Do most exothermic reactions have a negative or positive change in gibbs energy

Answers

Answer 1

An exothermic reaction involves heat leaving the system in which the reaction is taking place. This measurement of heat quantity is known as enthalpy, and is one of the measurements required to calculate the Gibbs free energy change.

The equation dG=dH-TdS, where dG is Gibbs free energy change, dH is enthalpy change, T is temperature (kelvin), and dS is entropy change (measurement of system disorder), is used to calculate the Gibbs change.

In an exothermic reaction, heat is lost, as said earlier (dH<0), and the entropy usually increases (dS>0, typically large molecules will break apart into smaller molecules, increasing the disorder). Because temperature can never be negative, we have a general system that looks like this:

dG = negative - negative = more negative

so, an exothermic system typically has a dG<0.

Related Questions

Which substance is an electrolyte? A) O2 B) Xe C) C3H8 D) KNO3

Answers

Answer:
KNO₃ is an electrolyte.

Explanation:
Electrolyte is any specie which when dissolved in water produces a cation and anoin. Electrolytes has the ability to conduct electricity. In given options O₂, Xe and C₃H₈ are non electrolytes because they cannot dissociate into cation and an anion due to their covalent bonds or monoatomic nature. The dissociation of Potassium Nitrate is as follow,

KNO₃ → K⁺ ₍aq₎ + NO₃⁻ ₍aq₎

KNO3 (potassium nitrate) is the substance that is an electrolyte among the given options because it dissolves in water to form ions, which allows it to conduct electricity.

The question asks which substance is an electrolyte from the options provided. An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water, thereby conducting electricity. Among the options given:

O2 (oxygen) and Xe (xenon) are noble gases and do not form ions in solution, hence they are not electrolytes.

C3H8 (propane) is a hydrocarbon which does not ionize in water, making it a nonelectrolyte.

KNO3 (potassium nitrate) dissolves in water to form potassium (K+) and nitrate (NO3−) ions, which means it is an electrolyte and can conduct electricity.

Therefore, the substance that is an electrolyte among the options is KNO3 (potassium nitrate).

When only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a ________ bond. triple double single resonant?

Answers

The answer is Single. When only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a single bond. A single bond is usually a σ bond.

How to find the density of a liquid given only volume and molecular weight?

Answers

If you’re given molecular weight, you know that density is mass/volume. You need to convert the molecular weight to volume. If you know what molecule it is, use the gram formula mass to convert it into grams.

Know how you would determine the percent yield of a reaction if you have the given amount of the reactants and the amount of the product actually collected in the lab.

Answers

First, use the given amount of reactants to calculate the theoretical amount of products that should be formed based on stoichiometry. Next, divide the actual amount of obtained product by that theoretical amount, and multiply by 100%. This gives the percent yield of the reaction.

Which compound contains a triple bond?

Answers

Final answer:

A compound with a triple bond, like acetylene, is a molecule where three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. Acetylene contains a triple bond between its two carbon atoms. These bonds are strong, robust, and render unique properties to the compound.

Explanation:

A compound that contains a triple bond is a molecule in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, making it a very strong connection. An example of such a compound is acetylene (C2H2), which contains a triple bond between the two carbon atoms. The presence of triple bonds results in substances with unique properties when compared to compounds with only single or double bonds.

The triple bond in acetylene is formed by one sigma bond and two pi bonds. This means that acetylene is a more robust compound because of the strength of the triple bond. Additionally, molecules with triple bonds often have interesting chemical reactivities which make them important in various fields such as organic chemistry or industrial synthesis.

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How many moles of h2so4 are needed to neutralize 1.56 moles of koh?

Answers

the balanced equation for the above neutralisation reaction is as follows;
2KOH + H₂SO₄ --> K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
stoichiometry of KOH to H₂SO₄ is 2:1
neutralisation is the reaction between H⁺ ions and OH⁻ ions to form water which is neutral
number of KOH moles - 1.56 mol
2 mol of KOH require 1 mol of H₂SO₄ for neutralisation
therefore 1.56 mol of KOH require - 1/2 x 1.56 mol = 0.78 mol
0.78 mol of H₂SO₄ are required for neutralisation

What is the mass of aluminum metal that releases 22.4 l of hydrogen gas at stp from hydrochloric acid? __al(s) + __hcl(aq) → __alcl3(aq) + __h2(g) 18.0 g 81.0 g 9.00 g 40.5 g 27.0 g?

