Technology gives us more forms of mass communication and mass media that might affect political discourse. When the internet age this has rapidly increased the number of voices and political communications outlets from a wide ideologically range.
With social media, political communication doesn't need traditional or commercial media to speak up their voice and directly communicate with those that agree with their ideological tune. This has given easier and cheaper access to political debate.
Also, it has led to debate over media bias and the impact of media ownership. As the access to media is wider and more open now, anyone can inform partisan news as impartial news. The impact of media ownership stands on how media owners create media bias to favour one or another partisan or ideological range.
The rapidly increasing demand for media and political communications outlets from an ideologically diverse audience has led to debates over media bias and the impact of media ownership and partisan news sites. With the rise of the Internet and new media platforms, news outlets now have the ability to cater to specific ideological perspectives, resulting in the formation of niche media outlets with clear biases. Concerns have been raised about the independence and impartiality of media organizations owned by corporations and CEOs.
Explanation:The rapidly increasing demand for media and political communications outlets from an ideologically diverse audience has led to debates over media bias and the impact of media ownership and partisan news sites. With the rise of the Internet and new media platforms, news outlets now have the ability to cater to specific ideological perspectives, resulting in the formation of niche media outlets with clear biases. For example, FOX News presents news and political commentary from a conservative viewpoint, while websites like Daily Kos offer a liberal perspective.
Furthermore, the ownership and control of media organizations by corporations and CEOs raise concerns about their independence and impartiality. As businesses, media outlets have to generate revenue, which can sometimes influence the stories they report and the angles they take. This has led to debates about whether profit becomes more important than delivering unbiased information to the public.
The proliferation of social media has added another layer to the media landscape. While it has provided opportunities for people to connect with each other and access information, it has also contributed to the spread of misinformation and harmful narratives. This has resulted in violence and polarization, particularly in countries like the U.S., Brazil, and Afghanistan.
Learn more about media bias and impact of media ownership here:https://brainly.com/question/26194113
#SPJ3
With the decline of morals and values in rome the wealthy were accused of being
A.too rich
B. hard-working
C.lazy
D.dishonest
Answer:
C. lazy
Explanation:
As the morals and values in Rome declined, the antagonism between classes increased. Rich people began spending in more luxurious and self-indulging ways. Moreover, they began to care less about their citizen duties and the poor. On the other hand, the poor began to think about the rich as lazy and entitled. They believed they were not doing their part in helping Rome. This conflict was one of the reasons for the decline of Rome.
The 1783 Treaty of Paris gave the United States control over all land between the
Answer:
The answer is Territories between the Appalachians and the Mississippi.
Explanation:
The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783 between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America ending the war of Independence of the United States. In this treaty, according to article 1, the kingdom of Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States and gave it the territories between the Appalachians and the Mississippi.
How did the Soviet Union respond to the United States' installation of missiles in European cities? A) They attempted to locate and destroy the missiles. B) They decided to install missiles of their own in Cuba. C) They decided to negotiate a treaty and disarm their own nuclear weapons. D) They threatened to begin another war with the United States.
Answer:
When the United states installed missiles in European cities the Soviet Union responded by: b) they decided to install missiles of their own in Cuba.
Explanation:
To understand this answer we need to analyze all of the options.
A) is incorrect because the soviets never incurred in any operation to destroy the missiles. Instead, they played a slow move of escalated tensions that developed a conflict called "The cold war" because there was no action, only strategic moves.
b) is correct. After the united states installed nuclear missiles in strategic points forming a belt to prevent any breach from the soviets expansionist moves, the soviets looked for allies to counter that belt of contention, and Cuba was the chosen one.
c) They didn't try to negotiate a nuclear disarm deal. It was the U.S. the one looking for it. The Soviets wanted to remain in a strong position.
d) They didn't threaten to start another war with the United States because they never had more than a cross firefight at the end of the great war. So, this is incorrect.
Final answer:
In response to the U.S. missiles in Europe, the Soviet Union installed missiles in Cuba, which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. After a tense standoff, both parties reached an agreement: the U.S.S.R. would remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. removing their missiles from Turkey and Italy.
