Determine the molarity of a solution formed by dissolving 97.7 g libr in enough water to yield 750.0 ml of solution.

Answer:

Molar mass of compound = 38.17 g/mol

Explanation:

The mass of compound dissolved = 0.458 g

The mass of acetic acid taken = 30.0g = 0.03 kg

the depression in freezing point =1.50 K or 1.50 ⁰C

the relation between depression in freezing point and molality is:

Depression in freezing point = Kf X molality

Where Kf= cryoscopic constant = 3.90 ⁰C Kg/mol

Putting values

1.50 = 3.90 X molality

[tex]molality=\frac{1.50}{3.90}=0.385[/tex]

molality is moles of solute per Kg of solvent

[tex]molality=\frac{moles}{massofsolvent}=\frac{moles}{0.03}=0.385[/tex]

moles = 0.385 X 0.03 = 0.012

[tex]moles=\frac{mass}{molarmass}[/tex]

[tex]molarmass=\frac{mass}{moles}=\frac{0.458}{0.012}= 38.17g/mol[/tex]

Answer: The molar mass of the compound is 39.69 g/mol

Explanation:

Depression in freezing point is defined as the difference in the freezing point of pure solution and freezing point of solution.

To calculate the depression in freezing point, we use the equation:

[tex]\Delta T_f=iK_fm[/tex]

Or,

[tex]\Delta T_f=i\times K_f\times \frac{m_{solute}\times 1000}{M_{solute}\times W_{solvent}\text{ (in grams)}}[/tex]

where,

[tex]\Delta T_f[/tex] = Depression in freezing point = 1.50 K = 1.50°C   (Change remains constant)

i = Vant hoff factor = 1 (For non-electrolytes)

[tex]K_f[/tex] = molal freezing point elevation constant = 3.90°C/m

[tex]m_{solute}[/tex] = Given mass of solute = 0.458 g

[tex]M_{solute}[/tex] = Molar mass of solute (glucose) = ? g/mol

[tex]W_{solvent}[/tex] = Mass of solvent (acetic acid) = 30.0 g

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]1.50^oC=1\times 3.90^oC/m\times \frac{0.458\times 1000}{\text{Molar mass of solute}\times 30.0}\\\\\text{Molar mass of solute}=\frac{1\times 3.90\times 0.458\times 1000}{1.50\times 30.0}=39.69g/mol[/tex]

Hence, the molar mass of the compound is 39.69 g/mol

Answer:

It could be extracted 0.512 g of solute

Explanation:

The equation that relates the [tex]K_{D}[/tex] and the volumes of organic and aqueous phases is:

[tex]q_{solute-aq} =\frac{V_{aq} }{K_{D}xV_{org} + V_{aq}  }[/tex]

Where q_{solute-aq} refers to the fraction of solute remaining in the aqueous phase, V_{aq} is the aqueos phase volume, V_{org} is the organic phase volume and K_{D} is the partition coefficient of the solute in the solvents.

Moreover,for the three consecutive extractions of the same volume of organic phase we can write:

[tex]q_{solute-aq} =(\frac{V_{aq} }{K_{D}xV_{org} + V_{aq}  })^{ 3}[/tex]

So, plugging the values given into the equation we get:

[tex]q_{solute-aq} =(\frac{100 mL }{2.7x10 mL + 100 mL  })^{ 3}[/tex]

[tex]q_{solute-aq} =0.488[/tex]

The result obtained indicates that a fraction of 0.488 of solute remains in the aqueous phase.

Taking in account that the fraction formula is:

[tex]q_{solute-aq} = \frac{mass- of- solute- aq}{initial-mass- of -solute}[/tex]

[tex]0.488= \frac{mass- of- solute- aq}{1.0 g}\\\\0.488 x 1.0 g= {mass- of- solute- aq}\\0.488 g= {mass- of- solute- aq}\\[/tex]

Finally we substract the solute in the aqueous phase form the initial to get the amount in the organic phase:

[tex]1.0g - 0.488g = 0.512 g[/tex]

Final answer:

The weight of compound that can be extracted by three sequential 10mL portions of benzene can be calculated based on the compound's distribution coefficient.Therefore, a weight of approximately 0.05g of compound can be extracted by three sequential 10mL portions of benzene.

