Concerning half-life of hormones
A. Hormones with shorter half-life are maintained at more constant levels in the blood.
B. Hormones with shorter half-life regulate activities with a slow onset and long duration
C. Lipid soluble hormones generally have a longer half-life.
D. Lipid soluble hormones are degraded rapidly by enzymes
E. Water soluble hormones usually combine with plasma proteins.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Pacemaker cells, unlike other neurons in the body, can depolarized themselves (and therefore can fire action potentials) without the need of an external innervation of the autonomic nervous system.  

Each class of pacemaker cells has its own intrinsic rate.

For example, sinoatrial node rate is 60-100 bpm (the normal heart frequency).  

The atrioventricular node is also part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. When the sinoatrial node fails, atrioventricular node takes the lead (40-60 bpm).

Answer: A) fats.

Explanation:

The fats are the biomolecules which are essential for the survival of the living beings. These are the energy reservoirs of the body. They store energy in the body more than the carbohydrates or proteins. These fats are stored in the form of triesters, which when hydrolyzed results in the formation of the tri-alcohol glycerol and three fatty acids. This process releases energy.

Fats are the nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized, providing approximately 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more than double the energy density of carbohydrates and proteins.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are fats. Fats provide a more concentrated form of energy compared to other macronutrients, offering about 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more than twice the energy provided by both carbohydrates and proteins, which supply roughly 4 kilocalories per gram. While carbohydrates and proteins are essential for the body, fats are the most energy-dense macronutrients. This is supported by the body's ability to synthesize fat from carbohydrates, although there are three essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from the diet.

Answer:

The correct answer is - efferent arterioles.

Explanation:

The afferent arterioles are the vessels that bring the blood to the glomerulus and their blood filtered and the substance that is not filtered into the renal corpuscles and tubules such as amino acids, RBC and other large molecules are directed to the efferent arterioles.

Efferent arterioles are the vessels that carry the blood and substances that are not filtered from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries to VESA-recta and ultimately to vena ceva.

Thus, the correct answer is option - efferent arterioles.

Answer:

Explanation:

Simulations are the models which can be used to mimic and study the anatomical and physiological make up of the human body. It can help in teaching the fact that low different organs of the body are related to each other and how blood and other body fluids move and excreted out from the body. This can be used to demonstrate the cause of various diseases.

Thus simulations can help in improving the health.

Answer:c. Respiratory cavity

Explanation:

The thoracic cavity is the chamber of vertebrate body. The center region of the thoracic cavity is called as mediastinum, whereas left and right pleural cavities are adjacent to the mediastinum. The thoracic cavity does not include the respiratory cavity.

The thoracic cavity includes the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, but not the respiratory cavity.

The divisions of the thoracic cavity include the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, but do not include the respiratory cavity. The term 'respiratory cavity' is not standardly used in human anatomy. Instead, we refer to the areas of the lungs individually (such as the pleural cavities) or in bulk (the thoracic cavity).

The left pleural cavity and right pleural cavity contain the lungs, while the mediastinum houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures of the chest.

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Answer:

The best answer to the question: IP3 is thought to produce its biologic effects by:___, would be, C: promoting release of calcium from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm.

Explanation:

The means by which a cell may respond to stimuli generated from the outside of it, be it by a neurotransmitter, or a hormone, or any other substance, is pretty complex, and a ball dance of chemical components. However, there is one pathway of intracellular activation that requires IP3. IP3 (Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate) is a second messenger, found in the cytoplasm of the cell and which will be in charge of relying signals delivered to the cell through the plasma membrane towards the organelles, and especially the endoplasmic reticulum, where calcium ions are stored. IP3 will bind chemically to its own receptor (IP3R), which is bound to calcium channels in the ER. When IP3 binds to this receptor, the channels will open and the ER will release its stored calcium ions into the cytoplasm.

Answer:

The correct answer is c. IgM

Explanation:

IgM is the first class of antibody which is produced by the body during primary response to antigen. IgM is the largest antibody and is present on the surface of B lymphocytes.

