the probability is 4/4 = 1.

So, the total probability of getting AaBbCc   = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1.                

(b) AABbCc × AaBbCc -> AA bb CC

AA  AA   Aa  Aa           BB  Bb  Bb  bb         CC  Cc  Cc  cc

↓                                                        ↓           ↓  

2/4                                                    1/4          1/4

In case of gene A, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 2 will be AA so the probability is 2/4.

In case of gene B, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 1 will be bb so the probability is 1/4.

In case of gene C, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 1 will be CC so the probability is 1/4.

So, the total probability of getting AA bb CC = 2/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/32.

(c) AaBbCc × AaBbCc -> AaBbCc

AA  Aa   Aa  aa           BB  Bb  Bb  bb         CC  Cc  Cc  cc

        ↓                                  ↓                               ↓  

       2/4                               2/4                           2/4

In case of gene A, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 2 will be Aa so the probability is 2/4.

In case of gene B, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 2 will be Bb so the probability is 2/4.

In case of gene C, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 2 will be Cc so the probability is 2/4.

So, the total probability of getting AaBbCc = 2/4 x 2/4 x 2/4 = 1/8.

(d) aaBbCC × AABbcc->AaBbCc

Aa  Aa   Aa  Aa               BB  Bb  Bb  bb          Cc  Cc  Cc  Cc

      ↓                                        ↓                                ↓  

4/4 = 1                                       2/4                          4/4 = 1    

In case of gene A, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 4 will be Aa so the probability is 4/4 = 1.

In case of gene B, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 2 will be Bb so the probability is 2/4.

In case of gene C, out of the 4 probable allelic combinations, 4 will be Cc so the probability is 4/4 = 1.

So, the total probability of getting AaBbCc = 1 x 2/4 x 1 = 1/2.

a. The probability for a cross of AABBCC × aabbcc to produce AaBbCc is: 1.

b. The probability for a cross of AABbCc × AaBbCc to produce AAbbCC is: [tex]\frac{1}{32}[/tex]

c. The probability for a cross of AaBbCc × AaBbCc to produce AaBbCc is: [tex]\frac{1}{8}[/tex]

d. The probability for a cross of aaBbCC × AABbcc to produce AaBbCc is: [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

Recall:

Thus, the images below shows the various outcome of each cross.

a. Figure A shows the cross between:

AABBCC × aabbcc

The genotype of all offspring produced are only AaBbCc.

Therefore, the probability for a cross of AABBCC × aabbcc to produce AaBbCc is: 1.

b. Figure B shows the cross between:

AABbCc × AaBbCc

From the cross, there are only 2 AAbbCC out of 64 offspring produced.

Therefore, the probability for a cross of AABbCc × AaBbCc to produce AAbbCC is: [tex]\frac{1}{32}[/tex]

c. Figure C shows the cross between:

AaBbCc × AaBbCc

From the cross, there are only 8 AaBbCc out of 64 offspring produced.

Therefore, the probability for a cross of AaBbCc × AaBbCc to produce AaBbCc is: [tex]\frac{1}{8}[/tex]

d. Figure D shows the cross between:

aaBbCC × AABbcc

From the cross, there are only 32 AaBbCc out of 64 offspring produced.

Therefore, the probability for a cross of aaBbCC × AABbcc to produce AaBbCc is: [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

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Answer:

The correct answer will be option-true.

Explanation:

Orchidectomy or orchi is the surgical procedure performed to remove the male reproductive organ of humans especially testicles.

This procedure is performed to treat testicular cancer, to manage prostate cancer and testicular torsion.  Once a testicle is removed, the person becomes infertile,  may lose sexual interest, high production of estrogen and breast enlargement.

Thus, option-true is the correct answer.

Primates are characterized by their arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and investment in parenting. These traits include the ability to live in trees, the ability to eat a wide range of foods, and the high level of care given to offspring.

Primates are best characterized by option (B): arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment. Arboreal adaptation refers to a primate's ability to live in trees, which is supported by physical characteristics such as flexible joints and dexterous hands and feet. Dietary plasticity means having a varied diet, which for primates can range from fruits and leaves to insects and small animals. Parental investment in primates is high, with both male and female primates caring for offspring and teaching them necessary survival skills.

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Primates are characterized by unique physical features such as forward-facing eyes, adapted limbs for climbing trees, and a large brain relative to body size.

Primates are characterized by several distinct physical features that distinguish them from other mammals. These features include forward-facing eyes, adapted hands and feet for climbing trees, a large brain relative to body size, and nails instead of claws. Additionally, primates typically have one offspring per pregnancy and show a trend toward holding their bodies upright.

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The zygote resulting from the fertilization will have the genotype a B c D E. The gametes (sperms or eggs) produced by the offspring of this zygote can vary, due to the heterozygous nature of B, C, and E loci, resulting in various combinations of these alleles along with homozygous 'a' and 'D'.

Possible Genotypes of Zygotes and Gametes

When a mouse sperm of genotype a B C D E fertilizes an egg of genotype a b c D e, we can predict the resulting genotypes of (a) the zygote and (b) the gametes produced by the offspring of such a mating.

(a) Zygote Genotype

Each gene locus will combine one allele from the sperm and one allele from the egg to form the genotype of the zygote. The possible genotype for the zygote in this case will be a B c D E, as the alleles will combine as follows:

'a' from both the sperm and the egg (homozygous recessive).

'B' from the sperm and 'b' from the egg (heterozygous).

'C' from the sperm and 'c' from the egg (heterozygous).

'D' from both the sperm and the egg (homozygous dominant).

'E' from the sperm and 'e' from the egg (heterozygous).

(b) Gamete Genotype of Baby Mouse

Each gamete (sperm or egg) produced by the offspring will contain one allele for each gene, and these alleles can come in different combinations depending on the genetic diversity resulting from meiosis. Since 'D' is homozygous, all gametes will have 'D'. For genes 'B', 'C', and 'E' where the offspring is heterozygous, different combinations of the alleles can be produced resulting in gametes with genotypes such as 'B C E', 'b c e', 'B c E', 'b C e', etc.

Answer:

Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes, in males it is referred as spermatogenesis and in females it is called oogenesis.

Explanation:

Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis:

1. Spermatogenesis is formation of sperms from spermatogonia and oogenesis is formation of ova from oogonium.

2. Location: Production of sperms occur in testis and production of ova occurs in ovaries.

3. In males, spermatogenesis begins at puberty and its a continuous process till death whereas in females, oogenesis begins at fetal stages, it halts and rest of the process occurs after puberty till menopause.

4. Primary spermatocyte undergoes  meiosis-I to form two secondary spermatocytes, whereas primary oocyte undergoes to M-I to form a single secondary oocyte with a polar body.

5. Meiosis-II results in the formation of 4 spermatids or spermatozoa, in females however M-II results in only one ovum and second polar body formation.

6. Overall we can say that single spermatogonium forms 4 spermatids whereas single oogonium forms only 1 ovum.

7. Sperms are motile where as ovum in non-motile.

Answer:

A. True

Explanation:

I hope I was helpful!