Describe how nuclear transplantation was used to produce dolly

Answer:

phosphorylation; ATP

Explanation:

Phosphorylation is the name of one of the processes that occur in mitochondria during cellular respiration. With phosphorylation, cells gain a reservoir of energy for metabolic activities. In this process electron transfer from electronic donors to electronic acceptors occurs. This transfer is the redox reactions that enable the process of energy release, biologically usable for ATP biosynthesis.

In this case, an energized molecule would add a phosphate group to the ADP for ATP formation. However, ATP would use a proton gradient as the energy source needed to phosphorylate ADP.

Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants in several ways: Nutrient absorption, Water Uptake, Soil Structure, Protection against Pathogens etc.

1. Nutrient Absorption: Mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, greatly increasing the surface area for nutrient and water absorption. The fungal hyphae can access nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and micronutrients that are otherwise less available to plants due to limited mobility in the soil.

2. Water Uptake: The extensive network of fungal hyphae can absorb water from a larger volume of soil, which is particularly beneficial during periods of drought. This helps to improve the plant's drought resistance.

3. Soil Structure: The hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi can help to stabilize soil structure, which improves soil aggregation and porosity. This leads to better aeration and water retention in the soil.

4. Protection Against Pathogens: Mycorrhizal fungi can protect plant roots from pathogens by competing with them for space and nutrients, and by producing compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.

5. Stress Tolerance: Plants with mycorrhizal associations often show increased tolerance to various environmental stresses, including salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and extreme temperatures.

6. Enhanced Growth: By improving nutrient and water uptake, mycorrhizal fungi can enhance plant growth and vigor, leading to increased biomass production and crop yields.

7. Ecosystem Diversity: Mycorrhizal fungi contribute to the diversity of plant communities by facilitating the establishment of certain plant species, which in turn supports a greater diversity of above-ground organisms.

8. Carbon Sequestration: The symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants can lead to increased carbon sequestration in the soil, as the fungi receive carbon compounds from the plant and store some of it in the soil.

9. Nutrient Cycling: Mycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in nutrient cycling within ecosystems by facilitating the decomposition of organic matter and the transfer of nutrients from the soil to the plant.

In summary, mycorrhizal fungi are essential for plant health and soil fertility, and they play a key role in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem functioning.

Answer:

The Top Layer Is Older Than The Botton Layer

Explanation:

You can say im a Nerd ;)

The correct answer is option A.

The immune system safeguards the body against the probable harmful materials by reacting and determining the antigens. Antigens are the components situated on the surface of viruses, cells, bacteria, or fungi. The immune system destructs and determines, or attempts to destroy the components, which comprise antigens.

Nonspecific or innate immunity is the defense system with which an individual is born. It safeguards the person against all the antigens. Innate immunity includes barriers, which keep the harmful substances from getting inside the body. These barriers make the first line of defense in the immune reaction.

Enzymes are not destroyed by temperature or pH variations; they can be denatured, making them inactive. These proteins act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy of reactions without being consumed in the process.

The correct answer to which of the following is not true about enzymes is option B) can be destroyed by variations in temperature or pH. Enzymes are not destroyed; they can be denatured or lose their functional shape due to extreme temperatures or pH levels. The denaturation renders them less effective or inactive, but it is a physical change, not a destruction. Enzymes are usually proteins made up of amino acid chains and serve as biocatalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions by specifically lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed. Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze; instead, they remain unchanged by the reaction and can be used repeatedly. Lastly, enzymes do not raise the energy requirement for a chemical reaction; instead, they lower it, thus enhancing the reaction rate without being used up.

The correct answer is C. Low flexibility of blood vessels in the limbs and high blood pressure

Explanation:

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as indicated in the text occurs as a result of blood vessels becoming narrow due to atherosclerosis "narrowing of the blood vessels outside of your heart", this and the fact PAD is also the result of fatty material accumulating and blood vessels hardening,show in this disease one of the indicators would be low flexibility of blood vessels as due to the lack of flexibility the flow of blood is limited which is one of the main consequences of PAD. Besides this, PAD can be indicated by high blood pressure, considering the low flexibility in blood vessels causes the blood to push against the walls of vessels more than normal and therefore there is more pressure in the circulatory system. Thus, based on the passage "low flexibility of blood vessels in the limbs and high blood pressure" would indicate PAD.

