Discuss how cryptology is used on the Internet for e-business or e-commerce. Provide examples and types of cryptographic tools and techniques

Answer: One occurrence of the object

Explanation:

 The instance of the object is the one occurrence of an object in the given class. The common statement of an object with respect to the instance means that there is single occurrence of an object.

When the process run at each time it is known as instance of program given specific values and variables. An instance of the object is also known as class instance.

It is basically defined as specific realization in an object and also the object varies in different number of the ways in the object oriented programming (OOPs).

Answer: (B) Issue an alter system switch logfile command.

Explanation:

 When the database is in the archive log mode then, the issue in the alter system switch logfile command force the particular switch. It basically produce achieve redo log which is smaller in the size by the dedicated size of the parameter log buffer.

It also govern the particular size of the RAM (Random access memory) buffer by redo log.  This command is basically faster to return in the program by the use of redo log.

On the other hand, all the options are incorrect as this command only alter the system and does not alter the database. Therefore, Option (B) is correct.

Answer:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

   //declare variable to store phone numbers,its area code, prefix and line number.

   long phone_number;

   int area_code, prefix,line_number;

   cout<<"Enter 10-digit phone number:"<<endl;

   //input 10-digit phone number

   cin>>phone_number;

   //logic to find area_code, prefix, and line_number.

   area_code = phone_number/10000000;

   prefix = (phone_number/10000)%1000;

   line_number = phone_number%10000;

   //output phone number in asked format.

   cout<<area_code<<"-"<<prefix<<"-"<<line_number<<endl;

   return 0;

}

Output:

Enter 10-digit phone number:

8005551212

800-555-1212

Explanation:

In the above program 10 digit phone number entered by user will be stored in the variable phone_number.

Then using this phone_number variable area_code, prefix, and line number are calculated using the following logic:

area_code = phone_number/10000000;

prefix = (phone_number/10000)%1000;

line_number = phone_number%10000;

Finally these area_code, prefix, and line_number are displayed with hyphen in between using cout statement.

The C++ program reads a 10-digit phone number, then extracts and prints its area code, prefix, and line number, separated by hyphens. It uses division and modulo operations to isolate the desired digits, ensuring non-zero starting digits for simplicity.

Here's a C++ solution for your problem:

```cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

   long long phoneNumber;

   cout << "Enter a 10-digit phone number: ";

   cin >> phoneNumber;

   int areaCode = phoneNumber / 10000000;

   int prefix = (phoneNumber / 10000) % 1000;

   int lineNumber = phoneNumber % 10000;

   cout << "Phone number breakdown: " << areaCode << "-" << prefix << "-" << lineNumber << endl;

   return 0;

}

```

This C++ program reads a 10-digit phone number as a long long integer. It then extracts the area code, prefix, and line number using the given hints and prints them separated by hyphens.

Answer:

7

Explanation:

The class clockType consists of three member variables marked as private:

It also contains four public member functions:

So in total it contains seven members. The member variables constitute attributes or state of the object while the member functions represent possible operations on the object.

Answer:

#HERE IS CODE IN PYTHON

#function to find length of shortest and longest string in the array

def fun(list2):

   #find length of shortest string

   mn=len(min(list2))

   #find length of longest string

   mx=len(max(list2))

   #return both the value

   return mn,mx

#array of strings

list2 = ['Ford', 'Volvo', 'BMW', 'MARUTI','TATA']

# call the function

mn,mx=fun(list2)

#print the result

print("shortest length is:",mn)

print("longest length is:",mx)

Explanation:

Create an array of strings.Call the function fun() with array as parameter. Here min() function will find the minimum string among all the strings of array and then len() function will find its length and assign to "mn". Similarly max() will find the largest string and then len() will find its length and assign to "mx". Function fun() will return "mn" & "mx".Then print the length of shortest and longest string.

Output:

shortest length is: 3

longest length is: 5

Final answer:

The problem involves writing a Java method to find the lengths of the shortest and longest strings in an array. The method iterates through each string to update and find the minimum and maximum lengths. It returns these lengths as an integer array.