Explanation:
The Soviet Union responded to the United States' installation of missiles in European cities by deciding to install missiles of their own in Cuba, which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. When US spy planes discovered Soviet missile installations in Cuba, President John F. Kennedy announced a naval blockade of the island, and tense negotiations followed. Eventually, the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the Cuban missile sites, and in a secret deal, the U.S. agreed to remove its missiles from Turkey and Italy.
This confrontation was one of the hottest points of the Cold War and had the potential to escalate into a full-scale nuclear war. Measures were taken shortly after to decrease tensions, including the establishment of a direct hotline between Washington and Moscow for instant communication, and the development of strategies for nuclear deterrence.
Which of the following is a law intended to eliminate discrimination in the workplace? Equal Pay Act of 1963 Age Discrimination Act of 1967 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 all of the above
Answer:
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in many more aspects of the employment relationship. "Title VII created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to administer the act".
Explanation:
Answer:
All of the above options are laws intended to eliminate discrimination in the workplace
Explanation:
Equal pay act aims to pay the wages and remuneration equally without any gender discrimination. Women were paid equally to similar job or tasks that can be performed by men.
Age discrimination Act aims considering all workers to be equal. Treating young workers and old in a dissimilar manner is prohibited, also use of scornful and offensive arguments in the work place on the basis of age is totally illegal under this act.
Rehabilitation act aims to give equal opportunities to the differently abled who have the capability to complete the assigned task given. They are not to be asked any questions based on their disability while getting recruited in an employment concern.
how did the Federalist feel about the new constitution ?
FIRST ANSWER GETS BRAINLIEST
What happened as a result of Japan's imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
•It fought a war with China
•A wave of nationalism swept through the country
•It acquired three territories by 1910.
•all of the above
Answer:
All of the above.
Explanation:
I just took a test on it and that was the answer to it.
Japan developed a cutting-edge industrial network. They sought greater influence and access to more resources in an effort to compete with other global powers. They eventually developed into the strongest military force in Asia and a global superpower. Their government's pride sparked two wars that they ultimately won.
What happened to Japan in the 20th century?A result of Japan's imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was all of the above. The correct option is D.
Japan's economy changed from being mostly agrarian with a minor industrial sector at the beginning of the 20th century to becoming one of the world's wealthiest countries after World War II and transitioning to mass production, mass consumption economy.
Power was restored to the imperial palace after the end of the war under the newly minted Emperor Meiji. Major political, economic, and social changes that took place during a spectacular 50-year period were the catalyst for Japan's modernization and westernization.
Thus, the ideal selection is option D.
Learn more about Japan's imperialism here:
https://brainly.com/question/9403259
#SPJ5
where does china's barriers lead to?
and / or
Geographic barriers on all sides led to _____________________________ from early civilizations.
Answer:
isolation
Explanation:
China was one of the first civilizations in the world. This civilization, unlike the others, was actually very isolated from the rest of the ancient civilizations. The main reason for the isolation were the natural barriers. Between China and the other civilizations were standing the largest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, and several large deserts. This discouraged people both from China and from the other civilizations from moving through this areas and see what's on the other side. This resulted in developing a very unique culture in China that was not influenced by any other culture. Also, this civilization was developing totally independently, and it actually managed to surpass the other civilizations in many aspects, while they were not even aware of its existence, or just knew that it existed but had no real idea about it. China only opened up properly to the world after it was invaded and ruled by the Mongols.
What happens in the exposition stage of a plot and at what point in a story does this stage appear?
Answer:
This is the beginning of the story in which characters are introduced and the setting is revealed. This sets the stage for the story to play out. Climax: This is the point of greatest tension in the story and the turning point in the narrative arc from rising action to falling action.
HOPE THIS HELPED!!!!!!!!XDDDDDDDD
Honus Wagner, a major league baseball player from 1897 to 1917 and one of the first five men inducted into the Baseball Hall of fame, had his baseball card pulled from cigarette packs because he wasn't being paid for their distribution. What best describes the effect of his action on the market for his baseball card?