Answers

The mass of Al metal that releases 2.4 L of hydrogen gas at STP is calculated as below

AT STP 1 mole =22.4 l
what about 22.4l =? moles
(22.4 L x 1 mole) /22.4 L= 2mole

write the reacing reaction

2Al+ 6 HCL = 2AlCl3 + 3H2
by use of mole ratio between Al to H2 which is 2 : 3 the mole Al = 1 x2/3 = 0.667 moles
mass =moles x molar mass
=0.667 mole x27 g/mol= 18 grams

what is the mass of a 1.00cm3 piece of iron having a density of 7.90g/cm3

Answers

7.90g/cm³ = 7.90g/1cm³ - this density means that 1 cm³ has mass = 7.90 g

Or you can do it another way
1.0 cm³*7.90 g/cm³= 7.90 g

Answer:

Mass of iron = 7.90 g

Explanation:

Given:

Volume of iron, V = 1.00 cm3

Density of iron, D = 7.90 g/cm3

To determine:

Mass of iron, M

Explanation:

Density of a substance is the mass occupied by it in a given volume

I.e. [tex]Density = \frac{Mass}{Volume}[/tex]

[tex]Mass = Density*Volume[/tex]

For the given piece of iron:

[tex]Mass = 7.90 g/cm3 * 1.00 cm3 = 7.90 g[/tex]

Cranberries and grapes may have therapeutic value. A cranberry company obtained the patent for a process to extract the oil from cranberry seeds. According to the patent, this oil can be used to treat breast cancer or to reduce its incidence. The oil can be used in drinks and foods. A grape juice company claims to have evidence that certain grapes have health benefits ranging from improving cardiovascular health to improving cognitive brain function in the elderly. These claims will be tested by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before the companies are allowed to market their products for “treating” ailments or “improving” health. Until then, the companies can describe that their products “help to maintain” or “support” health. Until studies support their claims, the companies cannot ascribe direct health benefits to their products.

Why would the FDA perform tests when a cranberry company and a grape company have already conducted research on the same products?

A. The FDA is the only organization that can test if health actually improves.

B. Tests that are performed by any company which benefits financially are considered unreliable.

C. The FDA tests give reliability to the results of improved health obtained by each company.

D. Tests performed by the FDA follow established scientific methods, but those performed by companies do not.

Answers

Answer is: C. The FDA tests give reliability to the results of improved health obtained by each company.

The FDA (The Food and Drug Administration) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

The FDA controls food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription, pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, cosmetics and animal food.

The more kinetic energy there is an a sample of matter, the-
A.more energy is absorbed as heat
B.more energy is given off as heat
C.Lower the temperature
D.higher the temperature

Answers

The more kinetic energy there is an a sample of matter, the higher the temperature.

What is kinetic molecular theory?

Average kinetic molecular theory states that kinetic energy of any sample of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of that sample.

More kinetic energy means more energy is absorbed as heat is wrong.More kinetic energy means more energy is given off as heat is also wrong.More kinetic energy will lower the temperature is also incorrect.

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The correct answer is D. higher the temperature.

The kinetic energy of a sample of matter is directly related to its temperature. As the kinetic energy of the particles in a substance increases, the temperature of the substance also increases. This is because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Therefore, if there is more kinetic energy in a sample of matter, the temperature will be higher.

Here's the logic behind the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature:

When particles in a substance move faster, they have more kinetic energy.

The faster movement of particles leads to more frequent and more energetic collisions between particles.

These more energetic collisions result in a greater transfer of energy when the substance comes into contact with another substance, which we perceive as a higher temperature.

The other incorrect options are:

A. more energy is absorbed as heat: This option is incorrect because the statement refers to the absorption of energy, which is not directly related to the kinetic energy already present in the sample.

B. more energy is given off as heat: This option is incorrect because it suggests that the sample is losing energy, which would lead to a decrease in temperature, not an increase.

C. Lower the temperature: This option is incorrect because it directly contradicts the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature; more kinetic energy means a higher temperature, not a lower one.

Which volume, in cm3 , of 0.20 mol dm-3 naoh (aq) is needed to neutralize 0.050 mol of h2s (g)? h2s (g) + 2naoh (aq) → na2s (aq) + 2h2o (l)?

Answers

Answer is: volume of sodium hydroxide is 500 cm³.
Chemical reaction: H₂S + 2NaOH → Na₂S + 2H₂O.
From chemical reaction: n(H₂S) : n(NaOH) = 1 : 2.
n(NaOH) = 2 ·0.050 mol.
n(NaOH) = 0.1 mol.
V(NaOH) = n(NaOH) ÷ c(NaOH).
V(NaOH) = 0.1 mol ÷ 0.2 mol/dm³.
V(NaOH) = 0.5 dm³.
V(NaOH) = 0.5 dm³ · 1000 cm³/dm³.
V(NaOH) = 500 cm³.

A solution contains 0.60 mg/ml mn2+. what minimum mass of kio4 must me added to 5.00 ml of the solution in order to completely oxidize the mn2+ to mno4 - ?