Explanation:

To tackle the problem of finding the lengths of the shortest and longest strings in an array, we'll use a programming approach. Let's assume we are using Java for this solution. The method will iterate through the array, comparing the lengths of each string to find the minimum and maximum lengths.

Here is a simple Java method that accomplishes this:

public static int[] findShortestAndLongestStringLen(String[] array) {
   if (array == null || array.length == 0) return new int[] {-1, -1}; // Handle empty or null array    
   int minLength = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
   int maxLength = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
   for (String str : array) {
       if (str.length() < minLength) {
           minLength = str.length();
       }
       if (str.length() > maxLength) {
           maxLength = str.length();
       }
   }
   return new int[] {minLength, maxLength};
}

This method initializes two variables, minLength and maxLength, with the maximum and minimum values an integer can have, respectively. It iterates through each string in the array, updating these values based on the length of each string. Finally, it returns an array of two integers: the shortest length found (minLength) and the longest (maxLength).

Answer: Concurrent programs are the programs that execute at the same point of time. They are simultaneous in nature with other concurrent programs.They are executed with the help of threads  to achieve the concurrency without the issue of scheduling. They are consider long running programs.

The program that has the low execution time compared with all other programs gets executed first.If the case of no progress is seen then another thread is executed.This type of execution gives the non- deterministic situation in which the possibility of leading completion of any particular program cannot be determined.

Answer: b)Sustaining technology

Explanation: Sustaining technology is the technology that is used for enhancing the product than before . The improvement is made in the product to improve it's marketing and increasing it's value. In this way, the customer will tend to purchase the product .

Other options are incorrect because disruptive technology is the damaging the marketing of current product by using new marketing product, innovative technology is the technology that changing product to make it  interesting.Thus, the most suitable option is option(b).

Answer:

// here is program in C.

#include <stdio.h>

//main function

int main(void) {

   // variables

   char type;

   int gallon;

   double tot_cost=0;

   printf("Enter the type of customer(B for business or R for residential):");

   // read the type of customer

   scanf("%c",&type);

   // if type is business

   if(type=='b'||type=='B')

   {

       printf("please enter the number of gallons:");

       // read the number of gallons

       scanf("%d",&gallon);

       // if number of gallons are less or equal to 8000

       if(gallon<=8000)

       {

           // calculate cost

          tot_cost =gallon*0.006;

           printf("\ntotal cost is: $ %lf",tot_cost);

       }

       else

       {

           // if number of gallons is greater than 8000

           // calculate cost

           tot_cost=(8000*0.006)+((gallon-8000)*0.008);

           printf("\ntotal cost is: $ %lf",tot_cost);

       }

   }

   // if customer type is residential

   else if(type=='r'||type=='R')

        {

       printf("please enter the number of gallons:");

       // read the number of gallons

       scanf("%d",&gallon);

       // if number of gallons are less or equal to 6000

       if(gallon<=6000)

       {

           // calculate cost

           tot_cost=gallon*0.007;

           printf("\ntotal cost is: $ %lf",tot_cost);

       }

       else

       {// if number of gallons is greater than 6000

       // calculate cost

           tot_cost=(6000*0.005)+((gallon-6000)*0.007);

           printf("\ntotal cost is: $ %lf",tot_cost);

       }

   }

return 0;

}

Explanation:

Ask user to enter the type of customer and assign it to variable "type". If the customer type is business then read the number of gallons from user and assign it to variable "gallon". Then calculate cost of gallons, if   gallons are less or equal to 8000 then multiply it with 0.006.And if gallons are greater than 8000, cost for  first 8000 will be multiply by 0.006 and   for rest gallons multiply with 0.008.Similarly if customer type is residential then for first 6000 gallons cost will be multiply by 0.005 and for rest it will  multiply by 0.007. Then print the cost.

Output:

Enter the type of customer(B for business or R for residential):B

please enter the number of gallons:10000

total cost is: $ 64.000000

Answer:Inner conductor of cable

Explanation: The cable used for the transmission of data maintains the communication between the devices. The layer is made up the layers like jacket layer which is the outermost layer for the protection of wiring in cable .