A. Supply shifted to the left, price rose, and quantity demanded fell.
B. Supply shifted to the left, price rose, and demand shifted to the left.
C. Demand shifted to the left, price fell, and quantity supplied fell.
D. Demand shifted to the left, price fell, and supply fell.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The withdrawal of the card from the cigarette packs means that the quantity of the cards in the market fell, which is the same as saying that the supply curve shifted to the left. Since this curve has an upward slope, when it shifts to the left it means that prices rise. When prices rise, demand for goods falls.
Explain which constitutional principle this scenario illustrates. what evidence led you to that conclusion principle this scenario illustrates. What evidence led you to that conclusion?
Scenario:
A high school student in San Antonio, Texas, who brought an unloaded handgun to school was charged with violating the gun-free school zones act of 1990. The student challenged the charge, claiming that congress did not have the power to override state law within public schools. In the 1995 case United v. Lopez, the supreme court ruled that congress did not have the power to regulate public schools. Instead, the court found that the power belonged to individual states.
The constitutional principle illustrated in this scenario is federalism. The evidence that led the Court to this conclusion includes the fact that the Gun-Free School Zones Act did not regulate any economic activity that had a substantial effect on interstate commerce, that the law was not necessary to prevent gun violence in schools, and that the law was likely to be more effective if it was enforced by state and local law enforcement officials.
The constitutional principle illustrated in this scenario is federalism. Federalism is the system of government in the United States, in which power is divided between the federal government and the states. The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution specifically states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or to the people.
In the case of United v. Lopez, the Supreme Court ruled that the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was unconstitutional because it exceeded the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. The Court found that the law did not have a sufficient connection to interstate commerce to justify federal regulation.
The Court's decision in United v. Lopez was based on the principle of federalism. The Court recognized that the states have the primary responsibility for regulating education, and that the federal government should not interfere in this area unless there is a clear and compelling need to do so.
The evidence that led the Court to this conclusion includes the following:
The Gun-Free School Zones Act did not regulate any economic activity that had a substantial effect on interstate commerce.
The law was not necessary to prevent gun violence in schools, as there were already laws in place at the state and local level that prohibited the possession of guns in schools.
The law was likely to be more effective if it was enforced by state and local law enforcement officials, who are more familiar with the local conditions.
The decision in United v. Lopez was a significant victory for states' rights. It reaffirmed the principle that the federal government cannot regulate matters that are traditionally within the purview of the states.
Learn more about constitutional here: brainly.com/question/19411179
#SPJ3
This scenario demonstrates federalism, with the Supreme Court affirming that state governments hold the authority to regulate public schools, not the federal government.
This scenario illustrates the constitutional principle of federalism, which delineates the division of powers between the federal government and the states. In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had overstepped its constitutional bounds under the Commerce Clause by attempting to regulate gun possession in local school zones.
The Court held that such regulation is not a federal matter but falls within the jurisdiction of the states.
Evidence for this conclusion includes the Supreme Court's decision, which emphasized that the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 exceeded Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause.
The ruling reinforced the principle that certain powers, particularly those involving local matters like education and school safety, are reserved for the states as per the Tenth Amendment.
5 Effects of building the transcontinental railroad?
Answer:
dont know all the awnsers but one is they were attacked by the natives
Explanation:
The 3rd Amendment protects people from _____.
police searches
listening devices
housing troops
illegal firearms
Answer:
housing troops
Explanation:
the United States constitution places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent, forbidding the practice in peacetime
Answer:
housing troops
Explanation:
On the anniversary of Kristallnacht, people remember the event but also look for ways that this act is relevant to current events. What current event do you think has some echoes of Kristallnacht and how would you compare the two events?
Answer:
History my friend repeats itself and to understand this we have to exam past and recent endeavors.Iran is very similar to this now at first it is hard to believe these are even considered one of the same but the evidence is shocking.Around US embassy in the nation some locals will chant death to Americans and what starts as a simple chant may drive someone to do what we saw at Kristallnacht.To compare them search for the little details.