Explanation:

The distribution coefficient (K) represents the ratio of the concentration of a compound in one solvent to the concentration in another solvent. In this case, the compound distributes between benzene and water with a K value of 2.7. If 1.0g of the compound is dissolved in 100mL of water, we can calculate the weight of compound that can be extracted by three sequential 10mL portions of benzene.

Since K = 2.7, the ratio of compound in benzene to water is 2.7:1. This means that for every 2.7 parts of compound in water, there is 1 part in benzene. We can use this ratio to calculate the amount of compound that can be extracted.

Starting with 1.0g of compound in water, the first 10mL portion of benzene can extract (1.0g/2.7) = 0.37g of compound. The second 10mL portion can extract (0.37g/2.7) = 0.14g of compound. Similarly, the third 10mL portion can extract (0.14g/2.7) = 0.05g of compound. Therefore, a weight of approximately 0.05g of compound can be extracted by three sequential 10mL portions of benzene.

Answer: B.) What is the effect of plastic bags on birds?

Explanation:

A scientific process is a detailed sequential process in which answer of the scientific question can be derived on the basis of the implementation of the scientific methodology. The scientific methodology exhibit the direct observation and experimentation process.

B is the correct option this is because of the fact that this can be answered by direct observation and experimental trails which are the parts of scientific process.

0.128 M of iodide solution was reacted with thiosulphate.

The equation of the reaction is;

[tex]2S2O2^-3(aq) + I3^-(aq)------->S4O2^-6(aq) + 3I^- (aq)[/tex]

Number of moles of  S2O2^-3- = 29.6/1000 × 0.260 M

= 0.0077 moles

Since 2 moles of thiosulphate reacts with 1 mole of iodide

0.0077 moles of thiosulphate reacts with 0.0077 moles × 1 mole/ 2 moles

= 0.00385 moles of iodide.

Since;

Number of moles = concentration × volume

concentration of iodide = Number of moles/volume

Volume of iodide = 30/1000 = 0.03 L

Concentration of iodide =  0.00385 moles/0.03 L

= 0.128 M

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Answer:

Here's what I get.

Explanation:

At the end of the reaction you will have a solution of the alcohol in THF.

The microdistillation procedure will vary, depending on the specific apparatus you are using, but here is a typical procedure.

Answer:

0.3 moles of aluminum

Explanation:

The reaction of Aluminium with copper sulfate reacts to give aluminium sulfate and copper metal ,

The balanced chemical reaction is as follows -

To produce 0.45 moles of copper metal, 0.30 moles of aluminum are required.

To determine how many moles of aluminum (Al) are needed to produce 0.45 moles of copper (Cu) metal, we need to refer to the balanced chemical reaction between aluminum and copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂).

The balanced equation is:

2 Al + 3 CuCl₂ → 2 AlCl₃ + 3 Cu

This means that 2 moles of aluminum produce 3 moles of copper. We can set up a ratio to find out how many moles of aluminum are needed to produce 0.45 moles of copper:

(2 moles Al / 3 moles Cu) = (x moles Al / 0.45 moles Cu)

Solving for x,

x = (2/3) x 0.45 = 0.30 moles of Al

Therefore, 0.30 moles of aluminum will be required to produce 0.45 moles of copper metal.

Answer:

-Grignard reagents are strong bases (third choice)

-Grignard reagents are strong nucleophiles ( second choice)

Grignard reagents have Grignard carbanion which are strong bases and strong nucleophiles.

According to the Arrhenius concept, base is defined as a substance which yields hydroxyl ions on dissociation.These ions react with the hydrogen ions of acids to produce salt in an acid-base reaction.

Bases have a pH higher than seven as they yield hydroxyl ions on dissociation.They are soapy in touch and have a bitter taste.According to the Lowry-Bronsted concept, base is defined as a substance which accepts protons .Base react violently with acids to produce salts .Aqueous solutions of bases can be used to conduct electricity .They can also be used as indicators in acid-base titrations.

They are used in the manufacture of soaps,paper, bleaching powder.Calcium hydroxide ,a base is used to clean sulfur dioxide gas while magnesium hydroxide can be used as an antacid to cure acidity.

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Molarity is defined as the number of moles form a certain compound in one liter of solution.

So the higher the molarity the higher the number of moles in one liter of solution, and we say that the concentration is increased. The lower the molarity the lower the number of moles in one liter of solution, and we say that the concentration is decreased.  