Answers

The given solution of Mn²⁺ is 0.60 mg/mL.
Hence mass of Mn²⁺ in 5 mL of solution = 0.60 mg/mL x 5 mL = 3 mg

Molar mass of Mn = 54.9 g/mol
Hence, moles of Mn²⁺ = 3 x 10⁻³ g / 54.9 g/mol = 5.46 x 10⁻⁵ mol

The balanced equation for the reaction is,
2Mn²⁺ + 5KIO₄ + 3H₂O → 2MnO₄⁻ + 5KIO₃ + 6H⁺

The stoichiometric ratio between Mn²⁺ and KIO₄ is 2 : 5

Hence, moles of KIO₄ reacted = 5.46 x 10⁻⁵ mol x (5 / 2)
= 13.65 x 10⁻⁵ mol
Molar mass of KIO₄ = 230 g/mol

Hence needed mass of KIO₄ = 13.65 x 10⁻⁵ mol x 230 g/mol
= 0.031395 g
= 31.395 mg
≈ 31.4 mg

What is the ionic form of this unbalanced equation? mno2 + hno2 → mn(no3)2 + h2o?

Answers

The ionic form of the unbalanced equation

MnO2 +HNO2 = Mn(NO3)2 +H2O is as below

MnO2(s) + H^+(aq) + NO2^-(aq) = Mn^2+(aq) + No3^-(aq) + H20(l)

MnO2 does not dissociate since it is in solid state. In addition H2O is in liquid state thus does not dissociate in to ions

What binary compound would be formed from barium ions and fluoride ions?

Answers

Barium fluoride (BaF2) - Also known as Barium(II) fluoride - because it's a combination of two different kinds of ions (binary = two).

When doing the systematic treatment of equilibrium for a strong acid is oh?

Answers

The storong acid is never OH but we have to affirm that in aacid-base solution, oh can give up its H to become O

acids increase the concentration of __________ in a solution
A. hydroxide
B. hydronium
C. chloride

Answers

A. hydroxide is the answer

Acids increase the concentration of A. Hydroxide

What is the mass of a 720-mL sample of ClF3 at 735 torr and 43 °C?

Answers

The mass of 720 ml sample of CLF3 at 735 torr and 43 c is calculated as follows
mass= moles x molar mass

molar mass of ClF3=92.448 g/mol

calculate the number of moles of ClF3 by use of ideal gas equation

n(number of moles = PV/RT
p(pressure)= 735 torrs
V(volume)=720ml = 720/1000 =0.72 L
T(temperature)= 43 +273 = 316 k
R(gas constant)= 62.364 L.torr/mol.k

n is therefore = ( 0.72 l x735 torr) / 62.364 l.torr/Mol.k x 316 k) = 0.0269 moles

mass is therefore= 0.0269 mol x 92.448 g/mol = 2.487 grams

Determine the empirical formula of a compound containing 22.6% nitrogen and 77.4% oxygen

Answers

empirical formula is the simplest ratio of whole numbers of components in a compound
for 100 g of the compound
N O
mass 22.6 g 77.4 g
number of moles 22.6 g / 14 g/mol 77.4 g / 16 g/mol
= 1.61 mol = 4.84 mol
divide by the least number of moles
1.61 / 1.61 = 1.00 4.84 / 1.61 = 3.01
rounded off to nearest whole numbers
N - 1
O - 3

therefore empirical formula - NO₃

The empirical formula of a compound that contain 22.6% nitrogen and 77.4% oxygen is calculated as below

calculate the moles of each element
= % composition/molar mass
that is
N(nitrogen) = 22.6/14= 1.61 moles
O(oxygen) = 77.4/16 = 4.84 mole

find the mole ratio by dividing each mole by the smallest mole ( 1.61 moles)

that is
N = 1.61/1.61 = 1
O = 4.84/1.61 = 3

therefore the empirical formula = NO3

What element will result if a proton is added to the nucleus of carbon?

Answers

Nitrogen because it has one more proton than carbon.

What is the molecular geometry about nitrogen in ch3nh2?

Answers

In Methyl Amine the Nitrogen atom is attached to two Hydrogen Atoms and one Methyl (CH₃-) group. From Lewis structure it is shown that the Nitrogen atom also contains a lone pair of electron.
So,
According to Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, those central atoms which have four electron pairs and all of them are bonding electron pairs gives Tetrahedral Geometry.

Methylamine also contains four electron pairs, but out of four only three are bonding pair electrons and one lone pair electron. Now, due to presence of lone pair of electron (which has greater repulsion effect than bonding electron pair) the bond angle between H-N-H will decrease from 109° to 107° and results in the formation of Trigonal Pyramidal geometry as shown below,

Methylamine is widely used in the making of pharmaceuticals, surfactants, and rubber chemicals. The lewis structure of methylamine determined the presence of lone pairs on nitrogen and have a trigonal pyramidal shape.

