Answer:
Explanation:
Transcription takes place in nucleus in the presence of the enzyme RNA polymerase.
During transcription, the code present in DNA gets transcribed into the code in mRNA. (messenger RNA)
RNA even though is a single stranded shows base pairing.
The pre-mRNA gets created from the DNA.
DNA has two strands, one of these strands acts as coding and another non coding strand.
The DNA shows base pairing with AGTC. [A-Adenine, G- Guanine, T-Thymine and C- Cytosine]
Whereas mRNA base pairing with AGUC. [ U- Uracil ]
Here in mRNA, instead of thymine, uracil gets paired.
According to base pairing of coding strand/sense strand of DNA, complementary bases pairs in 5'---->3' direction in mRNA.
The mRNA created looks exactly like the non-coding strand/sense strand of DNA except instead of thymine, uracil gets replaced.
The pre-RNA undergoes splicing, capping and tailing to form mature mRNA.
Final answer:
During transcription's initiation phase, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, unwinds DNA, and catalyzes complementary base pairing between RNA nucleotides and DNA template, forming mRNA. Elongation continues this process, and termination occurs when specific base-pairing signals the end of transcription.
Explanation:
In transcription, the formation of the mRNA strand from a DNA template involves specific steps where complementary base pairing is essential. Initiating the process, RNA polymerase binds to a gene's promoter region during the initiation phase and unwinds the DNA helix, allowing one of the DNA strands to be 'read'. The new mRNA strand grows by the addition of RNA nucleotides that form hydrogen bonds with the complementary deoxyribonucleotides of the unwound DNA template strand. Here, the base cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), guanine (G) with cytosine (C), adenine (A) with uracil (U), and thymine (T) with adenine (A).
The elongation phase of transcription includes the continued addition of RNA nucleotides. Complementary base pairing ensures the correct sequence of nucleotides is added to the growing mRNA strand. The termination phase concludes transcription;
Complementary base pairs also play a role in the termination of transcription. Unique sequences in the DNA signal the end of the mRNA transcript, and following the base-pairing rules, these sequences can form structures such as hairpins that signal RNA polymerase to stop transcription.
Explain why the value of the recombination frequency between any two genes is limited to 50%.
Answer:
Explanation:
During meiosis, each chromosome has 2 chromatids. When homologous chromosomes pair they form a tetrad (2 chromosomes, 4 chromatids).
Crossing over can happen between 2 out of the 4 chromatids, and as a result, only half of the resulting gametes (at most) can be recombinant. The other 2 gametes will be parental.
Describe the chemical components of DNA.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts:
1. A five carbon carbohydrate (pentose)
Pentose is classified as a monosaccharide (simple carbohydrate), and its molecular formula is represented by [tex](CH_{2} O)n[/tex]. They are water soluble molecules with sweet taste. Monosaccharides may have from three carbon atoms (trioses) to six (hexoses). In DNA is present pentose (5 carbon atoms)
2. A nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases are ring-shaped compounds that contain nitrogen in their molecular structure. They are classified into two groups: purines and pyrimidines
The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G). They are larger and contain more than one ring in their structure,.
The pyrimidines, cytosine (C), uracil (U) and thymine (T), are smaller and composed of a single ring.
3. One or more phosphate groups
A phosphate consists of a trivalent anion that contains one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. Its molecular formula is expressed by [tex](PO_{4} ^{-3})[/tex].
The chemical components of DNA are nucleotides, made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and four nitrogenous bases. These components form the structure and base pairs in DNA molecules.
Explanation:The Chemical Components of DNA
The chemical components of DNA are nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). The sugar and phosphate group form the backbone of the DNA molecule, while the nitrogenous bases pair up to form the rungs, or base pairs, of the DNA ladder.
Example:
A DNA molecule may have the sequence ATCGAT.
In this example, the sugar deoxyribose and phosphate group (sugar-phosphate backbone) connect the nucleotides, while the nitrogenous bases A, T, C, and G pair up in a complementary way: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
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Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
a. 4.0M c. 10^-4M
b. 10^-10M d. 10^4M
Answer:10 -10M
Explanation:
Where does the energy in food come from?
