Out of the following given choices;
a. RNA is not able to carry information.
b. RNA is more complex in structure than DNA.
c. RNA would get stuck on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane.
d. primitive cells would not let RNA molecules across their membranes.
e. no conditions exist that favor production of both the sugar and base parts of an RNA monomer
The answer is E. According to evolution, the best adaptable trait in an environment is highly preserved. The chemical properties of RNA make large RNA molecules inherently fragile, and they can easily be broken down into their constituent. Therefore it is unconvincing that was it was used to store critical genetic information.
RNA could have been the original site of information storage in primitive cells.
This hypothesis, known as the RNA world hypothesis, suggests that RNA molecules played a crucial role in early life forms by serving as both genetic material and catalysts for biochemical reactions.
RNA is capable of storing genetic information like DNA and can also catalyze chemical reactions like proteins, making it a plausible candidate for the first molecule to carry out these functions in primitive cells.
However, one of the challenges with this possibility is that RNA molecules can be unstable and prone to degradation, raising questions about their ability to persist and function effectively as the sole information storage system in early cells.
Index fossils allow geologists to _____.
Index fossils enable geologists to determine the geological ages of fossils and calculate the rate of speciation of early organisms, which provides an insight into the history of evolution on Earth.
Explanation:Index fossils play a crucial role in geology by allowing researchers to determine the geological ages of the fossils. This information is used to calculate the rate of speciation of early organisms. Index fossils are typically sought in horizontal rock layers, across a variety of rock types, and they are particularly valuable when they are abundant within these layers.
The investigation and categorization of these fossils aid in creating a layout of the biological history on Earth, displaying the timeline and progression of evolution. For instance, the similarities in morphology between the appendages of whales, birds, and mammals is suggestive of these species sharing a common ancestor.
Thus, the process of studying index fossils is intricate, demanding careful excavation techniques, and detailed documentation in order to provide the most accurate picture of our planet's geological and biological past.
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Unit seven: lab questions the jungle search for viruses <- your first lab link 1. where did aids/hiv originate? how did it move to humans? 2. why is it important for human health to study viruses at the "viral chatter" stage? 3. how might people come into contact with viruses that could jump to humans? 4. why have risky behaviors for zoonotic diseases continued even though we know that some of these diseases can infect humans? 5. why is the global tracking of zoonotic diseases important? genetically engineering the avian flu <- your second lab link 1. why is avian flu a concern? 2. how does the virus get into a cell? what happens once the virus gets in? 3. what would make it possible for the avian flu to be transferred from human to human? 4. why are scientists looking at the 1918 flu?
HIV attacks human's immune
system just like SIV (the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)
attacks chimpanzee's immune systems. Scientists found similarities in these virus and they believe that HIV had origin in chimpanzees and then crossed to humans that were hunting them.
2)why is it important for humans to study the "viral chatter" stage?
The viral chatter stage it's when the virus is moving from animals to humans it's very important for humans to study this stage because it could lead to earlier diagnoses before it reaches the human stage.
3. contact with viruses that could jump to humans:Bruce is experiencing sudden, rhythmic waves of pain in his groin area. he has noticed that, although he is consuming fluids, his urine output has decreased. from what condition is bruce suffering? how is it treated? how can he prevent future episodes?
Final answer:
Bruce's symptoms suggest he is suffering from renal colic due to kidney stones, and he may need medication, increased fluid intake, and possibly medical interventions. Preventative measures for kidney stones include staying hydrated and dietary adjustments. It is crucial for him to seek medical attention for a proper diagnosis and to determine if related conditions like BPH or a UTI may be present.
Explanation:
Bruce is likely suffering from renal colic, which is a condition typically associated with kidney stones. Kidney stones can cause sudden, rhythmic waves of pain in the groin area and can lead to a decrease in urine output, perhaps due to obstruction. Treatment for kidney stones often includes pain relief medication, hydration, and possibly medical procedures if the stones are too large to pass naturally. To prevent future episodes, Bruce can stay hydrated, reduce salt intake, and maintain a diet low in oxalate-rich foods.