The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar has echoes of Kristallnacht as both events involve the targeting and persecution of a specific group of people. Both events saw violence and destruction used to intimidate and oppress the targeted group. By drawing parallels and learning from history, we can work towards promoting tolerance and respect for all people.
Explanation:An event that has echoes of Kristallnacht is the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar. Both events involve the targeting and persecution of a specific group of people based on their identity. In both cases, violence and destruction were used to intimidate and oppress the targeted group.
Kristallnacht, which took place in Nazi Germany in 1938, involved the widespread destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. Similarly, in the Rohingya crisis, which began in 2017, the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar has faced widespread violence, including arson attacks on their homes and mosques.
Both events also highlight the importance of remembering and learning from history to prevent such atrocities from happening again. By drawing parallels between Kristallnacht and current events like the Rohingya crisis, we can raise awareness and work towards promoting tolerance, understanding, and respect for all people.
Learn more about parallels between historical and current events here:https://brainly.com/question/32106610
#SPJ2
Buildings in Russia are specially constructed to deal with _____________. a. fire b. earthquakes c. cold d. terrorist attacks
What was President Jackson's plan for dealing with Native Americans?
Answer:
President Jackson's plan for dealing with Native Americans was to sign the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Explanation:
It is still considered one of the most controversial policies in US history and forced many native Tribes west of the Mississippi river in exchange for their land within the United States boundaries.
Many tribes left without a fight since they believed it might finally give them a better life. However, some tribes fiercely resisted including the Cherokees, who were forcibly marched in cold bitter winter, out of their land. In the march, nearly 4,000 people died due to cold and starvation.
What was the result of the battle of tippecanoe?
A) The Native American movement gained control of Indiana.
B) The Native American movement defeated state militias.
C) The Native American gained support in the south.
D) The Native American movement lost some of its power.
Answer:
D) The Native American movement lost some of its power.
Explanation:
The Native American movement lost some of its power. The victory gained by Henry Harrison broke Tecumseh’s power, ending the threat from the side of Indian confederation, although did not become the end of Indian resistance to U.S. expansion into the Ohio Valley.
Having achieved his goal - the expulsion of the Indians from Prophetstown - Harrison declared a decisive victory. But some contemporaries of Harrison, as well as some subsequent historians, expressed doubts about this outcome of the battle. The historian Alfred Cave noted that in none of the modern reports from Native American agents, traders and government officials about the consequences of Tippecanoe one can find confirmation that Harrison won a decisive victory. The defeat was a failure for the Tecumseh Confederation, but the Indians soon restored Prophetstown, and, in fact, border violence increased after the battle.
How did the Iconoclast Controversy affect the Byzantine Empire?
A: It weakened the Orthodox Church.
B: It created a divide within the imperial court.
C: It increased the power of the emperor over religious matters.
D: It heightened public disagreement with the church.
Answer:
It created a divide within the imperial court.
Explanation:
Leo III prohibited the veneration of images that represented Christ and the saints in 726. He did so for reasons of religious and political order.
This prohibition of a custom, which had undoubtedly resulted in all kinds of abuse, seems to have been inspired by a genuine desire to improve public morals, and gained the support of the official aristocracy and a sector of the clergy. But a great majority of theologians and almost all monks opposed these measures with firm hostility, and in the western part of the Empire the people refused to obey the edict
Answer:
The increased or heightened this agreement with the church is the correct option here.
Explanation:
The iconoclast controversy happened from 7th to 9th century which was debate among people on using of Icons and churches which many people were against.
Because they thought that it was against God and worshipping icons was actually worshipping false gods. The Byzantine Empire Saw many people turn against the emperor created division among the people .
The primary reason that American strategy in the War of 1812 focused on invading and conquering Canada was a. the United States considered complete control of the Great Lakes the key to the future of North America. b. the Canadians were already in rebellion against British rule. c. Britain was weakest and most vulnerable there. d. the United States expected support from France, which hoped to recover its lost colony of Quebec.