In a nutshell:

High molarity = concentrated solution

Low molarity = diluted solution

(A) concentrated

(B)  dilute

(C)  dilute

(D)  concentrated

(E)  dilute

(F)  concentrated

Answer:

A) C

B) D

C) D

D) C

E) D

F) C

hope it helped

ExpLanation:

Answer : The correct option is, (A) -101.37 KJ

Explanation :

First we have to calculate the moles of HCl and NaOH.

[tex]\text{Moles of HCl}=\text{Concentration of HCl}\times \text{Volume of solution}=1.6mole/L\times 0.087L=0.1392mole[/tex]

[tex]\text{Moles of NaOH}=\text{Concentration of NaOH}\times \text{Volume of solution}=1.6mole/L\times 0.087L=0.1392mole[/tex]

The balanced chemical reaction will be,

[tex]HCl+NaOH\rightarrow NaCl+H_2O[/tex]

From the balanced reaction we conclude that,

As, 1 mole of HCl neutralizes by 1 mole of NaOH

So, 0.1392 mole of HCl neutralizes by 0.1392 mole of NaOH

Thus, the number of neutralized moles = 0.1392 mole

Now we have to calculate the mass of water.

As we know that the density of water is 1 g/ml. So, the mass of water will be:

The volume of water = [tex]87ml+87ml=174ml[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mass of water}=\text{Density of water}\times \text{Volume of water}=1g/ml\times 174ml=174g[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the heat absorbed during the reaction.

[tex]q=m\times c\times (T_{final}-T_{initial})[/tex]

where,

q = heat absorbed = ?

[tex]c[/tex] = specific heat of water = [tex]4.18J/g^oC[/tex]

m = mass of water = 174 g

[tex]T_{final}[/tex] = final temperature of water = 317.4 K

[tex]T_{initial}[/tex] = initial temperature of metal = 298 K

Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

[tex]q=174g\times 4.18J/g^oC\times (317.4-298)K[/tex]

[tex]q=14110.008J=14.11KJ[/tex]

Thus, the heat released during the neutralization = -14.11 KJ

Now we have to calculate the enthalpy of neutralization.

[tex]\Delta H=\frac{q}{n}[/tex]

where,

[tex]\Delta H[/tex] = enthalpy of neutralization = ?

q = heat released = -14.11 KJ

n = number of moles used in neutralization = 0.1392 mole

[tex]\Delta H=\frac{-14.11KJ}{0.1392mole}=-101.37KJ/mole[/tex]

Therefore, the enthalpy of neutralization is, -101.37 KJ

Answer:

c. Three fatty acid chains and a 'backbone' of glycerol

Explanation:

A triglyceride is ester which is derived from glycerol and three (may be different or same) fatty acids. The name is thus derived as tri ( 3 fatty acids) - and glyceride (glycerol backbone). Triglycerides are main constituents of the body fat in human body and other vertebrates.

Triglycerides are the tri-esters which consist of glycerol attached to 3 molecules of fatty acid. Alcohols consists of hydroxyl group. Organic acids consists of carboxyl group. Alcohols and organic acids join to form esters. The molecule of glycerol has 3 hydroxyl groups which are bonded to three fatty acid molecules via ester bonds.

Answer:

319.15^{o}C[/tex]

Explanation:

When all other variables are constant, we are allowed to use the formula

[tex]\frac{T_{2} }{V_{2} } = \frac{T_{1} }{V_{1} } \\

Which can be rewritten as T_{2} = \frac{T_{1} V_{2} }{V_{1} }

if you make T2 the subject of the formula. This formula is true only if temperature is in Kelvin not degrees Celsius so T1 must be converted to Kelvin

Now to calculate T2

[tex]T_{2}= \frac{296.15K*3.38.10^{3}L }{1.69.10^{3}L }= 592.3K[/tex] = [tex]319.15^{o}  C[/tex]

Hydrogen bonds are the broken lines between the DNA molecules. These are the strongest intermolecular forces, so C.

Answer:

c

Explanation:

c

Answer:

CH₃CH₂I >  CH₃CH₂Cl > CH₃CH₂OH

Explanation:

SN₂ reaction -

It is the nucleophilic reaction bimolecular , where the nucleophile replaces the leaving group present in the reaction , this is a one step reaction .

The rate of the reaction depends on -

From the question ,

I is the best leaving group , then is Cl and least is OH .