A shield is also present on the inner conductor of the cable for the protection of the data from interference. The inner conductor is the part which transmits the data. Various types of the metal and alloys are used for making the conductor.It is a very sensitive part so it is protected with jackets of layer.

Answer: (c) A file stream object can be used to open more than one file simultaneously.

Explanation: File stream is application that is found on desktop that helps in accessing the files on demand and requirement of the Google Drive. The  files team can access direction and updating takes place automatically.

It also helps in the accessing one or more files in a series through individual file stream object. After all the accessing and activities file gets closed as well and the updates gets save automatically.

Other options are incorrect because accessing the file for reading or writing requires file name mandatory and single object can open a file but cannot be used for writing and reading.Thus ,the correct options are option(c) .

Explanation:

There are two versions of Internet Protocol(IP) present in which the IP address are written which are IPv4 and IPv6.The numbers in IPv4 are 32 bit long while in IPv6 the numbers are 128 bits long.

So let's see IPv4 addresses

IP addresses are written in human readable form.There are 4 groups of 8 bits which represent the corresponding decimal numbers.These groups are separated by (.) .Since there are 8 bits hence the numbers range is 0-255.

for ex:-  124.45.65.210

There are 3 dots  the numbers are in the range of 0-255.There should be no leading zeroes present in the IP address.

Answer:

a. 101100101

b. 1000011

c. 11111100

d. 1111110111101000

e. 1011010100011

Explanation:

To convert any decimal number to binary you need to make a succession of divisions by 2, in the image I provide, you can see how the process was done, every time you divide your number by 2 you'll have a remainder, being this 0 or 1, this will become your binary number. It's important to notice that using this method you'll divide from right to left, but you'll take your remainders in the opposite direction (right to left) to form your binary number.

Hope you find this information useful! Good luck!

To convert decimal numbers to binary, divide by 2 and record the remainders until the quotient is zero. The binary representation is then read from the bottom up. This method is applied to convert the given decimal numbers to their binary equivalents.

Converting decimal numbers to binary requires dividing the number by 2 and recording the remainder until the quotient is 0. Here's how you can convert the given decimal numbers to binary:

Answer: False

Explanation:

 The given statement is false as, in the immediate addressing the value of operand is basically store in the instruction.

In the register addressing the address filed is basically denote as the register which contain the operand.

In the immediate addressing, the mode of the data is the specific part of the instruction and the operand is basically specify in instruction of the immediate addressing itself.

Answer: Cloud computing is the service that helps the usage of the services of the computer system parts (hardware and software) over a network .The disadvantages of the cloud computing are as follows:-

Explanation:

Data structure is a way of gathering and organizing the data in such a way that we can perform operation on the data very efficiently.There are different types of data structures such as :-

These are the basic data structures.

Algorithm:-It is a finite set of instructions written to accomplish a certain task.An algorithm's performance is measured on the basis of two properties:-

Software developers need to know data structures and algorithms because all the computers rely on data structures and algorithms so if you know data structures and algorithms better you will know the computer better.

Answer:

b.) an unchecked exception class

Explanation:

The IllegalArgumentException is a subclass of the RuntimeException class. As such it represents an unchecked exception. An unchecked exception is one which need not necessarily be thrown or caught within the method body. In contract, a checked exception (e.g., IOExeption ) needs to be declared in either the throws clause or needs to be handled in a try-catch block as part of the method.

Answer: False

Explanation: System development life cycle is the cycle that is responsible for the functioning of the system's operation.The steps of the system's cycle are development, evaluation,testing,analysis ,designing,documentation and implementation.These steps are necessary for the successful conduction of the system.

The accomplishment of the these steps are dependent on each other. The software or hardware components have to go through each step to get evaluated properly. Thus the accomplishment of each step is based on the complete cycle.Thus the statement given is false.

Answer:  678,363,840

Explanation:

Hi!