A. Proteins, carbohydrates, or fats
B. ATP
C. Food, by itself, doesn't contain energy, but the digestive system creates it.
D. The chemical bonds holding the food molecules together
E. Combining water with any sort of food creates energy.
Answer:
A. Proteins, Carbohydrates, or fats
Explanation:
There are essential nutrients for life in which we can include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, fiber, and water. The main nutrients we use for energy are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This is because they contain calories in them and the calories are what our body needs to create energy.
Our bodies, like a car, need fuel to function. The fuel we need comes from food. The food has energy stored in it so whenever we eat food, that stored energy is transferred to us. This food act as fuel for the cells in our body so they can carry all the metabolic processes and give us the energy to move, run, think, talk, digest and all of the biological processes we need to survive.
Ultimately, the oxygen necessary for cellular respiration come from
a. Waste products of photosynthesis.
b. Water vapor
c. Carbon dioxide
d. glucose
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Plants intake the carbon dioxide that is present in the atmosphere. They absorb it and along with water and other materials in the presence of sunlight is converted into chemical energy.
This chemical energy is glucose and the by-product that is released by splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen ions is released into the environment.
This oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration.
Abiogenesis refers to how living organisms arose from inanimate matter. Place the sentences in order according to how life on Earth may have arisen from terrestrial origins. Only four sentences will be used.
(A) Precursors Simple inorganic compounds were exposed to energy in the form of light, heat, and lightning
(B) Larger organic molecules became enclosed within a membrane-like structure
(C) Organic molecules self-assembled into more complex molecules and polymers.
(D) Simple organic molecules, such as amino acids, formed from precursors exposed to energy
(E) Meteorites that impacted Earth-4 billion years ago contained traces of 18 amino acids.
Answer:
(A) -> (D) -> (C) -> (B)
Explanation:
First off, given that the problem requires us to explain how life on Earth may have arisen from terrestrial origins, we can discard sentence (E), as impacts from meteorites would count as extraterrestrial origins.
Then it's just a matter of describing the steps by which simple compounds turned into more and more complex structures, that would in turn lead to the origin of life.
Simple inorganic compounds (such as CO₂, or NH₃) were exposed to energy, because of that they formed simple organic molecules, like carbohydrates or amino acids.
These organic molecules, in turn, would self-assemble into more complex structures, such as proteins.
Lastly, there's the phenomenon of Compartmentalization, where large organic structures became enclosed within a membrane-like structure, separating them from the 'outside' medium and thus creating primitive cells.
What is considered the fundamental unit of life?
A. DNA
B. Carbohydrates
C. A molecule
D. Nucleic acid
E. A cell
The correct answer is E. A cell
Explanation:
The cell is the smallest unit of life that exists and that constitutes all living organisms and body tissues including unicellular and multicellular organisms. Due to this, cells are considered as the fundamental unit of life as even the smallest and simplest living organisms are made of cells or at least made of one cell.
Cells are commonly made up of three main parts: the cell membrane which surrounds the cell and controls the substances that enter and leave it; the nucleus which is the structure within the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA; and the cytoplasm that is the fluid inside the cell that contains other tiny cell particles with specific functions, such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. This applies to all cells except to prokaryotic cells because these do not contain a nucleus but a chromosome in the middle of the cell.
How would DNA extracted from an onion be different from the DNA extracted from cauliflower? Why?
Answer:
Explanation:
DNA extration from a onion and from a cauliflower would be different because even though all DNA is composed by the same nucleotides. The sequence of genes will be different in both onion and cauliflower. That's why a cauliflower doesn't look like a onion. The genes are responsible for making up the cauliflower and the onion.
2. Hepatitis D is a defective form of the virus that needs Hepatitis B to exist.
A) True
B) False
Answer:
The given statement is true.
Explanation:
HDV or hepatitis D virus refers to a virus, which needs hepatitis B virus for its replication. The HDV infection takes place concurrently or as super-infection with hepatitis B virus. About five percent of individuals with chronic HBV infection are co-infected with HDV, causing a sum of 15 to 20 million individuals infected with HDV globally.
The co-infection of HDV-HBV is regarded to be the most extreme kind of chronic viral hepatitis because of the rapid cases of liver-associated death and hepatocellular carcinoma. The infection of hepatitis D can be prevented with the application of hepatitis B vaccines.
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
a. in the style of a flower
b. enclosed in the stigma of a flower
c. within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
d. packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
Answer:
Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower (Ans C).