Hence ,

The fastest to slowest rate of reaction is as follows -

CH₃CH₂I >  CH₃CH₂Cl > CH₃CH₂OH

The order of reactivity in an SN2 reaction for the given species, from fastest to slowest, is CH3CH2I > CH3CH2Cl > CH3CH2OH. Iodine is a better leaving group than chlorine, and chlorine is better than hydroxyl.

In SN2 reactions, the rate of reaction is largely determined by the leaving group. The better the leaving group, the faster the reaction proceeds. In the given species, the order of reactivity in an SN2 reaction, from fastest to slowest, is CH3CH2I > CH3CH2Cl > CH3CH2OH. This is because iodine (I) is a better leaving group than chlorine (Cl), and chlorine is a better leaving group than hydroxyl (OH).

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Answer:

Saturated

Explanation:

A fatty acid is a derivative of alkanoic acids containing the carbonyl group. Many of the higher carboxylic acids are obtained from natural fats and oils.

A saturated fatty acid has no double bond in the hydrocarbon chains. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains.

Final answer:

The compound isolated by the scientist, which has 26 carbon atoms connected by single bonds, is identified as a saturated fatty acid.

Explanation:

Based on the information given, the compound isolated by the scientist is a saturated fatty acid. The fact that the 26 carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds, and there are no double bonds present, is the key characteristic that defines it as a saturated fatty acid. In these types of compounds, each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible, which means that adjacent carbon atoms share only single bonds. As a result, they contain a maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and no carbon-to-carbon double bonds exist within the fatty acid chain. An example of a common saturated fatty acid is stearic acid.

Answer:

A Cake Baking

Explanation:

All of the other options are physical changes because you can always bring it bake to it's original state unlike a cake baking you can't separate the flour, sugar, and eggs as it was before.

Answer: a cake baking

Explanation:

Chemical change can be define as a change in which the substance combines with the another substances so as to form a new substance, this is called as the chemical synthesis. The chemical decomposition can be define as the break down of one substance into different substances. The chemical change brings the change in the chemical composition of substances.

A cake baking is the example of the chemical change which occurs due to the combination various substances like flour, sugar, butter and others so as to form the cake on baking.

Answer:

Molar mass of vitamin K = 450.56\frac{g}{mol}[/tex]

Explanation:

The freezing point of camphor = 178.4 ⁰C

the Kf of camphor =  37.7°C/m

where : m = molality

the relation between freezing point depression and molality is

Depression in freezing point = Kf X molality

Where

Kf = cryoscopic constant of camphor

molality = moles of solute dissolved per kg of solvent.

putting values

2.69°C = 37.7°C/m X molality

molality = 0.0714 mol /kg

[tex]molality=\frac{molesofvitaminK}{massofcamphor(kg)}=\frac{moles}{0.025}[/tex]

moles of vitamin K = 0.0714X0.025 = 0.00178 mol

we know that moles are related to mass and molar mass of a substance as:

[tex]moles=\frac{mass}{molarmass}[/tex]

For vitamin K the mass is given = 0.802 grams

therefore molar mass = [tex]\frac{mass}{moles}=\frac{0.802}{0.00178}=450.56\frac{g}{mol}[/tex]

The molar mass of vitamin K, involved in normal blood clotting, is calculated to be 450 g/mol using the freezing point depression method with camphor as the solvent.

Vitamin K is involved in normal blood clotting. When 0.802 g of vitamin K is dissolved in 25.0 g of camphor, the freezing point of the solution is lowered by 2.69 °C. To calculate the molar mass of vitamin K, we will use the formula for freezing point depression:

ΔTf = Kf * m, where:

First, we rearrange the formula to solve for molality:

m = ΔTf / Kf = 2.69 °C / 37.7 °C/m = 0.0713 mol/kg

Next, calculate the moles of solute (vitamin K) using the mass of the solvent (camphor):

Moles of solute = m * mass of solvent (kg) = 0.0713 mol/kg * 0.0250 kg = 0.001783 mol

Finally, we find the molar mass (M) of vitamin K by dividing the mass of the solute by the moles:

M = mass of solute / moles = 0.802 g / 0.001783 mol = 450 g/mol

Thus, the molar mass of vitamin K is 450 g/mol.

Answer: Option (B) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Natural gas is defined as the gas which is formed naturally beneath the surface of Earth that mostly contains methane and small amounts of ethane, propane etc.

Since, natural gas upon burning produces water and carbon dioxide resulting in the release of a clean gas as compared to other fuels. Carbon dioxide produced upon burning of natural gas is 50-60% lesser in amount as compared to release of carbon dioxide upon burning of coal.