The "bg" part of the string could be in 7 possible positions within the string. If we number the characters in the string from 0 to 7, the "b" of "bg" could be in positions 0 to 6.

We need to count the possibilities for the other 6 characters. They can be any of the 26 lower-case letters, but not b nor g, because no letters can be repeated. So we can choose 6 letters from 24 letters, without repetition, and the order is important. The number of such combinations is:

[tex]n = 24,\; m = 6\\\frac{n!}{(n-m)!} = \frac{24!}{18!} = 96,909,120[/tex]

For the total number of strings, we have to multiply with the 7 possible position of "bg". Then, the final number is 678,363,840

Answer:

x is a double type variable.

Explanation:

Here is x is a variable of type double which stores the value 5. The main purpose of a double datatype is storing the decimal point values. The precision of double datatype is two times more than the precision of float datatype. So on displaying the value of x in c++ it prints "5".

Following are the program of double datatype in c++

#include <iostream> // header file

using namespace std; // namespace  

int main() // main function

{

  double x=5; // variable declaration

  cout<<x; // displaying the value of x

  return 0;

}

Output:

5

Answer: Problem solver

Explanation:

 Problem solver is the most important characteristics for the system analyst as it important for the organization to control all the problems.

System analysis basically define the problem in the particular organization to be solved and also provide the proper architecture in the system.  

The good and strong problem solving ability makes the organization more efficient in the decision making problem and also improve the overall system analyst in the organization.

Answer:

A python3 script is given below

Explanation:

Hi there!

In this program it is assumed that the rectangle will always be parallel to the x and y axis

# First we define three lists where the coordinates will be stored

# The notrect variable will help us if the p1 and p2 coordinates are along the same axis and therefore the will not make a rectangle,in the assumed sense

p1, p2, p3 = [],[],[]

notrect = False

# In this for cycle we ask the user for the coordinates and check if the first two make a rectangle

for i in range(3):

if i<2:

 x = float(input('Please write x'+str(i+1)+': '))

 y = float(input('Please write y'+str(i+1)+': '))

else:

               x = float(input('Please write x: '))

               y = float(input('Please write y: '))

if i==0: p1 = [x,y]

elif i==1: p2 = [x,y]

else: p3 = [x,y]

# If they do not make the rectangle we no longer ask for the third and exit the program

if p1 and p2:

 if p1[0] == p2[0] or p1[1] == p2[1]:

  notrect = True

  print('These ponits does not make a rectangle')

  break

#If notrect = True we say Bye to the user and nothing else happens

if notrect:

print('Bye')

# If they do make the rectangle we save the x and y coordinates of the rectangle separately, and sort them

else:

x = [p1[0],p2[0]]

y = [p1[1],p2[1]]

x.sort()

y.sort()

# If the x and y coordinates of the third point are between the x and y coordinates of the vertices of the rectangle the last point is indeed inside the rectangle, and print a True. Otherwise, we print a False

print((p3[0]>x[0] and p3[0]<x[1]) and p3[1]>y[0] and p3[1]<y[1])

The required codes are attached below:

Boolean value:

In programming, we generally need to implement values that can only have one of two values, either true or false. For this purpose, Java provides a special data type, i.e., boolean, which can take the values true or false.

Learn More information about the topic Boolean value:

https://brainly.com/question/26413022

Answer:Deployment diagram

Explanation: Deployment diagram is the diagram that is used for displaying the hardware parts upon which the software architecture works.The main purpose of the diagram is showing the function and operations taking place through the deployment of the software system with the hardware.

These diagrams are made up of the nodes , interface, artifacts and other components. Other given options are incorrect because architectural diagram is for designing of the architecture of a system,sequence diagram is used for the sequential order display of system components and  state chart diagram is the diagram that shows the status of the parts of the operating system.

Therefore, the correct option is deployment diagram.

Answer:

int sumeven(int lis[],int n)

{

   int sum_e=0;//integer variable to store the sum.

   for(int i=0;i<n;i++)

       {

           if(lis[i]%2 == 0)//if the number is even adding to sum_e.

           sum_e=sum_e+i;

       }

   return sum_e;//retuning the sum.

