Do you believe it is ethical to prescribe expensive drugs to
less wealthy patients, even if the drug is better quality than
cheaper drugs?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

When talking about medical ethics, the first thing that must be taken into account is that there are four major basic principles that direct medical practice, and in general, the practice of all healthcare professionals. These are: autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. These four are the core principles that ensure that a doctor will always do the best he can in regards to the patient, and for the benefit of the patient.

Unfortunately, these principles do not always apply to the pharmaceutical industry, whose ideas are set more on making profit, while at the same time procuring chemical compounds that benefit the health of patients. However, they do not take into consideration the means a patient may, or may not have, to acquire the elements.

In the case of the doctor, however, this is another matter altogether as he must seek to do what is best for the patient, given the four major principles of medical ethics. In particular, the doctor must apply here, in this case, the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence and he must prescribe the expensive drugs to a patient who have less means if he considers that they are absolutely the best for the health of the patient, and that there is absolutely no other choice when looking at pharmaceutical options. He must first evaluate if a cheaper medication could not achieve the same results, and benefit both the health situation, and income situation, of the patient. If these two are considered, and the answer is: there are no other possibilities, then I say it is ethical. If the decision is taken based on anything other than the benefit of the patient, then, it would be absolutely unethical.


Related Questions

Type 300 or more words on The type of diet that is best for
diabetes prevention.

Answers

Answer:

 The high nutrient and low GL (Glycemic load) food are one of the best and perfect diet food for the diabetics patient. Many conventional type of the diabetes diets helps for prevention the diabetes.

The diabetes diets must include many type of grains and meat, these are the major source of calorie for the diabetes patient. Non starch vegetables, fruits, nuts are the major food diet for the diabetes.

Sugar and refined gains are basically harmful for the diabetes patients and for preventing the diabetics.

 

Which clinical signs are associated with periodontitis?
a. bleeding, sulcus depth of <2 mm, halitosis
b. painful gums, bleeding, sulci <3 mm
c. bleeding, attachment loss, sulcus depth of >4 mm
d. bleeding, sulcus depth of <4 mm

Answers

Answer: c. bleeding, attachment loss, sulcus depth of >4 mm

Explanation:

Periodontitis is a serious infection of gum. It causes the damage of soft tissues and also destroy the bones that support the teeth.

This disease can cause loosening of teeth. But it is commonly preventable. It is because of poor hygiene of mouth. It results in bleeding of gums. It also results in decrease in depth of sulcus to 4mm.

Evidence suggests that individuals who are overweight actually expend more calories than persons who are of normal weight.
a. True
b. False

Answers

Answer:

The best answer to the question: Evidence suggests that individudals who are overweight actually expend more calories than persons who are of normal weight, would be, A: True.

Explanation:

In recent research studies, especially carried out in Canada, it has been found out that the general belief that obese, or overweight, people, are couch potatoes and it is because of this that they are the way they are, may be wrong. Essentially, these studies followed groups of people and compared obese vs normal-weight people and found out two things: first, obese people move more in terms of steps, than normal-weight people, and two, and most amazingly, overweight people expend more calories than normal-weight people simply because their bodies, given their sheer size, have to use more energy to simply move. Thus, these studies showed that, although not by much, individuals with problems of weight do spend a bit more calories per activity, than normal-weight people.

The resting cardiac output from the left ventricle is about 5 liters.
a. True
b. False

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is A.

Explanation:

For a young, healthy person, weighing 70kg, resting cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute (assuming a heart rate of 70 bpm)

70ml stroke volume x 70 beats per minute = 5 liters/min

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction (normal value 70ml)

What are the 4 reasons the performance improvement programs
are evaluated and what are a few key questions that should be
answered in the performance improvement evaluation
process?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The performance improvement programs are observed, monitored, also the result based activities in which the employees are expected to perform better under this program.