Additionally, given Bruce's symptoms and past health history, the possibility of a urinary tract infection or prostate issues, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), should not be ruled out. BPH treatment varies from medication to potentially surgery for severe cases. It is vital for Bruce to see a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Provide an example of both non-specific and specific defense in the body. pick an invader or injury and describe how the body may respond.\\
Describe two advantages of genetic engineering. (4 points)
A flood kills most of the population of ants that live near a river. after the flood, the ant population increases, but its allele frequency is different. what type of situation is this?
Answer:
C) bottleneck
The complete question is:
A flood kills most of the ants that live near a river. After the flood, the ant population increases, but its allele frequency is different. What type of situation is this?
a. genetic drift
b. mass extinction
c. bottleneck
d. founder
Explanation:
There are two most common forms of DNA drift:
Genetic drift is a naturally occurring shift in the frequency of an allele. In contrast, a bottleneck effect occurs when the population decreases rapidly. A flood reduced the ant population in this region, demonstrating a bottleneck effect that results in genetic drift.
Over time, this might alter a population's genetic makeup, making them more vulnerable to environmental hazards or illnesses. The flood significantly impacted the ant population. The abrupt decline in population due to the bottleneck effect may have genetic repercussions.
The situation described in the question, where a flood kills most of the ant population near a river, and the allele frequency in the population changes afterward, is an example of the bottleneck effect.
Event Occurs: A flood, which is a natural disaster, randomly reduces the ant population near the river. This sudden decrease in population size is what initiates the bottleneck effect.
Random Sampling: The surviving ants are a random sampling of the original population. This means that the survival of these ants is not necessarily related to their genetic traits but more related to chance.
Change in Gene Pool: The alleles (different versions of a gene) carried by the surviving ants become the entire genetic pool for the post-flood population. Since these surviving ants may not be genetically representative of the original population, the allele frequencies can change significantly.
New Allele Frequency: The new population will have different allele frequencies compared to the original population. Some alleles might be lost completely, while others may become more common.
Genetic Drift: The small population of surviving ants is then subject to genetic drift, which can further alter allele frequencies randomly over time, potentially reducing genetic diversity even more.
Assume sexual reproduction occurs . What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote if the parents reproductive cells can or gametes contain 12 chromosomes each
A) 6
B) 24
C) 48
b.24 i just had this question
_____ is a type of parasitic worm that can be transferred to humans who eat raw or undercooked fish.
a. salmonella
b. cryptosporidium
c. anisakis
d. giardia
What are the "pieces of bread" on either side of the "sandwich generation?"?
17. Biologists have hypothesized that echinoderms are closely related to chordates because both groups are deuterostomes.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
15- happens daily
16- courtship
Scientists can explore whether two different animal species have evolved from a common ancestor, using evidence
Explanation:
These are the answer choices they didn't put:
analysis of strands of DNA
studies of embryos during development
comparison of bones and muscles
comparison of experiences from each organism
Scientists can explore whether two different animal species have evolved from a common ancestor by looking for evidence of shared traits or features.
These shared traits, called homologies, can include anatomical features such as bones or body structures, as well as genetic or developmental similarities. For example, the wings of a bat and the arms of a human both share the same bone structure, indicating that they evolved from a common ancestor with that same bone structure.
Additionally, genetic studies can reveal similarities in DNA sequences or gene expression patterns between different species, further supporting the idea of a shared evolutionary history. By examining these and other types of evidence, scientists can reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between different species and gain a better understanding of how life on Earth has changed over time.
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Cellular respiration in animals is necessary to transfer the chemical energy from sugar obtained from their food into ATP for use throughout the body. Which two systems work together to transport the sugar from food to the cells in the organism’s brain?
Final answer:
The digestive system and the cardiovascular system work together to transport sugar from food to the cells in the organism's brain.
Explanation:
The two systems that work together to transport sugar from food to the cells in the organism's brain are the digestive system and the cardiovascular system.
In the digestive system, food is broken down into glucose, a simple sugar that is then absorbed into the bloodstream.
The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels, transports the glucose-rich blood to the brain and other cells in the body where it can be used for cellular respiration.
Question 47 Unsaved
The area of land on which all runoff, sediment, and water-soluble substances flow to a single surface water outlet (like a river or stream) is called
1)
recharge zone
2)
aquifer
3)
buffer strip
4)
watershed
The correct answer is option 4, that is, watershed.