It controls the activation of B-cell and is released by B cell in the circulation to provide first line of defense to the body against any infection. It is a pentameric antibody found in the blood and due to pentameric in nature it has high avidity for antigen binding and processing.

It is responsible for agglutination reaction and protect us from viral and bacterial infection. It consists about 5-10% of total antibodies present in the body.

Answer: E. All of the above

Explanation:

Hormones are called as the chemical messengers.  These are secreted by the specialized cells of body and their action is on other cells of the body that are called as the target. The following can alter the hormonal levels in the body:

A. Changes in mineral and nutrient plasma levels: The minerals and nutrients can supports the amount of secretion of the hormones.

B. Pituitary tumor: The pituitary gland is a secretor of various hormones if the tumor produces over the pituitary gland then this will lead to the inhibition of hormone secretion from pituitary.

C. Transatlantic flight: The flight above the dense ocean is called as transatlantic flight. This may be responsible for increase in secretion of hormones which are responsible for increasing the stress and anxiety.

D. Training for the Olympics: In such a situation, the hormones which can increase the performance will be released such as testosterone.

Answer:

The answer to the question: A reflex that occurs without traveling to the CNS for integration is known as a:___ reflex, would be: arc reflex, which is divided into monosynaptic and polysinaptic reflexes.

Explanation:

The reflex arc shows that when there is neural stimulation, this stimuli will not always reach the brain for integration. Most reflexes are reactions to a stimuli that do not involve brain integration or involvement and are dealt with directly in the spinal cord. This arc is divided into two groups: monosynaptic, meaning that only one neural pathway has been stimulated and thus only a specific region will react, or polysinaptic, which means that more than one neural pathway has been stimulated and will generate a reaction from the regions that they ennervate.

Answer:

The answer to these multiple questions is pretty broad and long because the GI tract is probably one of the most diverse, complex, and function-filled systems of the human body.

1. To begin with, the GI tract has a main purpose, which is to ingest, digest, process, absorb and excrete the unnecessary waste that comes from the processes mentioned before. All of these have to do with fulfilling the main function of the GI tract, which is, to provide nutrients to the body through food and fluid intake. In order to fulfill this purpose, the tract is packed with muscles, accessory organs, blood vessels, nerve terminals and innervation and lymphatic vessels that willl aid in this process.

2. During the passage of food through the system there are a series of chemical steps that need to be taken, in order to be able to substract the necessary nutrients from food. In order to do this, the body counts with enzymes, chemical proteinic substances produced by different GI organs to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Among the ones that we have are: amylase, pepsin, tripsin, pancreatic lipase, deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease. All of these work on different molecules in food, like fats and carbs, and will allow the body to use them.

3. The GI tract also has hormonal activities, mostly related with the correct functioning of the entire system when food is present and nutrition is a must. Some of the enteroendocrine hormones are: gastrin, cholesystokinin and secretin, only to mention some.

4. The bacteria that populates our GI tracts are known as enterobacteria, they are mostly gram negative bacteria, like E. Coli, whose function is to further aid in the extraction and digestion of nutrients in food, once the chyme reaches the large intestine. These bacteria are from the enterobacteriaceae family and comprise more than 200 species.

Answer:

1. Trachea

2. Main bronchi

3. Lobar bronchi

4. Segmental bronchi

5. Smaller bronchi

6. Bronchioles

7. Respiratory bronchioles

8. Terminal bronchioles

9. Alveolar ducts

10. Alveoli

Explanation:

The bronchial tree begins with the trachea and branches into smaller ducts that eventually lead the air to the alveoli, where oxygen performs the gas exchange with carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood.

The trachea branches into the main bronchi, each one branches into the lobar bronchi (the bronchi that enters into the lungs) in the left lobe we found two lobar bronchi and in the right lobe three lobar bronchi, each lobar bronchi divides further into segmental bronchi, which branches into smaller bronchi, these branch more and more into small conducts named bronchioles until they reach the alveoli (tiny air bags at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are in contact with the capillaries for gas exchange)

Answer:

D.  Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Explanation:

During inspiration, incoming air travels through the following structures, in which order?

Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, alveoli

Alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Answer:

This case is called hormonal resistance.