The 4 reasons for the evaluation of the performance improvement evaluation are as follows:

1. The plan provides a detail feedback, that helps in recognizing the performance.

2. Cause employs to remain engaged in the set goals.

3. It emphasis for thanking the employees for performing their goals.

4.  It allows the check in of the overall progress of goals and duties which can help in scrutinize the program.  

The questions that should be answered in Performance improvement evaluation process  are as follows:

1. To give an idea to the employee to improve the performance in the future.

2. To address and justifies the termination policy for the staff employees. 3. It identifies the reason for poor performance.

3. To justify the warning actions against any employ.  

4. To justify the termination of the staff from the employment.

Gas exchange, the lungs' main and vital function, takes place in the
a. bronchioles.
b. secondary bronchi.
c. primary bronchi.
d. alveoli.

Answers

Answer:

d. alveoli

Explanation:

Alveoli -

It is an important and crucial part of the respiratory system , the main function of alveoli is the exchange of gases ,

The structure of Alveoli is a balloon shaped air sacs , which are present in the terminating end of the bronchial branches  .

The thickness of alveoli is only one cell thick , whihc allows the exchange of gases .

Gas exchange, the lungs' main and vital function, takes place in the D. alveoli.

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the alveoli. Air travels through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles before reaching the alveoli. The alveoli are in close contact with capillaries for efficient gas exchange.

When we breathe in, air travels from the pharynx to the trachea, which then divides into the primary bronchi. The primary bronchi further branch into secondary bronchi, and eventually into smaller passages called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are structures called alveolar ducts which lead to alveolar sacs. Each alveolar sac contains many alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. The walls of the alveoli are in direct contact with capillaries, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out to be exhaled.

Extrinsic stains on the teeth can be due to which of the following?
a. food
b. wine
c. tea
d. all of the above

Answers

Answer: d. all of abobe

Explanation: Hi, the answer is D.all of above.

There are many circumstances that can cause discolored teeth. Most of the time, the stains are “extrinsic,” affecting the tooth enamel alone.

An example of extrinsic discoloration is stains caused by foods or beverages. Black tea or coffee; wines, both red and white; and darkly colored foods such as beets or chocolate are prime culprits. Other foods likely to stain teeth are berries, popsicles, candies and pickles

Final answer:

Extrinsic stains on the teeth can be caused by food, wine, and tea, making 'all of the above' the correct answer. These substances are known for staining teeth, which underscores the need for thorough oral hygiene practices.

Explanation:

Extrinsic stains on the teeth can be caused by a variety of substances that we consume. These include food, wine, and tea. Each of these can contribute to discoloration on the tooth's surface, highlighting the importance of oral hygiene in preventing and managing extrinsic tooth stains.

Therefore, the correct answer to the question of what can cause extrinsic stains on the teeth is d. all of the above. Foods with intense colors, wines - especially red wine, and teas, which contain tannins, are well-known contributors to tooth staining. Brushing teeth regularly, flossing, and visiting the dentist can help manage these types of stains.

The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron and is comprised of
a) Bowman's capsule
b) None of these
c) All of these
d) Renal tubule
e) Glomerulus

Answers

Answer: Option C  

Explanation:

The nephron is the microscopic structure found in the kidney. It is the structural and functional unit of kidney.

It is composed of renal tubule, glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The renal corpuscles consists of a tuft of capillaries which is known as glomerulus.

Bowman's Capsule can be defined as a sac like structure   that lies at the starting of the tubular part of a nephron in a kidney. It performs the first step of filtration of blood that reaches the kidney.

Hence, the correct answer is all of these.

Final answer:

The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is comprised of the Bowman's capsule, the Renal tubule, and the Glomerulus. The Glomerulus initiates the filtration process, and the filtered blood enters the Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule takes part in reabsorption and secretion.

Explanation:

The functional unit of the kidney, known as the nephron, is comprised of different elements, each playing its unique role in the process of ultrafiltration and urine formation. These elements include the Bowman's capsule, the Renal tubule, and the Glomerulus. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is c) All of these.

The Glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels where the filtration of blood plasma begins. This filtered blood then enters the Bowman's capsule, a cup-like sac that surrounds the Glomerulus and collects the filtrate. The renal tubule, on the other hand, is a tube where necessary substances are reabsorbed back into the blood, and unwanted substances are secreted into the urine.

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Provide a
possible mechanism why folate can mask vitamin B12
deficiency.

Answers

Answer:

Folate is bused to treat vitamin B12  deficiency.

Vitamin B12  deficiency causes anemia that affects neurological system and higher level of folate helps in preventing anemia by preventing deterioration of brain cells.

In B12 deficiency, folate cycle get disrupted that affects regeneration of methylene-tetrahydrofolate which is  required for the synthesis of thymidine for DNA replication. Folate is trapped as methylfolate and causes folate deficiency which demands for the supply of folic acid.Folic acid is recommended to a B12-deficient patient, as it allows the reduction of folic acid to dihydrofolate and  further to tetrahydrofolate which removes the blockage of folate. this helps in the masking of brain cells to get deteriorate due to deficiency of B12.  

Like this Folate can mask vitamin B12 Deficiency.

Final answer:

High folate levels can mask vitamin B12 deficiency by compensating for B12's role in the methionine synthesis pathway, reducing homocysteine levels but not preventing neurological damage from B12 deficiency.

Explanation:

Folate supplementation can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency because both vitamins are crucial in the methionine synthesis pathway. Folate participates in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, a process which also requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. When folate levels are high, the body can compensate for a lack of B12 and reduce the associated high levels of homocysteine, thus masking the hematological symptoms of B12 deficiency, which can lead to megaloblastic anemia. However, this masking effect does not alleviate the potential neurological damage caused by B12 deficiency. Adequate intake of both vitamins is vital; B12 sources include liver, egg, meat, and fish, while folate is found in foods like liver, eggs, and leafy vegetables.

What blood vessels supply the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The proximal tubules forms the part of the nephron of the kidney. It lies between the bowman's capsule and the Henle loop. The distal tubule is a part of the nephron of the kidney present in between the Henle loop and the collecting tubule.

The renal arteries forms branches of afferent and efferent arterioles which typically leads to the formation of the pertibular capillaries. These pertibular capillaries actually supplies the blood to the distal convoluted tubules and the proximal tubules.  

Hematuria is the presence of ______________ in the urine.

Answers

Answer:

Hematuria is the presence of blood in he urine. Blood can get into the urine because an infection or as it is usual, kidney stones. It could be annormal but not necessary.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is in the
a. bundle of His
b. ventricle
c. AV junction
d. right atrium

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is D.

Explanation:

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node (SA). It is a small mass of specialized cells located at right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava.

If the SA node is fail to function, a group of cells from the atrioventricular node can take over the pacemaker function.  

Also the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers can take over pacemaker function if none of the above function properly.  

Lymph capillaries are found in the
a. epidermis
b. muscles
c. bone marrow
d. central nervous system
e. dermis

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is e. dermis

Explanation:

Lymph capillaries are thin walled capillaries interwoven with blood capillaries and found throughout the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues that do not contain vascular tissue like epidermis.

The role of lymphatic capillaries is to collect the extra fluid which is secreted by the tissues in the intercellular spaces. This fluid is called lymph and is clear and transparent and contains WBCs and plasma.

Lymph is different from blood because it do not contain RBCs and platelets. Lymphatic vessels are important part of body immunity because it contains many WBCs in their lymph helpful in fighting diseases.

What do urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, and orchiditis have in common?
a. All of these conditions can occur in any of the stages.
b. All of these conditions can be caused by sexually transmitted infections
c. All of these conditions can occur in men and women.
d. All of these conditions cause the formation of abnormal sperm

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is b. All of these conditions can be caused by sexually transmitted infections.

Explanation:

Inflammation of urethra is called urethritis which is mostly caused by bacterial infection. Neisseria gonorrhea and is the most common bacterial cause of urethritis. It is mostly transmitted sexually.