Explanation:
Angiosperm is known as flowering plants and bears their seeds within a fruit. They are vascular plants they have stem, leaves, and roots. They represent approximately 80% of all living green plants. They are the most abundant and diverse plants throughout the globe.
Angiosperms are vascular seed plants where the ovule or egg is fertilized and develops into the seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary is also enclosed in a flower, it is the part of the plant angiospermous plant which contains both male or female reproductive organs. Fruits are derived from the maturing flower organs present in the angiosperm plants.
They are also defined as vascular plants with fruit, seeds, and flowers for reproduction.
Why do we need respiration?
Answer:
When we breath, we are making respiration. As me are doing respiration, a lot of glucose (we get from food) is turning into ATP, and that is energy; the energy to make cells function. That's why respiration, is important.
Explanation:
Glucose (food) + Oxigen (breathing) ---> carbon dioxide (free by lungs) + water + ATP
Answer:
to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide (cellular respiration)
Explanation:
Glucose (food) + Oxygen (breathing) ---> carbon dioxide (free by lungs) + water + ATP
example of a human geneticdisorder caused by an alteration in
chromosome structure (not a modification of an allele).
Answer:
Cri du chat syndrome.
Explanation:
Maintenance of chromosomal structure is important for the proper functioning of the cell. The alteration or change in the chromosome structure may leads to the various genetic problem.
The cri du chat syndrome occurs due to the missing of the short arm of the chromosome number 5. The deletion in short arm of chromosome 5 is responsible for this syndrome. The infants that suffer from this syndrome has high pitched cry that is similar to the cry of a cat.
Thus, the answer is Cri du chat syndrome.
An organism has the following characteristics: low biotic potential; k-selected, iteroparous; heterotrophic, fed upon by top carnivores large body size (> 2m tall). This organism most likely would also have
a. seed cones
b. basidiocarps
c. exoskeleton
d. open circulatory system
e. vertebrae
Answer:
e. vertebrate
Explanation:
The question states that the organism posses the following characteristics:
Low biotic potential: this means that the maximum amount of offpring that this species can produce under best environmental conditions is actually low. Typically, large organisms have much lower biotic potential than smaller ones. k-selected: this means that this species typically invest much more in fewer offspring rather than prioritizing many offspring.iteroparous: means that can reproduce many times over one organisms's lifetime.heterotrophic, fed upon by top carnivores large body size (> 2m tall): this shows that they are preys of large carnivores, thus it implies that the prey itself has a considerable size and it is not a plant.Option a is discarded as seed cones are produced by conifers which are autotrophics.
Option b is incorrect as basidiocarps are typical of Basidiomycetes (fungi) which are not large and are rarely consumed by carnivores.
Option c and d correspond to small animals (e.g. arthropods) and with usually high biotic potential and r-selected species which prioritizes high growth population rates and offspring.
Then, option e (vertebrate) is consistent with belong to a k-selected, low biotic potential, iteroparus, heterotrophic species (e.g. a mammal).
Nitrogen and carbon are more abundant in proteins than sulfur. Why did Hershey and Chase use radioactive sulfur instead of nitrogen and carbon to label the protein portion of their bacteriophages in their experiments to determine whether parental protein or parental DNA is necessary for progeny phage production?
Answer:
Hershey and Chase experiment confirms that DNA is the genetic material of the living organism, not the RNA or protein. They also got a noble prize for this discovery.
Hershey and Chase use the radioactive sulfur to label the proteins and distinguish them from the DNA because DNA do not contain sulfur. The radioactive label phosphorus was used to label the DNA as phosphorus is specific to DNA as they wants to know exactly the genetic material. They do not use the radioactive carbon and nitrogen because both carbon and nitrogen are present in DNA and RNA. This labeling may produce confused result as it label both DNA as well as protein. The result o radioactive phosphorus and sulfur determines that DNA is the genetic material of the organism.
Radioactive sulfur and phosphorus were used to distinctly label T2 bacteriophage proteins and DNA, leading to the discovery that DNA is the genetic material in Chase and Hershey's 1952 experiments.
Explanation:In the groundbreaking Hershey-Chase experiments, radioactive sulfur (³⁵S) and radioactive phosphorus (³²P) were used to label proteins and DNA, respectively, in T2 bacteriophages. They chose radioactive sulfur to label the protein because sulfur is present in some amino acids (methionine and cysteine) that comprise proteins, but is not a component of nucleic acids.