}

Explanation:

The above written function is in C++.This function find the sum of even numbers in the list provided.It loops over the array and if the number is even adds to the variable sum_e finally return sum_e which having the sum of even numbers now.

Answer: Innovation

Explanation: Strategy is the planning for the execution of any task so that objective can be achieved. The strategy in organization is made for the long term goals which involves the participation of the the organizational elements from each level.

Innovation is the change in the organization in order to increase the creativity which is considered as the essence of organization. This helps in gaining the benefits such as increasing productivity, competitive advantage.

Other options are incorrect because change can be negative or positive for the organization, moving is the execution of the business work and work is the tasks of the organization.thus, the correct answer is innovation.

Answer:

 Back propagation is the algorithm which is basically used o improve the accuracy in the machine leaning and data mining. It is one of the most important tool in the mathematics to check the prediction with high accuracy.

The back propagation is also known as backward propagation and it is mainly used in the ANN (Artificial neural network).

The important features of the back propagation is that it has high efficiency for improving the networks. It is also recursive and iterative methods and ability to perform various tasks.  

Final answer:

Back propagation is an algorithm used to train neural networks by minimizing the output error through gradient descent. It involves adjusting the weights of neurons based on the error gradient, which is calculated using the chain rule. The process leverages activation functions to allow the learning of complex patterns.

Explanation:

Back propagation is a fundamental algorithm used in the training of artificial neural networks. It is a supervised learning technique that adjusts the weights of the neurons in the network. The main goal of back propagation is to minimize the error in the output of the neural network by propagating the error backward through the network and updating the weights accordingly.

The process begins by feeding the network an input and letting it pass through the layers to produce an output. This output is then compared with the desired output, and the difference between them is the error. Back propagation takes this error and calculates the gradient of the loss function with respect to each weight in the network using the chain rule of calculus. The weights are then adjusted in the opposite direction of the gradient to reduce the error. This is typically done using an optimization algorithm like gradient descent.

An important component of back propagation is the use of activation functions which add non-linear properties to the network, allowing it to learn more complex patterns. During back propagation, derivatives of these activation functions are vital as they are involved in calculating the gradients.

Overall, back propagation is an iterative process, where multiple epochs of training may be necessary to reach the desired level of accuracy.

Explanation:

The difference between a class and an object is very simple a class is a template for objects.A class contains objects,methods,constructors,destructors. While an object is a member  of the class or an instance of the class. for ex:-

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class car

{

    public:

  string color;

  int numgears;

  int engine capacity_cc;

  bool ispetrol;

car(string color,int numgears,int engine capacity_cc,bool ispetrol)

{

  this->color=color;

  this->numgears=numgears;

  this->capacity_cc=capacity_cc;

  this->ispetrol=ispetrol;

}

};

int main()

{

car volvo = new car("red",6,2500,false);

return 0;

}

In the example we have class car and it's object is volvo.

Final answer:

In object-oriented programming, a class is a blueprint for creating objects that share similar properties and behaviors. An object, on the other hand, is an instance or a specific occurrence of that class. It represents a real-world entity and holds the values for the attributes defined in the class.

Explanation:

In object-oriented programming, a class is a blueprint for creating objects (instances) that share similar properties and behaviors. It defines the attributes (data) and methods (functions) that objects of that class will have. A class is like a template or a cookie cutter, while an object is an instance or a specific occurrence of that class. It represents a real-world entity and holds the values for the attributes defined in the class.

Let's take a car as an example. The class for a car would define its properties, such as color, brand, and year, as well as its behaviors, such as accelerating, braking, and turning. An object of this car class would be a specific car, like a red Toyota Camry from 2020, which has its unique values for the properties defined in the class.

Answer: Topology/topographic maps are the maps that contain all the description and details about the human invented and natural components on the Earth like landscapes,etc.They give the realistic data along with the contour lines, structure etc.