Prostatitis is the condition in which prostate gland swells due to sexually transmitted bacterial infection like Neisseria gonorrhea or Chlamydia.

Epididymis is a hollow tube that carries the sperm from the testes. When this tube swells due to bacterial infection mostly from Neisseria gonorrhea or Chlamydia then the condition is called epididymitis. Orchiditis is the swelling of testes due to epididymitis.

Thus, all can be transmitted sexually so the correct answer is b. All of these conditions can be caused by sexually transmitted infections.

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
A) the coronary arteries.
B) arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries.
C) contact with blood in the pumping chambers.
D) the coronary sinus.
E) both A and C

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is: A) the coronary arteries

Explanation:

Coronary circulation is a part of the systemic circulatory system that is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood and draining the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles.

In this circulatory system, the blood vessels responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle, myocardium, are called coronary arteries. Whereas, the cardiac veins are responsible for draining away the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles.

Culturing bacteria from the oral cavity in a dish in the laboratory is an example of what type of study?
A. In vivo
B. in vitro
С. In situ
D. None of the above

Answers

Answer:

The best answer to the question: Culturing bacteria from the oral cavity in a dish in the laboratory is an example of what type of study? Would be, B: In vitro.

Explanation:

When talking about culturing of either bacteria or another type of microorganisms, it is important to know what is the purpose of this culturing, in order to select the best study methods. In the case of oral cavity bacteria, the best way to stdy them is through something called a closed system, or, the use of a petri dish and agar as a medium, with nutrients to make the bacteria present in the dental biofilm, to grow in a controlled manner. In this system, all variables are controlled and the purposes are very clear, which makes the use of this closed system much more efficient than more open ones, such as in vivo studies. This closed system of research for mouth bacteria is an example of in vitro studies, where inside a petri dish, with nutritious agar, and controlled variables, or a test tube, these bacteria are encouraged to grow, but it makes it easy for the scientist to predict exactly what will happen and what the outcome might be.

Final answer:

Culturing bacteria in a dish in the laboratory is an example of an in vitro study, which signifies experiments conducted in a controlled environment outside of a living organism.

Explanation:

Culturing bacteria from the oral cavity in a dish in the laboratory is an example of an in vitro study. The term in vitro is Latin for 'in glass', referring to the glassware traditionally used in the laboratory setting. These types of studies are performed outside of a living organism, in a controlled environment like a petri dish or test tube. This is in contrast to in vivo studies, which are performed inside a living organism, and in situ studies, which are conducted in the original location where the subject or condition occurs.

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Exercise has little effect on cardiac output.
a. True
b. False

Answers

The answer is False it helps with cardiac output

Final answer:

The statement about exercise having little effect on cardiac output is false. Cardiac output increases significantly during physical activity in order to meet the body's increased demand for oxygen and nutrients.

Explanation:

The statement "Exercise has little effect on cardiac output" is false. Cardiac output, which is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, increases significantly during exercise. This increase is necessary to meet the heightened demand for oxygen and nutrients by the body's tissues. In a healthy young adult, for example, cardiac output increases from about 5 liters per minute at rest to up to 20-30 liters per minute during maximal exercise.

Regular physical exercise has numerous benefits on the cardiovascular system, including improvements in mechanical efficiency of the heart and exercise tolerance. This can lead to enhanced performance in physical activities without excessive stress or fatigue. Also, exercise can lead to improvements in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body weight, which are all risk factors for cardiovascular disease. During exercise, the increased heart rate and stroke volume work together to boost cardiac output, which helps to circulate blood and oxygen more effectively around the body.

When corpus luteum degenerates,
A. FSH and LH secretion start to rise as the inhibitory effects of the gonadal steroids are withdrawn
B. Circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone rapidly decline.
C. The endometrium sloughs off.
D. Both A and B occur
E. All of the above

Answers

Answer:

The best answer to the question: When the corpus luteum degenerates:___, would be, E: All of the above.