Answer:
C. Britain was weakest and most vulnerable there is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The war of 1812 was fought between Britain and the US largely over the issues of trade and impressiveness. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers. The war was fought from 1812 to 1814 on land in North America and at sea. The British soldiers were engaged in fight with the Napoleon in Europe so Britain took services of Canadian militia. This war is also called "The Forgotten War". Apart from the trade disagreements, this war was also fought for deciding how much role US would have in its foreign Affairs.
Another name for the country of Myanmar is __________. A. Algeria B. Burma C. Ceylon D. Malaysia Please select the best answer from the choices provided. A B C D
Answer:
Option B.
Explanation:
Burma, is the right answer.
Myanmar (previously Burma) is a Southeast Asian country comprising of more than a hundred ethnic societies, adjoining with the territory of India, China, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos. Yangon (formerly Rangoon) was the largest city of Burma or Myanmar. Since 1997, Myanmar has been an active member of the ASEAN.
What powers did the constitution grant to the judicial branch and the supreme court?
Answer: Well the answer is the Supreme Court’s main job is to decide if laws are constitutional.
Answer:
The U.S. Constitution
Explanation:
The Question was this for me. What created, defined, and granted the judicial branch its power?
30 POINTS PLEASE HELP!
Do NOT answer just for POINTS
Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity
describe each religions belief or tradition from the different religions and use at least 2-5 sentences explaining the belief or tradition of each religion differently
(You have to explain them differently not 2-5 sentences on the hole thing)
Answer:
Hinduism: believes in karma, reincarnation, and that a life of devotion and honor is a path to salvation and enlightenment. Hinduism us an Idian religion. Has a caste system with Brahmin at the top, to Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra at the bottom.
Buddhism: originated in ancient India. Buddhism is a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. The Buddha taught how to understand life.
Islam: Is a monotheistic reliogion, which means they believe there is only one God. The founder was Muhammad. Belives Allah is the one and only God.
Judaism: The Jewish religion. Is Monothestic. There is only one God, who wants people to do what is right.
Christianity: Monotheistic, only believes in one God and Jesus. Believes in God the Father, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Based on birth, death, resurrection, and the teaching of Jesus Christ.
Which of these is usually considered the most powerful legislative tool of a U.S. President? A) Vetoes B) Proclamation C) Executive Order D) Appointing Justices
Answer:C
Explanation:
got the answer from google
What did many northerners like James Pike and Carl Schurz come to believe about race and reconstruction by the mid-1870s?
Answer:
That all races are considered equal.
Which three major segments of the population were excluded from the convention
Answer:i have no clue
Explanation:
A negative political effect of World War II was
Answer:
Beginning of the Cold War
Explanation:
One of the negative political effects of WW II was the creation of North Korea and South Korea and the German division in 4 by France, USA, USSR and England, which would generate the beginning of the Cold War and the beginning of the creation of nuclear bombs by the Soviets and Americans
The division of Europe into two different parts i.e. East and West was one of the negative political effects of the World War II. World War II happened from 1939 to 1985.
Unjust Treaty of Versailles, Inaction of the United Nations, Disarmament failure and Rise of Hitler were the main reasons of Second World War. The First World War put an adverse effect on the economic situation of many countries although the European economic state was in a very good condition till 1920.
After World War II, USA President Harry Truman announced financial help to the countries who participated in the war and prevented the effects of Communism. This declaration is called Truman's declaration.
To keep these two rival maritime powers from competing over the same territory, they signed a treaty in 1494 that divided the newly-discovered world into two halves. What was the name of this treaty and who were its signatories?a) Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain b) Treaty of Paris between England and France c) Treaty of Utrecht between England and the Hanseatic League d) Treaty of Amiens between England and France
Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain.
the treaty of Paris was between the US, not France, and Brits after the american revolution. Despite Paris being French territory, France had a major role in naval warfare during the last battle of the American Revolution, the Siege of Yorktown
the treaty of Utrecht is between England and France, not the Hanseatic league, after the Spanish emperor died and France tried to invade Spain for its territory under its panicking government
Treaty of Amiens was in 1802 almost 4 centuries after 1494. This treaty was to stop war between England and France
____________________ was a major reason why the United States changed more towards a mixed market economy. Question 14 options: The Civil War The American Revolution The 9/11 Attacks The Great Depressio
Answer:
Its the great depression
Explanat
Answer:
The Great Depression.