Explanation:

Hormonal resistance is a situation in which a hormone is present in normal or increased amounts but there´s no biological effect. This can occur as the result of a defective receptor or decrease in the affinity of this with its specific ligand (the hormone). Hormonal resistance is caused by genetic alterations or mutations.

For example, there is a pathology called resistance to thyroideus hormones which is majorly caused by mutations in the receptors of thyroideus hormones. This situation implies an alteration to the response of the action of thyroideus hormones what leads to an increase in this hormone, but the expected effect is not seen. Thyroideus hormones play an important role in the regulation of the metabolism, brain development, and others. So, the previous situation leads to a dysregulation principally in the metabolism in the body. if is a central resistance the person will have hypothyroidism but if it is peripheric the person will present hyperthyroidism

Another example of hormonal resistance could be the insulin resistance, which is seen in so many diabetics patients in those days. The insulin regulates the metabolism of glucose, so when this situation is observed, the patients although they have levels of this hormone in normal or higher concentration, the physiological effect is not observed.

Answer: I agree with the autor

Explanation:

When we use the metric system we have more security of everything that we are doing. For example: In health when you go to the doctor and he prescribes you some medicine you have to take the exact amount of each medicine so you can get better.  If you go to another country with the prescribtion they will know the exact amount of medicine that yo are taking because the metric system its known all over the world.

The metric system is used around the world to avoid mistakes, imagine that you are going into surgery and your doctor has to make a procedure on your skin and has to cut 3 inches from a tumor that you have, but the doctor gets sick and this day another doctor from other country has to make the surgery, he will probably make a mistake because inches its unit different that the one used in many countries.  

Answer:

Considering these as two questions with the same purpose of answering if they are true, or false, these would be the answers and explanations:

1. Steorid hormones are stored and then released in large quantities into the blood?, the answer would be: False. Steroid hormones, given their excitatory function, are usually not stored and simply released in large quantities into the blood steam. Rather, they will be produced as the different systems, especially the reproductive system, requires them, and will be released when nerve signals initiate the process of release of them, especially during puberty, when they are most needed, and later on, during reproductive life. But these are not released in great quantities, nor are they stored. They are produced as needed.

2. Sperm is stored and matures in the epididymis, this is True. Sperm is usually produced by the testis, the male reproductive organs per se. However, these sperm are still in need of maturation, and this they achieve in the epididymis, especially in the head and body of this organ that sits atop the testis. As the sperm matures, they move towards the tail of the epididymis, and are stored there for use.

Answer:

The correct answer to the questions: What is the name of the medical term for an abnormal condition of artery hardening, and why is it dangerous to have this disease? would be as follows:

1. The name of the disease in which the walls of the arteries become hardened and the lumen of the vessels through which the blood flows become constricted, is atherosclerosis, or also arteriosclerotic vascular disease. This disease speaks about the deposition of fatty and triglyceride globes on the walls of the arteries, causing an obstruction of the lumen, and therefore difficulting the passage of blood through them. Also, these deposits make the normal flexibility and resilience of the arteries much less, which is why it seems like the vessels were becoming hardened.

2. It is a very dangerous condition precisely because of what it implies. First, by reducing the blood flow through the arteries, the organs that depend on the proper arrival of oxygenated blood to them, and the removal of waste, for proper functioning, start to suffer the consequences. One such organs are the kidneys, whose cells begin to die, and the organ to be damaged, due to a lack of proper oxygenation, and because they have to work double to filter the blood that flows to them. The other reason is that the body responds to the lowering of blood flow by increasing arterial pressure on the walls. This further decreases flow due to obstruction, and also increases the suffering of the organs, like the kidneys. If atherosclerotic disease is not controlled, it can lead to permanent loss of organs, and even death.

Arteriosclerosis is the medical term for artery hardening. This disease is dangerous because it reduces or blocks blood flow, leading to serious complications like heart attacks, strokes, or heart failure.

The medical term for an abnormal condition of artery hardening is Arteriosclerosis. This disease is dangerous because it can lead to serious complications. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body. When these arteries harden and lose their elasticity, blood flow can be reduced or blocked. This can lead to heart attacks, strokes, or other serious health problems. The hardened arteries also make it harder for the heart to pump blood, which can strain the heart and potentially lead to heart failure.