Explanation:

The process of human female reproduction is a very complex one. But center in it is the corpus luteum, a structure that develops from a follicle in the ovaries and which will be responsible for producing estrogens and progesterones to maintain pregnany in case there is egg fertilization, or, the dismantling of everything by decaying and thus stopping the outpour of these  gonadal steroids. When fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum, by producing estrogen and progestorone, inhibits the further production of LH and FSH, and thus the entire process for a successful pregnancy takes place. But when this does not occur, LH and FSH increase again, progesterone, most especially, decreases, and as a result, the endometrium, which had been prepared for implantation, sloughs off. This is why the answer is E.

Which organ system is responsible for controlling water balance in the body and removing waste from blood and excreting it?
A. Urinary system
B. Cardiovascular system
C. Digestive system
D. Lymphatic system

Answers

Answer:

A - Urinary System

Answer:

The system is A. urinary system.

Explanation:

Urinary system has the main function of producing, eliminating, and excreting the fluid wastage created by the kidney and also helps in maintaining the blood volume and blood pressure. The urinary system helps in maintaining chemicals and water balance in the body. Kidney acts as the primary organ for the urinary system.

Kidney filters the wastes and removes excessive water from the blood, thus creating urine. Ureters helps in carrying the urine from kidney to bladder.

Another name for urinary tract infection is ______________-.

Answers

Answer:

The answer to the question: Another name for urinary tract infection is:___, would be: cystitis.

Explanation:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), are also known as cystitis. These infections are most commonly caused by colonization of the urinary tract by bacteria from the GI tract due to wrong hygiene procedures, certain sexual activities, among other reasons, and sometimes, they can be repetitive and very difficult to treat. Cystitis, or unrinary tract infections are most common in women, given the closeness to the anus, and also, because of the use of tight clothing, and certain pads that enhance heat, humidity and also access from the anus to the urethra. Once the bacteria are inside the urethra, they ascend, invade and colonize mostly the urethra and bladder, and thus cause this form of infection. A more complicated form is a renal infection, in which, the bacteria that originally colonized the lower urinary tract, ascend so far as to reach the kidneys themselves.

For each sentence, choose the matching choice that correctly fills in the blank. Some choices are used once, and the others are used not at all. Questions refer to humans in anatomical position except where noted. (Choices: contralateral, cranial, deep, dorsal, inferior, lateral, superficial, superior, ventral.)

(1) The thumb is ___________ to the palm of the same hand.
(2) The trunk is ___________ to the head.
(3) In a four-legged animal like a dog or a crocodile, the neck is ___________ to the tail.
(4) The right lung is ___________ to the left lung.
(5) The skeleton is___________ to the skin.

Answers

1) lateral
2) superior
3) cranial
4) contralateral
5) deep
I’m 90% sure these are right!

Most hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are:
A. Amino acids.
B. Peptides/proteins
C. Steroids
D. Eicosanoids
E. Catecholamines

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is B. Peptides/proteins

Explanation:

Peptide or protein hormones are made up of amino acid polymers. Smaller peptide hormones are made up of 3-49 amino acid and larger protein hormones consists of 50-200 amino acids.

Most of the hormones produced by hypothalamus and pituitary are peptide/protein hormone like Growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin released by pituitary are made up of peptides.

Some of the peptide hormones have carbohydrate group attached with proteins and are called glycoproteins for example luteinizing hormone is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by anterior pituitary which stimulate gonads to produce androgen.

Final answer:

Most hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are b) peptides/proteins, synthesized as polypeptide chains of amino acids.

Explanation:

The majority of hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are either peptides or proteins. These include hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), oxytocin, growth hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These hormones are synthesized as polypeptide chains of amino acids, similar to how other body proteins are produced. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is B. Peptides/proteins.

Action potentials pass from one myocardal cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called
a. gap junctions
b. fibrous heart rings
c. electromagnetic discs
d. sarcolemma sclerotic plaques
e. tight junctions

Answers

Answer: a. Gap junctions

Explanation:

The electrical activation or potential initiate and transfer from one cell to another through gap junction. The gap junctions transfers proteins , ions and small molecules from cell to cell required for electrical conduction.