Answer:

The correct answer is - cleaning ballast water.

Explanation:

In the great lakes, 65% of the invasive species come from the ships that carry ballast water tanks to stabilize them on the long route journeys, this release invasive species when loading and unloading cargo.

Cleaning up these ballast water is one of the most effective ways to stop the new invasive to enter the Great Lakes.

The right option is Heme Iron

Heme iron is a form of iron found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet. Heme iron is present in animal foods such as red meats, fish and poultry and it is readily absorbed and not well regulated by the body as the body has no way to remove excess iron.

Answer:

Heme Iron

Explanation:

Iron from the diet of humans is absorbed through the intestinal mucosa cells, mainly in the duodenum, and is transported in the bloodstream and extracellular fluid bound to a plasma protein called transferrin. Two types of iron are provided by the diet: heme iron and non-heme iron. Heme iron is present in animal foods, such as beef, chicken and fish, and non-heme iron, in addition to being offered by red meat, is also found in cereals and other vegetables.

Heme iron is soluble in small bowel conditions and is easily absorbed into the intestinal mucosa without the interference of chemical and / or dietary factors. For this reason, it is highly absorbed: about 15% of the heme iron ingested by the normal individual and 35% in the one with low iron stores. Heme iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans need in their diet.

The Doppler effect helps scientists determine a star's radial velocity and rotational speed by analyzing spectral lines for shifts. Redshifts indicate a star moving away, blueshifts indicate an approach, and line broadening suggests rotation.

Scientists use the Doppler effect to measure the actual motion of stars in several ways. They can measure a star's radial velocity, the speed at which it moves toward or away from us, by observing the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum. When the star moves away from Earth, the spectral lines show a redshift; when it approaches, they exhibit a blueshift. This shift in the wavelength of light can be used to determine the speed of the star relative to the observer.

The Doppler effect can also reveal if a star is rotating by observing the widening of spectral lines, a phenomenon known as line broadening. Light from the edge of the star rotating toward us shifts toward shorter wavelengths (blueshift), while light from the receding edge shifts to longer wavelengths (redshift). Consequently, the spectral lines we observe from the star are broader than those from a non-rotating star, and the amount of broadening can indicate the star's rotational speed.

Additionally, high-resolution spectroscopy allows astronomers to detect subtle variations in a star's radial velocity caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet, leading to planet detection. These minuscule changes do not depend on the star's distance, as long as high-quality spectra can be obtained by large telescopes.

Answer: Translation.

Explanation: Translation is a step in the protein synthesis where the genetic information is carried from the DNA in the form of series of three base code words.

Each code represents a particular amino acid. During this step only the coding is decoded to produce the specific sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

The organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells are cell wall and chloroplast. Thus, option B and C are correct.

The main difference between plant cell and animal cell is that plant cell contain cell wall and chloroplast and animal cell does not contain cell wall as well as chloroplast. Plant cell contain chlorophyll that provide green color to the plants.The main function of the cell membrane has to keep away the toxic material out of the cell.

Cell membrane has been defined as a wall that differentiate and protect the inner structure of the cell from the outer environment. The main function of the cell membrane has to keep away the toxic material out of the cell. The cell membrane contain channels as well as the receptors that gives the permission to only selective permeable membrane to enter into the cell.

Therefore, The organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells are cell wall and chloroplast. Thus, option B and C are correct.

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Answer: 2. the production of new body cells to replace old cells

Mitosis is a form of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are identical (genetically) to each other and to its original cell. It plays a vital role in the life cycle of most living things.

In single-celled (unicellular)  organisms such as bacteria, mitosis is a type of asexual reproduction, making identical copies of a single cell.

In multicellular organisms, mitosis produces new cells to replace old cells and promote growth and repair. 

Answer:

The production of new body cells to replace old cells;

The production of additional embryonic cells following fertilization.

Answer:

The correct answer is B.cell membrane

Explanation:

The fluid mosaic model describes the mosaic nature of the cell membrane. Fluid mosaic modal signifies that the plasma membrane is made up of lipid bilayer which is not fully rigid and gives fluidity to its membrane.

Due to this fluidity, components of the plasma membrane, like various plasma membrane proteins move freely in the membranes. This elasticity of the plasma membrane allows some proteins to do flip-flop movement.