Explanation:
The Great Depression of 1929 was a major economic depression that started in the United States and spread around the whole world. The sudden crash of US stock prices on October 24, 1929, is usually considered the event that triggered the Great Depression. The severe decline of the US economy as a consequence of the stock market crash had a ripple effect that stretched across the planet, sinking most capitalist economies into economic depression.
According to the then dominant economic theory, the state had virtually no role in the economy, other than protecting private property. Market forces would, through the invisible hand of the market, naturally find a healthy balance. However, after the Great Depression, economists such as John Maynard Keynes argued that the state had to play a major role in the economy, mostly by investing massively during economic slowdowns to compensate for the lack of private investment. Keynes argued that keeping people employed and working would eventually create the demand needed to reactivate the economy. Soon, most capitalist economies adopted some sort of Keynesian state intervention policies to lift their economies out of the slump of the Great Depression. Keynesian economics and the resultant mixed market economies would remain the mainstream in economics until the 1970s.
Native American slavery _______________ a. was a longstanding practice in New Mexico. b. was considered wrong by American military. c. was never confused with adoption. d. was supported by President Lincoln.
Answer:
Its A
Explanation:
It was a longstanding practice in new mexico
Answer: alternative A.
Explanation: The military thought it was a lawful right to enslave Native Americans, so alternative B is a contradiction to this fact. There were some cases in which the ownership of Native American slaves, specially if they were young enough, was considered to be an adoption, so alternative C is incorrect as well. President Lincoln, stated on alternative D, was the one who freed the Native Americans from slavery, not supporting this kind of practice openly to the public. Then, the only alternative left was letter A, which stated that the slavery of Native Americans was a longstanding pratice in New Mexico. To be more precise, it was practised from 1850 to 1867, only stopped by law when it was considered to be illegal and it was banished in the whole country.
Question 32
Read the quotation opposing the ratification of the US Constitution and answer the question.
"Suspicion is a virtue as long as its object is the public good, and as long as it stays within proper bounds. . . . Guard with jealous attention the public liberty. Suspect every one who approaches that jewel. . . . Show me that age and country where the rights and liberties of the people were placed on the sole chance of their rulers being good men, without a consequent loss of liberty?"
— Patrick Henry, 1788
Why was Henry, like many Anti-Federalists, against ratifying the US Constitution?
A
He believed the US Constitution was too similar to the Articles of Confederation.
B
He believed the US Constitution was too similar to the constitution of Great Britain.
C
He feared that the government created by the US Constitution would be too weak.
D
He feared that the government created by the US Constitution would be too strong.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
if not correct B
Answer: A
He believed the US Constitution was too similar to the Articles of Confederation.
Explanation: This is a tough one! Henry was an Anti-Federalist. James Madison, as a Federalist, said the Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights. He said that separation of powers and checks and balances was enough protection.
Henry disagreed. In the quote, he is saying that it's not enough to expect leaders to be "good men" and follow the Constitution. Henry, like other Anti-Federalists, demanded a list of rights to be added to the document.
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST !!!!!! How did France’s war with Britain impact the U.S. repayment of Revolutionary War debts?
A. Repayment of debt to France would be considered a hostile act to Britain.
B. The war between France and Britain erased all U.S. debt to France.
C. Repayment of the debt would force the U.S. into neutrality.
D. Britain declared war on the U.S. so that they could not repay France.
Answer: A) Repayment of debt to France would be considered a hostile act to Britain
The correct answer is A) Repayment of debt to France would be considered a hostile act to Britain.
France’s war with Britain impacted the U.S. in that repayment of war debts to France would be considered a hostile act to Britain.
After the Revolutionary War, the United States was in heavy debt for the many expenses to support the war effort. The US had a huge debt to the government of France. The French had spent almost $1 billion livres tournois, the currency of France in those years. France's finances were in red numbers. That is when the English Crown warned the United States that repayment of war debts to France would be considered a hostile act to the English monarchy.