Conversely, they used radioactive phosphorus to label the DNA because phosphorus is a key component of the DNA molecule but is not found in the amino acid structure of proteins. The conclusive experiment demonstrated that radioactivity from the labeled DNA, not the protein, was present inside the bacterial cells infected by the phages, thereby identifying DNA as the genetic material responsible for inheritance.
Which statements describe molecules? Check all that apply. Molecules are made of two or more atoms. Molecules are all the same size Molecules range in size. Molecules are only made of atoms of the same element. Molecules are only made of atoms of different elements. Molecules are made of atoms of the same element or different elements
Molecules are composed of two or more atoms, which can be the same or different elements, and they vary significantly in size from simple to complex structures like DNA.
To describe molecules, several statements are necessary. Firstly, molecules are made of two or more atoms; this is a fundamental component of their definition. Whether they are composed of the same element or different elements, the atoms are bound together chemically.
As an important distinction, molecules of elements contain only one type of atom, such as O2, which has two oxygen atoms, whereas molecules of compounds contain two or more types of atoms, like H2O, which includes hydrogen and oxygen.
Next, molecules range in size. They can be relatively simple with just a few atoms, or they can be incredibly complex, such as DNA molecules, which are composed of millions of atoms. Lastly, it is incorrect to say that molecules are all the same size or that they are made only of atoms of the same element or only of different elements.
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
b. The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements.
c. The two forms have many genes in common.
d. The two forms are very similar in appearance.
Answer:
a. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
Explanation:
A species is a group of organisms that can breed with each other and reproduce viable offsprings that are also capable of reproducing in future.
Here, Audubon's warbler and Myrtle warbler had separate habits which might or might not be similar. Their food requirements also might or might not be similar. But they were found to interbreed and give rise to offsprings who survived and reproduced well so they belonged to the same species of yellow rumped warbler.
In the first step of spermatogenesis, spermatogonia differentiate cells into
A. Spermatids
B. Primary spermatocytes
C. Secondary spermatocytes
D. Spermatozoa
E. Spermatophyte
Answer:
B. Primary spermatocytes
Explanation:
The germ cell line is a group of cells found inside the seminiferous tubules. This germ cells undergo mitosis (creating spermatogonia) to have a steady supply of cells that will divide by meiosis to produce gametes. When spermatogonia divide by meiosis at the end of meiosis I the newly created cells are known as primary spermatocytes.
What is the relationsihp betwen biotic and abiotic factors AND evolution?
Explanation:
The abiotic factor are the ice age , meteor , chemicals , never hinder or help the evolution or development of the biotic factors .
As , the ice age can resists or slow down the growth of many of the tropical plants and animals .
But it facilitates the evolution of the organism that can get adapted to the cold climate .
A large amount of oxygen in the environment which is produced by the cyno bacteria helps the evolution of the animals .
The genetic information contained in DNA consists of a linear sequence of coding units, known as codons. Each codon consists of three adjacent DNA nucleotides that correspond to a single amino acid in a protein. The E. coli DNA molecule contains 4.70×106 base pairs. Determine the number of codons that can be present in this DNA molecule
Answer:
1.6x[tex]10^{6}[/tex]
Explanation:
All you have to do is divide the number of base pairs by 3, since 3 nucleotides constitute a codon.
How does a cell decide to do fermentation versus the krebs cycle?
Answer:
The cell decides to ferment instead of the krebs cycle when there is no oxygen in the cell cytosol.
Explanation:
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell cytosol. In this situation glucose is degraded into simpler substances such as lactic acid (lactic fermentation) and ethyl alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). In both lactic and alcoholic fermentation there is a balance of only 2 ATP molecules and, in both processes, they start with pyruvic acid obtained from glycolysis, as described in aerobic respiration.
In a nutshell, we can say that fermentation is an anaerobic process of obtaining energy, ie occurs when there is no oxygen available in the medium. The fermentation may be an alcoholic fermentation or a lactic fermentation.
The initial stage of fermentation is the same as cellular respiration: glycolysis. The energy yield of fermentation is lower, only of the 2 ATP that are produced in glycolysis. But it is a faster process than aerobic respiration.