These movements of plasma membrane components play important role in the cell signaling and transport of molecules across the cell. Therefore the correct answer is B.cell membrane.

Answer:

Lymphatic system serves as site for production and maturation of lymphocytes.

Explanation:

Primary lymphoid organs of lymphatic system serves as site for production and maturation of lymphocytes which differentiate into B and T lymphocytes. Lymphatic system serves as first line of defense against infections since it transports antibodies, lymphocytes and pathogen along with lymph. Lymphocytes encounter the pathogens in secondary lymphoid tissues and proliferate to become actively involved cells. Spleen serves to filter the blood and presents the pathogens to lymphocytes and macrophages which in turn kill the pathogens.

The oceanic zone is mostly aphotic.

Photic zone is the part of the ocean where the light penetrates the depth and gets scattered in the water. This zone makes up a small part of the ocean ecosystem as light penetrates only for a few meters of depth. After this depth the aphotic zone begins where there is absence of light.

Benthic zone is the floor of the ocean where the shelled and aphotic deep sea animals live.

The oceanic zone here is mostly aphotic, lacking sufficient light for photosynthesis.

The oceanic zone is mostly aphotic, meaning it lacks sufficient light for photosynthesis.

Within the ocean, the photic zone is the portion where light can penetrate, and it extends to a depth of approximately 200 meters.

At depths greater than 200 meters, light cannot penetrate, and this is referred to as the aphotic zone.

The majority of the ocean is aphotic and mostly devoid of light.

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Answer: The answer is B. please mark me as brainliest

Explanation: I took the test

When plants close their stomata to conserve water on hot, dry days, the rate of photosynthesis is inhibited due to lower carbon dioxide intake, which is necessary for the Calvin cycle, and an increased internal oxygen concentration that can lead to photorespiration, reducing photosynthesis efficiency.

On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water, which can have a significant impact on photosynthesis. The closing of stomata reduces the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a crucial component for the photosynthetic process. This leads to a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis because the reduced CO2 levels directly affect the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed and converted to sugars. Additionally, the closing of stomata to conserve water also prevents the escape of oxygen (O2), which results in an increase in internal O2 concentration, potentially leading to photorespiration, a process that competes with photosynthesis and decreases its efficiency.

Out of the following given choices;

A. Further antibody attack.

B. Phagocytosis

C. Helper T cells

D. B cells.

E. None of the above.

The answer is B. Phagocytises is the engulfment of a particle from the external environment, by a cell, for ingestion. This is especially critical for the function of macrophages, which are immune cells. These macrophages have receptors for the Fc region of the immunoglobulin on their cell membrane surface.

Answer: nervous system

Infants need fat as aid in absorption of several vitamins. IT also helps the brain or the nervous system to develop normally. Fats insulate all nervous system tissues in the body. Getting enough of this help infants feel full. It is also essential for growth and development. 

Eco friendly homes help to reduce the depletion of resources and a consequent loss of biodiversity due  to scarcity of resources.

The term biodiversity has to do with the very many species of organisms that exists in the ecosystem.

The idea of ecofriendly homes aims to reduce the concentration of the greenhouse gases thereby stopping the sharp rise in the temperature of the surroundings.

This process would help to reduce the depletion of resources and a consequent loss of biodiversity due  to scarcity of resources.

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Answer:

Frameshift mutation

Explanation:

There are many different types of mutations in genetics, one such mutation is known as a frameshift mutation.

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that determine the amino acid it codes for, and when something changes with these sequences, then we have a mutation.

In a frameshift mutation, nucleotides are added or deleted in such a way that the reading frame changes. For example:

If we have the nucleotide sequence- AUG UGC ACG UAC UUG CAG...

We can see that the reading frame reads three nucleotides per amino acid, however if an extra two nucleotides are added in a random location, then there is a shift- AUG UGC AUA CGU ACU UGC AG... (the underlined indicate the added nucleotides).

Now every amino acid after the frameshift mutation would be incorrectly coded for.

Answer:

The correct option is C.

Explanation:

Parallel editing refers to the method of alternating two or more scenes that occur simultaneously at different locations in a video. This technique is also known as cross cutting. The method is one of the methods that video editors used to edit videos of cinemas and films. Parallel editing can also be used to add suspense and pacing to an unfolding film.  

Its not option D yall he lying, its always; always