Watershed refers to the area of land, which channels snowmelt and rainfall to the streams, creeks, and rivers, and finally to the points of outflow, like the bays, reservoirs, and the ocean.
The size of a watershed, also known as a catchment or a drainage basin is illustrated on many scales, considered to as its hydrological unit codes, on the basis of its geography, which is most relevant to its particular region. A watershed can be small, like as a single county or modest as an inland lake.
Which form of cell transport allows small molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy being required from the cell?
Where did earth's oxygen come from? select one:
a. produced by volcano exhausts.
b. produced during the formation of the moon.
c. produced by microscopic life over a billion years.
d. delivered by comets to the early earth?
Faking your experimental results is called _____.
Answer:
scientific misconduct
Explanation:
The term “misconduct in research” applies to any action involving improper treatment of the subjects involved in research, or purposeful manipulation of experimental scientific results in a way that does not reflect the truth. Although relatively easy to conceptualize, it is often difficult to identify - especially in scientific publications.
There are numerous types of misconduct in research reporting. Among the most serious are falsification (alteration / misrepresentation) or the fabrication of data and images, as they distort the truth and lead to false assumptions, confusing clinicians and / or researchers.
skin stem cells can only produce other skin cells. what does this indicate about skin stem cells?
A. They are multi-cellular
B. They are prokaryotic
C. They are unipotent
D. They are aerobic
Answer:
the answer is C
Explanation:
The plasma membrane acts as a barrier in cells of all types to control the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
a.explain how the plasma membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier to various types of molecules based on its molecular structure.
b.describe, in detail, three ways in which large molecules such as proteins can cross the plasma membrane.
i need help plz
Jack bends and straightens his arm during arm wrestling. Which type of muscle does Jack use in the process?
Cardiac muscles
Involuntary muscles
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Answer:
Skeletal muscles
Explanation
Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart.
Involuntary muscles are muscles the you can not move on your own such as your heart, your eyelids, and your your organs.
Skeletal muscles are the muscles that are connected to the bone by a thick band of tissue called a tendon. This tissue allows the body to react quickly.
Smooth muscles are a tissue found in many of the body's internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, bladder, and blood vessels.
Hopes this helps.
A person can see clearly up close, but cannot focus on objects beyond 82.0 cm . she opts for contact lenses to correct her vision. part a part complete is she nearsighted or farsighted? is she nearsighted or farsighted? she is nearsighted. she is farsighted.
Describe how nuclear transplantation was used to produce dolly
Field research does not take place at _____. a toxic waste dump the ocean floor a laboratory the rain forest
A laboratory is the answer.
Jon has been experiencing increased thirst, increased hunger, and an increase in the frequency of urination. Jon's doctor suspects uncontrolled diabetes and orders a urinalysis. From the symptoms and test order, what condition does Jon's doctor want to confirm?
Answer: C. polyuria
Explanation:
Paraquat is a general herbicide that kills most types of plants. in a population of ferns, it was found that 40% of the gametophytes showed resistance to paraquat (resistance is caused by a recessive allele). what is the expected frequency of resistant sporophytes in this population?\
Final answer:
Using the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the expected frequency of resistant sporophytes due to a recessive allele in a population of ferns, where 40% of the gametophytes show resistance to paraquat, is 16%.
Explanation:
If 40% of the gametophytes are resistant to paraquat and the resistance is due to a recessive allele, we can infer that these gametophytes are homozygous recessive for the trait (rr). Using the Hardy-Weinberg principle, we can calculate the frequency of the recessive allele 'r' in the population.
Let 'p' be the frequency of the dominant allele 'R' and 'q' be the frequency of the recessive allele 'r'. Since the gametophytes are haploid, the frequency of resistant gametophytes (rr) is equivalent to the frequency of the recessive allele 'q', so q = 0.40. After finding 'q', we can use p + q = 1 to find 'p'.
To find the expected frequency of resistant sporophytes, which are diploid, we need to calculate the proportion of rr individuals in the population. This is given by q² (the square of the recessive allele frequency).
Therefore, the expected frequency of resistant sporophytes in the population would be q² = 0.40² = 0.16, or 16%.
Which kind of aging is most strongly influenced by diet and exercise?