The main purpose it contains the detailed information , because it is used in the professional field by the workers or experts and used for the three dimensional structure as the change in the landscapes and fields always persist  .It is also used for the recreational infrastructure which requires a accurate and precise detailing.

Answer:

 The proc file system is basically used in the UNIX operating system and it acts as communication medium in the kernel space and the users.

It basically contain data or information about the processing system when it started and running.

The proc file system is the standardized and convenient method for providing the dynamic accessing data in the kernel. As, it is basically created dynamically during the boots up time and store information in the hierarchical type of file in the system.

Answer:

Advantages of wireless communication:-

Disadvantages of wireless communication:-

Advantages of wired communication:-

Disadvantages of wired communication:-

Wireless communication is more preferable than wired communication in the conditions like communication connection that should face low damage and longer life which is not present in cable connection as they break or get disrupted.The flexibility of moving while communication is required by most people so, they use wireless communication .

The advantages and disadvantages of wireless communications include portability, ease of installation, and flexibility as advantages, while they suffer from potential security issues, interference, and varying reliability. On the other hand, wired communications boast high stability, speed, and security but lack the mobility and ease of deployment that wireless offers. Wireless channels are preferred over wired when mobility, ease of setup, or physical cabling constraints are considerations.

Wireless communications offer the key advantages of mobility, ease of installation, and the ability to connect multiple devices without the need for physical cables. However, disadvantages include security concerns, as wireless communications can be more susceptible to unauthorized access, interference from other devices or physical barriers that can disrupt signals, and potentially less reliability in terms of consistent connectivity.

Wired communications, by contrast, offer greater security, as physical access to the network is required for connectivity, and are typically more stable and faster, as they are less likely to be affected by interference. The main disadvantages include the lack of mobility, as devices are tethered to specific locations by cables, and challenges in the installation process, especially in areas where running cables is difficult or impractical. Wireless channels are often preferred in situations where mobility is necessary, such as in conference rooms or public spaces, where devices are frequently moved or added, and where installing cables would be difficult or costly.

Answer:

A milestone is a significant progress point within your project. Milestones' main purpose is to set goals you have to achieve in order to succeed and complete your project

Explanation:

-Example 1-

You have to write a report for your project. This report contains introduction, problem background, results, and recommendations. The milestones for writing your report could be:

Milestone 1: introduction section is completed

Milestone 2: problem background section is completed

Milestone 3: results section is completed

Milestone 4: recommendations section is completed

-Example 2-

You have to design a webpage that allows the user to login, enters his/her name, and logout. The milestones in this case could be:

Milestone 1: login functionality is completed

Milestone 2: text field for typing the name is placed

Milestone 3: submit name button functionality is completed

Milestone 4: logout button functionality is completed

Milestone 5: all components of the webpage are fully integrated

You might think the goals in these examples can be set differently, and that is true. The definition of the milestones is in general subjective and it depends on how you design the steps you want to follow to complete your project. You might also want to add these milestones to a timeline so you have an estimated schedule of the development of your project.

A milestone is a significant event or stage that marks progress in development, used to evaluate skill or project achievement. Examples include motor skills like walking, language development like the first word, and project management deliverables.

A milestone is a significant event or point in development that marks an important stage in a project, process, or a person's life. They often serve as indicators of progress and can be used to evaluate achievement or skill level in various domains.

Examples of Milestones:

Motor milestones: These refer to crucial developmental steps in an individual's motor skills, like sitting up, crawling, and walking.

Language milestones: These are critical steps involved in the development of language skills, such as the onset of babbling, the first word, and the combining of words.

Project milestones: These might include deliverables established, a timeline for when remaining work will be completed, and noting any problems that may affect project scope or direction.

Milestones are also used in different contexts, such as educational achievements (like graduating from school), professional development (like receiving a promotion), or personal growth (like buying a first home). In project management, they often involve establishing a direct reference to milestones or deliverables, scheduling the completion of remaining tasks, and identifying any issues that could impact the project's trajectory. Effective use of milestones helps in keeping projects on track and allows for the evaluation of progress over time, which is crucial for success.