Methylamine is an organic molecule, in which one methyl group (CH3) and one amine group (NH3) are present.

The given below in the attachment is the lewis dot structure of methylamine.

The lewis dot structure is based on the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR). According to this theory:

The central atom carbon has four valence electrons, out of which three are bonded with Hydrogen (H) and one with Nitrogen (N). Similarly, the methylamine also has four electron pairs, out of which three are bonded and one is lone pair. The presence of lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen will create a greater repulsion effect than bonding pairs. Thus, the bond length of H-N-H will be decreased due to lone pairs, the angle will decrease from 109-degrees to 107-degrees. This, decrease in the angle will result in the shape of trigonal pyramidal geometry of the amine group in methylamine.

Therefore, amine group will have trigonal pyramidal geomtery.

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A 10.00L sample of gas has a mass of 11.92g at stp. What is the molar mass of the gas?

Answers

Let's assume that the gas is an ideal gas.

1 mole of ideal gas has the volume as 22.4 L at STP (273 K , 1 atm)

The given gas has 10.00 L. Hence we can find out the moles of gas.

moles in 22.4 L gas = 1 mol
moles in 10.00 L gas = [tex] \frac{1 mol * 10.00 L}{22.4 L} [/tex] = 0.446 mol

moles = mass / molar mass

hence, molar mass = mass / moles
= 11.92 g / 0.446
= 26.73 g/mol

Hence, the molar mass of the gas is 26.73 g/mol

As we know STP means Standard Temperature and Pressure. Where, Pressure is 1 atm and temperature is 273 K and also Ideal gas law ( PV=nRT) or (PV = w/M RT)

Where –

P = Pressure in atmV = Volume in Ln = moles R = Ideal gas law constant T = Temperature in Kw = Given MassM = Molar Mass

Now, according to the question –

w =11.92 g V = 10 L P = 1 atmT = 273 KR = 0.0821 atm L/ mol K

Calculation –

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\pink{\twoheadrightarrow\bf PV = nRT}[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\pink{\twoheadrightarrow\bf PV = \dfrac{w}{M}\times RT}[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf\dfrac{w}{M} = \dfrac{PV}{RT}[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf \dfrac{M}{w} = \dfrac{RT}{PV}[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf M = \dfrac{RT}{PV}\times w[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf M = \dfrac{0.0821 \times 273 }{1 \times 10 } \times 11.92 [/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf M = \dfrac{22.4}{10} \times 11.92[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf M = 2.24\times 11.92[/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\twoheadrightarrow\sf M = 26.7 [/tex]

[tex]\qquad[/tex] [tex]\pink{\twoheadrightarrow\bf M = 26.7\: g}[/tex]

Henceforth, Molar Mass is 26.7 g

_______________________________________

Which of the elements has the same lewis structure as sulfur?

Answers

The answer is Oxygen. The elements that has the same lewis structure as sulfur is Oxygen. This is due to the fact that although the two compounds have different electronic configurations, the two have the same arrangement of electrons in their outermost orbits.

Equal quantities of different liquids are placed in closed manometers at 20°
c. which liquid has the highest vapor pressure?

Answers

NOTE: Above question is incomplete:
Complete question is attached as an attached (image),along with the answer.
.......................................................................................................
Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor which is in equilibrium with liquid, at a given temperature, in a closed system. If vapor pressure is high, it suggest that escaping tendency of liquid is high. This will result in higher pressure level in manometer.

In present case liquid A (i.e option F) has highest level in manometer, suggesting that it has highest vapor pressure.

A hydrocarbon that includes a triple covalent bond is classified as _____.

Answers

Hydrocarbons with triple bonds are classified as Alkynes.

Alkynes have one or more triple bonds between two Carbon atoms but the general formula is CnH2n-2. One is σ bond and rests are π bonds. Hence, alkynes are called as unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Which of the following is not a postulate of the kinetic-molecular theory? A. Gas particles have a high force of attraction to one another or to the walls of the container. B. The distance between gas particles is much larger than the size of the particles themselves. C. Gas particles will always travel in a straight line until they hit a container wall or another gas particle. D. Gases are made up of particles that act like little, hard spheres that are always moving in a random fashion.

Answers

Following are important postulates of Kinetic theory of gases

1) Gases are made up of number of particles.
this particles behaves like hard and spherical objects, which are in constant state of motion.
2) The particles always travel in a straight line until they collide with another particle or the walls of the container.
3) Particles are of smaller size as compared to the distance between particles.
4) There exist minimal/no force of attraction between the gas particles neither there exist attractive interaction between the particles and the walls of the container.
5) Collisions between gas particles or with the walls of the container are elastic in nature.

Thus, statement a i.e. Gas particles have a high force of attraction to one another or to the walls of the container contradicts the postulates of kinetic theory of gases

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