Which type(s) of economies interact with other economies?
a. only closed economies
b. only open economies
c. closed economies and open economies
d. neither closed nor open economies?
Answer: b. only open economies
A closed economy is a self=sufficient economy and does not need trade activity with outside economies. There are no imports and exports.
An open economy is its opposite. It is the type of economy which interact with other economies.
Trade exists in many forms like managerial exchange, technology transfers, and all kinds of goods and services. Economic advantages for citizens of a country with an open economy: 1) Consumers have larger variety of goods and services from which to choose and 2) they have the opportunity to invest their savings outside the country.
Only open economies interact with other economies. An open economy actively engages in international trade, exchanging goods, services, and capital with other nations. In contrast, a closed economy does not participate in international trade.
Explanation:In the context of international trade and global economics, it is the open economies that interact with other economies. An open economy is one that engages in international trade, exchanging goods, services, and capital with the economies of other countries. This is in contrast to a closed economy which does not exchange goods, services, or capital with other economies, and thus does not interact with them.
To illustrate, consider the example of the United States and Canada, both of which maintain open economies. Goods like cars, food, and electronics, as well as services like technology development, travel, and education, are regularly traded between these two countries.
Therefore, the answer to the question 'Which type(s) of economies interact with other economies?' would be b. only open economies.
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All plants produce _______ by mitosis and _______ by meiosis. select one:
a. spores; gametes
b. gametes; gametes
c. gametes; spores
d. spores; spores
e. spores; gametes and spores
Answer:
gametes;spores
A body of water, located near Fresh Kills, is highly polluted because rain washes toxic materials from Fresh Kills into the water. This process is known as _____.
Part of developing a strategy for finding a job is to identify your target.
a. True
b. False
True, identifying your target job and employer is a key part of formulating a job search strategy. This focused approach aids in customizing your applications and sets a structured plan for your job search with achievable goals and effective utilization of the hidden job market.
Part of developing a strategy for finding a job is indeed to identify your target. This is a true statement. When you begin your job search, having clarity about your ideal job role, the industry in which you want to work, and the companies you'd like to be employed by are critical steps in mapping out your job search strategy. This focused approach allows you to tailor your resume, cover letters, and even prepare for interviews that are specific to your sector of interest. It helps in setting short-term and long-term goals, which can give structure and motivation to your job-seeking efforts.
Additionally, self-awareness regarding your strengths and weaknesses is essential in your job search as it helps you to understand what you can offer to potential employers and where you may need to improve. Understanding and targeting the hidden job market is also part of a savvy job search strategy, requiring you to network, join professional organizations, and employ other tactics that may unveil job opportunities not advertised publicly.
This comprehensive approach ensures that the time you spend on your job search is more strategic, making you a more competitive candidate in today's job market.
The drug dideoxycytidine (used to treat certain viral infections) is a nucleotide made with 2',3'-dideoxyribose. this sugar lacks –oh groups at both the 2'and 3' positions. explain why this drug stops the growth of a dna chain when added to dna.
Dideoxycytidine, a type of dideoxynucleotide, disrupts the process of DNA synthesis because it lacks the crucial 3' hydroxyl group needed to form phosphodiester bonds, which connect the nucleotides in a DNA chain. Once it is incorporated into the DNA chain, no further nucleotides can be added, thereby terminating the growth of the DNA chain.
Explanation:The drug dideoxycytidine is a type of dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP), which is similar in structure to a deoxynucleotide (dNTP), but is missing the 3′ hydroxyl group (indicated by the shaded box). This lack of a 3' hydroxyl group means that when a dideoxynucleotide is incorporated into a DNA strand, DNA synthesis stops. Deoxynucleotides, which are the regular building blocks of DNA, have a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 3′ position of their sugar component (deoxyribose). This hydroxyl group is crucial for the formation of the phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides together to form the DNA chain.
However, the dideoxycytidine molecule has neither a 2' nor 3' hydroxyl group, which means that once it gets added to the growing DNA chain, no additional nucleotides can be added because the necessary 3′ -OH group required for forming the next phosphodiester bond is not available. In this way, dideoxycytidine stops the growth of the DNA chain when added to DNA. This is known as the dideoxy chain termination method.
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