Mammalian evolution began with the evolution of the first synapsids. What is the defining synapomorphy of synapsis?
a. the possession of the amniotic egg
b. a single temporal fenestra
c. the dentary squamosal joint
d. respiration with a diaphragm
e. endothermic metabolism
Answer:
b. a single temporal fenestra
Explanation:
Synapsids have a temporary fossa in the lower part of the temporal bone. These reptiles mamiferoides only have a single inferior temporal fenestra.
The synapsids were the first amniots to diversify and appeared in the middle of the Carboniferous. These first synapses were characterized by the presence of a single temporary fenestra behind each orbit, through which the mandibular muscles pass.
Food irradiation requires a nuclear reactor, which produces radioactive waste.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
b. False
Explanation:
Food irradiation is a process of exposing the food packaging stuff to the ionization process by the use of X Rays, gamma rays, and electronic beans. This energy can be directly transmitted without the direct contact of the source i.e radiation capable of freeing the elections. This technology is used to improve food quality and safety by extending the shelf line. This technology is permitted to bout 50 countries with 5 lakh metric tons of foods manually processed. These techniques make the food more productive and reduce the impact of radioactivity and chemical reactions. Destruction of pathogens and changes that take place in shipping industries. The radiation cause changes are much higher than the doses used during irradiation these results lead to the conclusion that there is no significant risk from radiolytic products.People can get smallpox from the smallpox vaccine.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
FALSE
Explanation:
Smallpox was a highly contagious viral disease characterized by the high fever, skin rash, sores in mouth and vomiting. This infection was caused by the virus Variola minor and Variola major.
Smallpox vaccine developed by the English physician and scientist, Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine for smallpox.
In 1980, this infection was certified as globally eradicated.
A man with hemophilia (a recessive, sex-linked condition) has a daughter without the condition. She marries a man who does not have hemophilia. What is the probability that their daughter will have hemophilia? Their son? If they have four sons, what is the probability that all will be affected?
Answer:
Since the condition is sex-linked, it must be related to the X chromosome.
Let [tex]X^{A}[/tex] represent the dominant allele and [tex]X^{a}[/tex] the recessive one, the daugther must have a [tex]X^{a}[/tex] chromosome from the father (the only one he could pass) and a [tex]X^{A}[/tex] from the mother, otherwise she wouldn't be female ([tex]X^{a}Y[/tex]) or would have the condition ([tex]X^{a}X^{a}[/tex]).
If the man does not have the condition, he has the dominant allele on the X chromosome, represented as [tex]X^{A}Y[/tex]. You can use Punett squares to represent their cross.
\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c| }\ & X^{a} & X^{A} \\ \ X^{A} & X^{A}X^{a} & X^{A}X^{A} \\ \ Y & X^{a}Y & X^{A}Y \\ \end{tabular}\end{center}
None of the possible daugthers could have the condition, but there is a 50% chance of their son having it (1/2).
In total, since there is a chance of 1/2 for their son to be affected, the probability of having four sons with the condition is 1/2⁴, or 6.25%.
What kind of sequence or structure would you classify this as
CGACCAGC
GCTGGTCG
Question options:
a. inverted repeat
b. mirrorlike palindrome
c. hairpin
d. stem and loop motif
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A.
Explanation:
Inverted repeats are the sequence of the nucleotide in a nucleic acid which is identical but arranged in the opposite orientation. The inverted repeat may be separated by some sequence or they may lie adjacent to each other. They can be read the same from the backwards or forward direction.
In the given question since four bases when read from the forward direction is same as reading the sequence from the backward direction like CGAC can be read the same both backward and forward.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
The theory of heredity before Mendel's work was completed can be described as:
a. the theory of chromosomal transmission
b. the theory of blending inheritance
c. the theory of particulate inheritance
d. the theory of natural selection
e. none of the above describes the view of heredity before Mendel's time
Answer:
b. the theory of blending inheritance
Explanation:
Before Mendel's work was completed and published, theory of blending inheritance was widely accepted. According to it traits from both parents were blended and expressed in the next progeny. The new trait wont be in extreme like its parents' and would fall somewhere in between the spectrum.
Mendel disproved theory of blending inheritance by his famous pea experiment. When he crossed a pure breeding tall and pure breeding dwarf pea plant he got all tall pea plants in next progeny. According to theory of blending inheritance, the height of pea plants in next progeny should have been a result of mixing of heights from the two parent plants. But all the plants were tall like one of the parent plant disapproving the theory.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-E.