Which of the following statements is(are) correct when discussing homeostasis?
A. Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously monitor its internal conditions.
B. A sensor, also referred to a receptor, is a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value.
C. This value is then reported to the control center. The control center is the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range. D. If there is a condition that needs to be changed, an effector is the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range.
E. All of the above are correct/true.

Answers

Answer: E. All of the above are correct/true.

Explanation:

The homeostasis is the process of maintenance of the internal environment of the body in constant and stable state as compared to the outer environment.  

The homeostatic control mechanism has three interdependent components that are receptor, a control center, effector and sensor. For receptor it can be said that it is the sensing component of the body that monitors as well as responds to the changes in the environment. The receptor can be in the form of thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors which have different associated functions.  

The control center is the center which exhibit a feedback system that distinguishes the value of the system to the normal range for a particular stimulus. If the value deviates from the set point, then the control center is responsible for activating the effector.

The effector is a part of feedback system it causes a change and return the value to the normal range.

The sensor is also called as the receptor. It is also the part of the feedback system. It's function is to monitor the physiological value. This is the value which is reported to the control center.

Answer:

E

Explanation:all of the above

As blood travels from arteries to veins,
A) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.
B) pressure builds.
C) pressure drops.
D) flow becomes turbulent.
E) viscosity increases.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-C.

Explanation:

Blood pressure is the amount of force blood exerts against the walls of the vessel as it moves through it.

Blood always flows from high pressure to low pressure, in arteries the blood pressure is very high but as blood reaches the capillaries and finally the veins the pressure drops.

The reduced pressure during blood flow in veins as the flow is not under control of ventricular contraction but it depends on the constriction of the smooth muscle, skeletal muscle action and the respiratory movement.

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

Final answer:

As blood moves from arteries to veins, the pressure within these vessels decreases. This is due to the increased cross-sectional area in the capillary beds and the nature of veins being low-pressure vessels carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Explanation:

As blood travels from arteries to veins, the pressure within the blood vessels decreases. This is because arteries are high-pressure vessels that carry oxygenated blood (except in the pulmonary circuit) from the heart to the body. As this blood moves through the circulatory system transitioning from arteries to arterioles and then to capillaries (which indeed get progressively smaller), the pressure drops. This is largely due to the increased cross-sectional area in the capillary beds. The blood then travels back to the heart via venules, which merge to form veins. Veins are low-pressure vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (again, except in the pulmonary circuit). Hence, the correct answer is C) pressure drops.

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Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true? A. The force the heart must overcome in order to pump blood is known as the its stroke volume. B. The term preload refers to a tension, or pressure, that the left ventricle must develop in order for the heart to function properly. C. The preload and afterload are the primary factors that cause the heart rate to change. D. Contractility of the heart muscle refers to the force of contraction that this muscle can exert. E. Both C and D are true.

Answers

Answer:  D. Contractility of the heart muscle refers to the force of contraction that this muscle can exert.

Explanation:

The myocardial contractility is ability of the heart muscles to contract. This is achieved by the forces which develop between the contracting muscles caused by the filaments of actin and myosin.

The degree of binding of the muscle filaments dependents upon the calcium ion concentration. These actions are controlled in vivo by the sympathetic nervous system. It is driven by the release of the catecholamine, which is a process which determines the calcium ion concentration inside the cytosol of the muscles of the heart.  

The true statement is D, which states that contractility of the heart muscle refers to the force of contraction that the heart muscle can exert. Preload deals with the stretch of ventricles prior to contraction, and afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps blood.

Among the statements provided regarding heart functionalities, D. Contractility of the heart muscle refers to the force of contraction that this muscle can exert is true. Contractility concerns the heart's power in pumping blood, directly influencing the stroke volume (SV). When discussing preload and afterload, it's essential to understand that preload is the extent to which the heart's ventricles are stretched at the end of diastole, directly before contraction. The greater the end-diastolic volume (EDV), the greater the preload, and this contributes to a more forceful contraction due to the Frank-Starling mechanism. Afterload is the pressure or resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole, primarily determined by vascular resistance.