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Answer:

The best answer for the question: Gonadal dysgenesis that results in XY females occurs because of which of the following?, would be, D: Duplication of SOX9 0n chromosome 17.

Explanation:

Sexual differentiation is a pretty complex balance between genetics that can be offset given the right circumstances. Essentially, human males should carry the chromosomal combination XY, while females should have the XX combination. And the reproductive organs that evolve from this chromosomal combination, should be accordingly (known as sexual phenotype). However, this is not always the case and there have been cases of males with XX combinations and females with XY. Essentially, what this means is that, given the mutations that are caused by these gene combinations, and the coding proteins that they produce, a person´s genetic sex may not be coherent with the phenotype. In women who present the abnormal combination of XY, and tus present with what is known as gonadal dysgenesis (organs do not express genetic sex), the reason for this comes from the presence of the SRY gene, typical in the XY combination. The presence of this gene will activate the sex-determinant SRY-box9, better known as SOX9, which has the capacity to, if present, cause sex reversal, even in XX females.

Answer: True

Explanation:

At 40-60 beats per minute the cells of Artrioventicular node normally discharge and at this rate it is known as secondary pacemaker.

The electrical conducting system after this secondary pacemaker is known as Bundle of His. The right and left branches along with the Purkinje Fibres will produce action potential at the rate of 30 to 40 per minutes.

The failure of SA and AV node both fails then the cells becomes pacemaker.

Answer:

The best answer from the list of choices for the question: A group of many similar cells that work together to perform specific function is referred to as this level of organization:___, would be, C: Tissue.

Explanation:

Just like other systems, the human body is also organized in hierarchical structures. Our most basic unit is called the cell, and as the stepladder ascends, these cells join together and have similarities among them, so that all of them can perform similar functions, or the same function, all at once. When this level is reached, in which the organization of cells performs the same specific function, as a group, we are talking about tissues. Organs are the conjunction of several tissues that come together and work as a group. And, an organization of organs, whose purpose is very similar in manner, that work as a team, are known as organ systems, like the GI system, or the nervous system. In the case of the question, we have tissues first.

Answer: They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence.

Explanation:

Clinical practice guidelines are the statements that involves the recommendations which are intended to ensure the care of patients. It is intended to provide information to the patients in a systematic manner of review of evidences which gives an in-site of the benefits and harms associated with the care options. These guidelines are measurable, feasible and achievable.

Answer:

The process of gas exchange, meaning the entrance of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide, is a pretty complex process that depends on quite a few factors to be successful.

One such factor is the position of the capillaries that branch off from both the pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries towards the alveoli, which is where blood and air will come into indirect contact (divided by a layer of cells only, and fluid) to be able to exchange their gases. As such, when the pulmonary arteries, and veins, branch out, they form an intricate mesh around each individual alveoli, basically surrounding it, and joining together. This means that capillaries both from the veins and the arteries come together to form a sort of net that surrounds individual alveoli in the lungs. This formation allows for maximum surface contact and increaseses the exchange capabilities.

Answer:

the process of gas exchange

Explanation:

ANSWER:

The correct options are B: Pain, unilateral, bilateral or diffuse in the abdomen and D: Dark red or brown vaginal bleeding.

EXPLANATION:

Answer:

The answer to the question: The "zona reticularis" of the adrenal cortex produces:___, would be, A: Androgens.

Explanation:

The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal, are glands that sit atop the kidneys and are central to the production of several hormones that mediate on metabolism, sexual characteristics and reproduction activities, among many others. The two glands, one on each kidney, has a very particular shape, and both are divided into the following layers: adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex is further divided into three layers itself: glomerulosa, fasciculata and finally, the innermost is known as the zona reticularis. This particular layer produces androgens, most important of which is androstenedione (precursor for testosterone) and DHEA. These hormones will later move on to the gonads where they will be activated.

Answer:

The correct answer is e) Collecting duct, aldosterone, vasopressin

Explanation:

ADH( antidiuretic hormone) is called vasopressin formed by the hypothalamus gland and released when the body is under stress of shortage of water.  