Explanation:
Gregor Mendel is known for his transmission of traits- the principle of inheritance.
He was the first person to show the idea that how the traits are passed on from generation to the next generation through factors which gave rise to the theory of heredity.
Before him, no other theories wee predicted and proposed to show the inheritance pattern and therefore option-E is the correct answer.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
A. They have a coarse chromatin.
B. They have a single small nucleus.
C. They have multiple nuclei.
D. They have a small amount of cytoplasm.
E. They have large and multiple nucleoli.
Answer:
B. They have a single small nucleus.
Explanation:
The presence of large nucleus is a characteristic feature of cells that frequently undergo cell division. Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled continuous cell division even when the new cells are not required by the body.
This leads to the formation of benign or metastatic tumors. To undergo continuous cell division, the cancer cells have a large nucleus. The nucleus of the cancer cells is mostly hyperchromatic and distinct due to higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. It allows these cells to exhibit the uncontrolled cell division.
The products produced in the light independent reaction are used to drive the light dependent reaction.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Light independent reactions of photosynthesis produce glucose from carbon dioxide. Glucose is the ultimate product of photosynthesis which is used by plants as a source of energy.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis include photolysis of water molecule and release of electrons to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The electrons are transferred from water molecule to the PSII, carrier, PSI and finally to the NADP+ to reduce it into NADPH.
During the electron transfer, the generated proton gradient drives the ATP synthesis. ATP and NADPH formed during light reactions are used in light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Present an overview of two classical experiments that
demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material. Can RNA be the
genetic material? Explain.
Answer:
Explanation:
A) Fredrick Griffith Bacterial Transformation Experiment
In 1928 Fredrick worked on various strains on Staphylococcus pneumoniae
and mice.
He was trying to develop a vaccine against pneumonia.
He chose two strains of bacteria,
R stain- rough and non virulent strain
S strain- smooth and virulent strain
when he injected the strains one by one into the mice these were the results-
R strain into the mice -----> Mice lives
S strain into the mice ------> Mice gets pneumonia and dies
Heat killed S strain ------> Mice lives
R starin + Heat killed S strain----> Mice dies
Thus, Griffith concluded that The living R strain must have taken a 'transforming principle' from the heat killed S train and became virulent. This resulted in the death of the mice.
B) Hershey Chase experiment
They used bacteriophages to conduct this experiment. Their phase was made up of protein and contained DNA.
To determine that whether the phage added proteins or DNA to the host cell in order to multiply, he radiolabeled the components of the phage
Proteins were labelled by 35S
DNA was labelled with 32P
He infected various batches of bacterial culture with these radiolabelled bacteriophage.
Then he centrifuged the culture and got a pellet( heavy material like bacteria) and supernatant( light material like media, phages).
He found that pellet was mostly labelled with 32P and not 35S. Hence they concluded that it DNA and not protein were the genetic material.
RNA stores the genetic material. In fact RNA was the first genetic molecule and it was only after evolution that DNA became the genetic molecule.
-RNA has a great capacity of storing and expressing the genetic information.
-But the single stranded structure of RNA is unstable and can be easily destroyed by the enzymes.
-Hence the double stranded nature of DNA is much more stable and and passes the genetic information with more accuracy.
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,
a. choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable.
b. choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible.
c. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology.
d. choose the tree with the fewest branch points
Answer: d. choose the tree with the fewest branch points
Explanation:
Parsimony is a phenomena of evolution which involves classifying organisms on the basis of their characteristic under levels. The most parsimonious tree is a tree, which depends upon morphological characters with few evolutionary events. So, while constructing a phylogenetic tree based on parsimony, the tree, which has few evolutionary lineages in terms of both DNA base pairing as well as in the morphology, can be taken into consideration.
Hence, the correct option is (d).
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology. Option C is correct.
Parsimony is the cornerstone of all science and implies that the simplest possible scientific explanation is the one that best fits the evidence.
When it comes to tree-building, it implies that all else being equal, the simplest possible hypothesis is the hypothesis that requires the least evolutionary change.
Maximum parsimony (MPS) is a fundamental way of identifying evolutionary relationships between species based on the minimum number of changes that may have led to the current phenotypic characteristics.
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