Therefore, we can conclude that burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning natural gas.

Answer:

B is your answer

Explanation:

i took a test got it wrong and thats how i found out so your welcome

Answer:

D) dependent on the element that reacted with carbon.

Explanation:

Nuclear fusion involves the combination of small atomic nuclei to form larger ones. This combination or fusing of nuclei is always accompanied by the release of large amount of energy.

The fusion product depends on the combining elements that fuses together. As we would have it, the fusion results in the formation of a heavier nuclei. Therefore, the combination of the Carbon and the other element would yield another nuclei that is heavier.

Final answer:

The volume of water in the cylinder will rise to approximately 0.558 mL.

Explanation:

To find the volume to which the water in the cylinder will rise, we need to calculate the volume of the copper pellets. The density of pure copper is given as 8.96 g/cm³. From the given mass of the copper pellets (5.00 g), we can calculate the volume using the formula:

Volume = Mass / Density

Substituting the values, we get:

Volume = 5.00 g / 8.96 g/cm³ = 0.558 g/cm³

Therefore, the water in the cylinder will rise to a volume of 0.558 mL.

Answer:

A. 4.48

Explanation:

3.6/0.804 = 4.48

Answer:

a. 4.48 L is the Answer

Explanation:

Molarity (M),  Molality (m), Normality (N),  Mass %,  Parts per million(ppm), billion(ppb), thousands(ppt)  are some of the terms we use to represent the concentration of the solution that is to represent the amount of solute present in a solvent.

Molarity is moles of solute present in 1L of the solution. The formula to find Molarity is

[tex]Molarity  = \frac {(moles solute)}{(volume of solution in L)}[/tex] and its unit is mol/L

Rearranging the formula

We get                          

Moles = Molarity × Volume

or

[tex]volume= \frac {moles}{Molarity}[/tex]

Plugging in the values  

[tex]volume=\frac {3.6mol}{0.804M}[/tex]

[tex]=\frac {3.6mol}{(0.804 mol/L)}=4.48 L[/tex]

(Answer)

The element of bromine  has entropy of  vaporization as  -93.1 J/(mol∙K) which is calculated as S=-ΔH/T.

It is defined as a substance which cannot be broken down further into any other substance. Each element is made up of its own type of atom. Due to this reason all elements are different from one another.

Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals. Metals are shiny and conduct electricity and are all solids at room temperature except mercury. Non-metals do not conduct electricity and are mostly gases at room temperature except carbon and sulfur.

The entropy of vaporization for bromine is calculated by the formula  S=-ΔH/T,substitution in given formula gives,

S=-30.91/332=-93.1 J/(mol∙K)

Thus, the element of bromine  has entropy of  vaporization  as  -93.1 J/(mol∙K) .

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Final answer:

The entropy of vaporization for bromine is 93.1 J/(mol·K), which means the correct answer is D. 93.1 J/(mol·K).

Explanation:

To find the entropy of vaporization (ΔSvap) for bromine, we can use the formula ΔSvap = ΔHvap / Tb, where ΔHvap is the heat of vaporization and Tb is the boiling point in Kelvin. Given that the heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) for bromine is 30.91 kJ/mol and its boiling point is 59 °C, we first need to convert these units appropriately. The boiling point in Kelvin is 59 °C + 273.15 = 332.15 K.

Converting the heat of vaporization to J/mol (since 1 kJ = 1000 J), we have 30.91 kJ/mol = 30910 J/mol.

Now, we can calculate the entropy of vaporization as follows: ΔSvap = 30910 J/mol / 332.15 K = 93.1 J/(mol·K).

By applying Boyle's Law to the given conditions, the volume of the ideal gas compresses to 0.04525 L when the pressure increases to 40.0 atm, assuming constant temperature.

The problem involves calculating the volume of a sample of ideal gas under constant temperature when the pressure changes. This scenario is perfectly described by Boyle's Law, which states that the product of the initial pressure and volume is equal to the product of the final pressure and volume, given by the formula P1V1 = P2V2, where P is pressure and V is volume. In this problem, the initial pressure (P1) is 1.00 atm, the initial volume (V1) is 1.81 L, and the final pressure (P2) is 40.0 atm. Our goal is to find the final volume (V2).