This hormone binds to the water channel receptors present in the collecting duct and opens them. Then the water is released in the interstitial space and returns to the blood by reabsorption.

Decrease in the blood flow results in the release of aldosterone which regulates the blood pressure by absorbing the water and sodium ions from the collecting duct increasing blood volume and osmolarity.

Answer:

The correct answer is option B. dirtier.

Explanation:

Air inhaled through the mouth would be dirtier than air inhaled through the nose. The layer of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity assists the nose to filter the air and moist it. This membrane helps in trapping dirt and other particles and prevents to get in the lungs.

Whereas inhaling through the mouth it is not the case filter is not present however it provides moisture and warmth but as much as the nose provides.

Thus, the correct answer is option B. dirtier.

Answer: False

Explanation:

Periodontitis is a gum infection in which the soft tissues of the gums and the bone that supports your teeth are destroyed. Periodontitis can cause loss of tooth by teeth loosening. Gingivitis is a common type of periodontal disease. In gingivitis the gums become red and puffy, that bleed while brushing of teeth.

Answer: True

Explanation:

Neutrophiles are the most numerous type of white blood cells that is found in blood.

This is one of the most important member of immune system as it has a job of eliminating the pathogens from blood during the time of inflammatory reaction.

Neutrophills kill the bacteria by the process of phagocytosis, process in which the cell engulfs, digests and destroys another cell or bacteria.

hence, the given statement is True.

Answer:

The correct answer is - exogenous stain.

Explanation:

Exogenous stains are the intrinsic stains that affect teeth from inside as stain formed inside due to the external sources. In this type of stain, it formed after a tooth has erupted. These stains can occur when the very inner part known as dentin is turned dark or yellowish.

These stains can not be polished and removed. These can occur if an individual has plaque or calculus in the tooth.

Thus, the correct answer is - exogenous stain.

Answer:

Kidney or bladder cancer and polycystic kidney disease

Explanation:

Hematuria is a serious medical condition characterized by the presence of the red blood cells or erythrocytes in the urine. This leakage of blood into the urine can be from the urinary tract or the kidney and can be paniful or painless.

The visible red or brown discoloration of the urine is known as visible hematuria or gross hematuria.

Some of the causes of hematuria are kidney or bladder cancer, kidney stone, infection of the lower urinary tract, polycystic kidney disease.

Answer:

A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Explanation:

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are lipids, therefore they cannot be transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. They are associated with transport proteins to travel in blood.

Because they are lipids, they can diffuse through cell membranes, and once inside the target cell they bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or the nucleus and alter gene expression.

Steroid hormones are lipids that can diffuse into cells and bind to receptors in the nucleus. They are not proteins, they are not dissolved in the plasma, and they tend to remain in the bloodstream for relatively longer time periods.

Steroid hormones are lipids synthesized from cholesterol. These hormones include sex hormones and stress hormones, among others. Some key points about them are:

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Answer:

Is characteristic of Diabetes.

Explanation:

Diabetes is a disorder in which blood sugar increases due to the fact that there is mechanism by which sugar enters the cell is somehow affected.

There are different types of this disorder, the most common ones are the following,

1. Diabetes type 1, is an autoimmune disorder in which the cells that are in charge of producing insulin are destroyed, as a consequence there is not enough insulin (responsible for allowing the glucose channels to open and transport glucose into the cell). Therefore, sugar remains in blood circulation. When glucose levels are too high, it starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.

2. Diabetes type 2, is triggered by different factors, there are genetic and environmental factors that trigger this disease. In this case, cells are 'resistant' to the insulin effect, so the body reacts by secreting more insulin. As a consequence, cells in charge of secreting insulin are overworked and at the same time, the body cells keep on increasing the resistance to insulin. There is a point in which this compensation fails to work, and blood sugar rises. When the levels become high, glucose starts filtering through the kidneys and ends up in the urine.

There are more types of diabetes, such as gestational diabetes or LADA. In this cases the cause of the disease varies, but the outcome is the same, increased blood glucose levels and presence of glucose in the urine.