The statements provided in options A, B, and C are not accurate. The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as afterload, not stroke volume as suggested in statement A. Preload refers to the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole, not the tension or pressure to pump blood (statement B). While preload and afterload are essential in cardiac dynamics, they are not the primary factors that cause the heart rate to change; they influence stroke volume (statement C).

Hyposecretion of cortisol can cause
A. Goiter.
B. Diabetes mellitus.
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Addison's disease.
E. Cushing's disease.

Answers

Answer:

The best answer to the question: Hypersecretion of cortisol can cause:___, would be, D: Addison´s disease.

Explanation:

Addison´s disease is a condition that affects the adrenal glands and it is characterized by the low production of cortisol and probably aldosterone, by the adrenal glands. This disease is believed to happen for several possible reasons, two of which, are: immune attacks to the adrenal glands, in developed countries, and tuberculosis, in underdeveloped ones. However, there can also be other reasons for why the adrenal glands would not produce enough cortisol. The absence of cortisol will impact almost all systems of the body, and when the production is very low, it can cause what is known as adrenal crises. Addison´s disease will be treated with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.

after having the bone marrow biopsy which sleeping position is
required?

Answers

Answer:

If you had local anesthesia, you'll have to lie on your back for 10 to 15 minutes and apply pressure to the biopsy site.

Explanation:

The vomeronasal organ:
a. is the structure that joins the nasal cavity and the vomer bone.
b. is vestigial with no known function in the adult.
c. may be able to respond to complex chemicals called pheromones.
d. Both A and C are correct

Answers

Answer: d. Both A and C are correct

Explanation:

Vomeronasal organ also known as Jacobson's organ. It forms the part of the olfactory system of reptiles, amphibians and mammals. It is a chemoreceptor. The patch of sensory cells within the nasal chamber detects the odor and it's associated chemical. It can detect the airborn odours and pheromones or scents.

Final answer:

The vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson's organ, is an olfactory structure sensitive to pheromones, connected to the nasal cavity, and implicated in the flehmen response in animals. Its functionality in humans remains a subject of debate among scientists.

Explanation:

The vomeronasal organ (VNO), also known as Jacobson's organ, is a tubular, fluid-filled olfactory organ found in many vertebrates that is highly sensitive to pheromones. It sits adjacent to the nasal cavity and is connected to it by a duct. When molecules dissolve in the mucosa of the nasal cavity, they can enter the VNO where pheromone molecules bind with specialized receptors. This interaction often leads to a behavioral response known as the flehmen response in certain animals, such as cats, which involves a curling of the upper lip to facilitate the entry of pheromone molecules into the VNO.

While the VNO's role in humans is controversial, some scientists consider it to be functionally vestigial, yet others suggest it may have an unrecognized function, possibly related to the synchronization of menstrual cycles among women living closely together.

Which of the following eating disorders is associated with obesity?
a. Anorexia nervosa
b. Bulimia nervosa
c. Binge-eating disorder
d. Reverse anorexia

Answers

Answer: c. Binge-eating disorder

Explanation:

Binge is a eating disorder in which the person consumes large quantities of food often quickly and till the point the person experience discomfort due to overeating. In this eating disorder the person looses control over itself against the overeating. This leads to the condition of obesity. Other problems such as experience of shame, distress, guilt and purging to avoid the binge eating.  

Final answer:

Binge-eating disorder is the eating disorder associated with obesity. It is characterized by episodes of compulsive overeating without compensatory behaviors.

Explanation:

The eating disorder that is associated with obesity is binge-eating disorder. Binge-eating disorder is characterized by episodes of compulsive overeating, where a person consumes an excessive amount of food in a short period of time, but does not engage in compensatory behaviors like purging. This can lead to weight gain and obesity. Individuals with binge-eating disorder often experience feelings of guilt, shame, and loss of control over their eating behaviors.

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