Applying Boyle's Law:

1.00 atm × 1.81 L = 40.0 atm × V2

To find V2, we rearrange the formula to solve for V2:

V2 = (1.00 atm × 1.81 L) / 40.0 atm

This gives us:

V2 = 0.04525 L

Therefore, when the pressure increases to 40.0 atm, the volume of the gas compresses to 0.04525 L.

Answer: If the temp of water increases as you heat it, the temp is the independent variable

false

Answer:

=0.5 moles

Explanation:

Let us assume that the sodium chloride solution has a density of 1g/cm³.

Therefore the volume of the 0.5 kg of solution will be calculated as follows.

0.5kg into grams=0.5 kg×1000g/kg

=500g

volume= mass/density

=500g/1g/cm³

=500cm³

The solution is 1.0 M which means that 1.0 moles are in 1000 cm³

500cm³ will have:

(500 cm³×1.0 moles)/1000 cm³

=0.5 moles

Answer: 0.5

Explanation: edge 2021

Answer:

1) Dihydropyridine receptor

2) Rynodine receptor

Explanation:

Rynodine receptor: It is a category of interacellular channels of calcium with different forms like neurons and muscles found in animal tissues.

Dihydropyridine receptor: they are present in muscle tissues and are able to sense voltage in skeleton muscles thus can increase or control the release of calcium.

Final answer:

The T-tubule on the T-tubule and the calcium channel on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum mediate the increases in cytoplasmic calcium required for muscle contraction.

Explanation:

The coupling between a T-tubule on the T-tubule and a calcium channel on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum mediates the increases in the amount of cytoplasmic calcium required to initiate a muscle contraction. When the action potential reaches the T-tubules, it triggers the opening of calcium channels in the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing calcium ions to diffuse out and into the sarcoplasm. This calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is essential for the contraction of muscle fibers.

Answer:

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the primary level.

Answer:

Stressing an equilibrium system means altering physical conditions to favor either side of the reaction in progress.

Explanation:

The stress  of equilibrium is achieved either by increasing physical properties or decreasing them eg. properties like pressure,volume or temperature of a substance.

These properties affect the direction of a reaction for a system in equilibrium.

Final answer:

Stressing an equilibrium system means causing a disruption in its balance, which can be done by changing reactant/product concentrations, pressure, or temperature. According to Le Châtelier's principle, the system will react by shifting in a direction to minimize the effects of the stress and re-establish equilibrium.

Explanation:

Le Châtelier's Principle

Stressing an equilibrium system means causing a change in conditions that disturbs the dynamic balance of a system where forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates. Stress can be applied in several ways, including changes in the concentration of reactants or products, changes in pressure or volume (for gaseous reactions), or changes in temperature. These actions can push the system out of equilibrium, and as summarized by Le Châtelier's principle, when such stress is applied, the equilibrium will shift in a direction that helps to counteract or minimize the stress.

For example, if additional reactant is added to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift toward forming more products, decreasing the concentration of the added reactants. Conversely, if additional product is added, the equilibrium will tend to shift toward forming more reactants, to reduce the concentration of the added product. This is how Le Châtelier's principle allows us to predict the response of a stressed equilibrium.

the correct (answer) is (c.) a light particle

Answer:

The steps of the scientific method must be followed in order every time an experiment is carried out. - True

The steps of the scientific method do not have to be followed in the exact same order in every experiment. They are mostly followed in a typical order, but can be repeated and modified as needed while performing the experiment.

The statement is generally false: the steps of the scientific method do not have to be followed in the exact same order during every experiment. These steps are: observation, question formulation, hypothesis, experiment, data collection and analysis, and conclusion. While they are usually followed in that order, it is not mandatory to do so. Some steps can be repeated and modified as needed during the experiment. It's the iterative nature of the scientific method that encourages scientists to test and refine their hypotheses.

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Final answer:

The molar mass of the solute is 1.6 g/mol. However, the identity of the compound cannot be concluded based solely on this information. Further analysis and testing are required.

Explanation:

The freezing point of a solution is lowered by the addition of a solute. In this question, the freezing point depression constant of benzene is given as 5.12 K kg/mol. We are given that the freezing point of pure benzene is 5.5 °C and that the freezing point of the solution with the solute is 3.9 °C. By using the formula for freezing point depression, we can calculate the molar mass of the solute as follows:

ΔTf = Kf * m
where ΔTf is the change in freezing point, Kf is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality of the solution.

Given that ΔTf = 5.5 °C - 3.9°C = 1.6 °C and that the molality is calculated by dividing the moles of solute by the mass of the solvent (benzene), we can rearrange the formula to find the molar mass of the solute:

m = ΔTf / Kf
m = 1.6 °C / 5.12 K kg/mol = 0.3125 mol/kg

To find the molar mass, we can use the equation:

molar mass = (mass of solute) / (moles of solute)

Given that the mass of solute is 0.50 g and we have calculated the molality of the solute as 0.3125 mol/kg, we can calculate the molar mass as follows:

molar mass = (0.50 g) / (0.3125 mol/kg) = 1.6 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of the solute is 1.6 g/mol. However, we cannot conclude that the compound is cocaine (C17H21N04) based solely on this information. To determine the identity of the compound, further analysis and testing are required.

The calculated molar mass of the solute is 200 g/mol, indicating it may not be cocaine (C17H21NO4), which has a molar mass of approximately 303.35 g/mol.

The chemist cannot conclusively conclude that the compound is cocaine (C17H21NO4) based solely on the freezing point depression observed. To determine if the substance is cocaine, further analysis would be required. However, the freezing point depression can provide some information about the molecular weight of the solute.

The freezing point depression, [tex]\(\Delta T_f\)[/tex], is given by the equation:

[tex]\[\Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m\][/tex]

where:

- [tex]\(i\)[/tex] is the van't Hoff factor, which is the number of moles of solute particles per mole of solute (for non-electrolytes, [tex]\(i = 1\)[/tex]).

- [tex]\(K_f\)[/tex] is the cryoscopic constant for the solvent (for benzene, [tex]\(K_f = 5.12\)[/tex] °C·kg/mol).

- [tex]\(m\)[/tex] is the molality of the solution, which is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

First, we calculate the freezing point depression:

[tex]\[\Delta T_f = T_{f, \text{pure}} - T_{f, \text{solution}} = 5.5^\circ C - 3.9^\circ C = 1.6^\circ C\][/tex]

Next, we calculate the molality of the solution. Assuming the substance is a non-electrolyte (which may not be true for cocaine, as it can ionize), the van't Hoff factor [tex]\(i\)[/tex] would be 1. The mass of the benzene solvent is 8.0 g, which is 0.0080 kg. We have 0.50 g of the solute, but we need to know its molar mass to find the molality.

Let's assume the molar mass of the solute is [tex]\(M\)[/tex] g/mol. The number of moles of the solute is:

[tex]\[\text{moles of solute} = \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{molar mass of solute}} = \frac{0.50 \text{ g}}{M \text{ g/mol}}\][/tex]

The molality [tex]\(m\)[/tex] is:

[tex]\[m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{mass of solvent in kg}} = \frac{0.50 \text{ g}/M \text{ g/mol}}{0.0080 \text{ kg}}\][/tex]

Now we can use the freezing point depression equation to solve for[tex]\(M\)[/tex]:

[tex]\[1.6^\circ C = 1 \cdot 5.12 \cdot \frac{0.50/M}{0.0080}\] \[M = \frac{1 \cdot 5.12 \cdot 0.50}{1.6 \cdot 0.0080}\] \[M = \frac{2.56}{0.0128}\] \[M = 200 \text{ g/mol}\][/tex]

The calculated molar mass of the solute is 200 g/mol, which is close to the molar mass of cocaine (C17H21NO4), which is approximately 303.35 g/mol. However, the calculated molar mass is significantly lower than that of cocaine, suggesting that the substance may not be cocaine or that the solute has a higher molar mass than calculated due to ionization (if it is an electrolyte).

Assumptions made in this analysis include:

1. The solute is a non-electrolyte, which means it does not dissociate into ions in solution. If the solute is an electrolyte, the van't Hoff factor [tex]\(i\)[/tex]would be greater than 1, affecting the calculation of the molar mass.

2. The cryoscopic constant for benzene is accurate and applicable under the conditions of the experiment.

3. The freezing point of the pure solvent (benzene) is accurately known and measured.

4. The solution is ideal, meaning intermolecular forces between solvent and solute molecules are similar to those between solvent molecules themselves.

5. There are no other impurities in the solvent or solute that could affect the freezing point.

Given the discrepancy between the calculated molar mass and the known molar mass of cocaine, additional analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy would be necessary to confirm the identity of the white powder as cocaine.