Draw the Lewis Dot structure for the following diprotic acid: HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH. 35.50 mL of this acid is titrated to end point with 27.10 mL of 0.970 M KOH. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction and determine the unknown concentration of the acid.

Answer:

a.

ΔF = w  = 2.94 kJ

ΔSuniv = 0

ΔG  =  0

b.

ΔS = 0.1000×8.315×1.099 = 0.913 J/mol K

ΔQ =0

ΔH = 0

Explanation:

a. You have  to find the ΔG, ΔF, who are two forms of free energy

G: Gibbs free energy

F: Helmholtz free energy

-G: Gibbs free energy:

For solve these, you have the following equation:

ΔG = ΔH   – T ΔS           with T constant (Eq 1)

Where:

ΔG = change in Gibbs free energy

ΔH= change in enthalpy

T = temperature

ΔS = change in entropy

This process is irreversible and isothermic, it last means that temperature doesn’t change.

For that reason:

ΔS  = q/T      with p constant.   (Eq 2)

Where:

q = heat

And, with p constant, it just making P-V work, so:

ΔH = qp =q   (Eq 3)

where:

qp = heat at constant pressure.

-F: Helmholtz free energy

To find ΔF, you have to use the following equation:

ΔF = ΔU   – T ΔS   With T constant,  (Eq 4)

Where:

ΔF = change in Helmholtz free energy

ΔU= change in internal energy

T = temperature

ΔS = change in entropy

And also, you have to use the equation for internal energy:

ΔU = q + w (Eq 5)

b. For this problem we have to establish two states, A and B, based on the data given from the problem:

State A:

V1 = 2 dm³

T1 = 300K

State B:

V2 = 6 dm³

T2 = ?

Due to the adiabatic properties of the process, this expansion  makes that change on heat “q” equals to 0:

Δq= 0

SO we have to ask ourselves what is the value of the change in entropy. But we don’t know if the process is reversible or not. Also, we don’t know if the process is static or not, and the volume could be hard to define.

Answer : The expression for the fugacity coefficient [tex]\ln \phi[/tex], for the mixture is, -0.3669.

Explanation : Given,

Fugacity coefficient of component 1 = 0.784

Fugacity coefficient of component 2 = 0.638

Mole fraction of component 1 = 0.4

First we have to calculate the mole fraction of component 2.

As we know that,

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of component 1}+\text{Mole fraction of component 2}=1[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mole fraction of component 2}=1-0.4=0.6[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the expression for the fugacity coefficient [tex]\ln \phi[/tex].

Expression used :

[tex]\ln \phi=X_1\ln \phi_1+X_2\ln \phi_2[/tex]

where,

[tex]\phi[/tex] = fugacity coefficient

[tex]\phi_1[/tex] = fugacity coefficient of component 1

[tex]\phi_2[/tex] = fugacity coefficient of component 2

[tex]X_1[/tex] = mole fraction of of component 1

[tex]X_2[/tex] = mole fraction of of component 2

Now put all the give values in the above expression, we get:

[tex]\ln \phi=0.4\times \ln(0.784)+0.6\times \ln(0.638)[/tex]

[tex]\ln \phi=-0.3669[/tex]

Therefore, the expression for the fugacity coefficient [tex]\ln \phi[/tex], for the mixture is, -0.3669.

Final answer:

Adding more acid to tooth enamel causes increased solubility of enamel and may lead to cavities. The added acid reacts with hydroxide ions in the enamel, driving the reaction forward. Fluoride in dental products can help protect enamel by reducing solubility in acid.

Explanation:

When more acid, which in chemical terms is a source of H+ ions, is added to the solution where tooth enamel, chemically known as calcium hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is present, it results in the reaction shifting to the right according to Le Chatelier's principle. This process increases the solubility of the tooth enamel in acid, leading to enamel dissolution and potentially to the formation of dental cavities. The reaction with acid produces 5Ca2+(aq), 3HPO42-(aq), and OH-(aq). Hydroxide ions (OH-) react with added H+ ions to form water (2H2O), driving the reaction forward and increasing enamel solubility. To mitigate this effect, toothpastes and mouth rinses may contain fluoride compounds, replacing the strong base hydroxide in the enamel with the weaker base fluoride. This renders the enamel more resistant to acid attack by reducing the extent to which the equilibrium shifts upon acid addition.

Answer :

(a) The maximum efficiency of the engine is, 62.5 %

(b) The maximum work done is, 0.625 KJ.

(c) The heat discharge into the cold sink is, 0.375 KJ.

Explanation : Given,

Temperature of hot body [tex]T_h[/tex] = 800 K

Temperature of cold body [tex]T_c[/tex] = 300 K

(a) First we have to calculate the maximum efficiency of the engine.

Formula used for efficiency of the engine.

[tex]\eta =1-\frac{T_c}{T_h}[/tex]

Now put all the given values in this formula, we get :

[tex]\eta =1-\frac{300K}{800K}[/tex]

[tex]\eta =0.625\times 100=62.5\%[/tex]

(b) Now we have to calculate the maximum work done.

Formula used :

[tex]\eta =\frac{Q_h-Q_c}{Q_h}=\frac{w}{Q_h}[/tex]

where,

[tex]Q_h[/tex] = heat supplied by hot source = 1 KJ

[tex]Q_c[/tex] = heat supplied by hot source

w = work done = ?

Now put all the given values in this formula, we get :

[tex]\eta =\frac{w}{Q_h}[/tex]

[tex]0.625=\frac{w}{1KJ}[/tex]

[tex]w=0.625KJ[/tex]

(c) Now we have to calculate the heat discharge into the cold sink.

Formula used :

[tex]w=Q_h-Q_c[/tex]

[tex]Q_c=Q_h-w[/tex]

[tex]Q_c=1-0.625[/tex]

[tex]Q_c=0.375KJ[/tex]

Therefore, (a) The maximum efficiency of the engine is, 62.5 %

(b) The maximum work done is, 0.625 KJ.

(c) The heat discharge into the cold sink is, 0.375 KJ.

Answer:

misteri Cell ini quest ia half-life of beauty of misteri best, of Cell can't answer =

Explanation:

[tex] \sqrt[ \geqslant { { | \geqslant | \geqslant \sqrt[ \gamma \% log_{ \tan( \sqrt[ < \pi \sqrt[ | \geqslant \sqrt[ < \leqslant |x| ]{y} | \times \frac{?}{?} ]{?} ]{?} ) }(?) ]{?} | | }^{2} }^{?} ]{ \sqrt[ < \gamma log_{ \frac{ | \geqslant y \sqrt[ |x \sqrt{ |?| } | ]{?} | }{?} }(?) ]{?} } [/tex]

A function m(t) = m02−t/h that models the amount of 91Kr remaining in the canister after t seconds is m (t) = 9 x 2⁻t/¹⁰.

Half life is defined as the amount of time it takes for a radioactive substance (or half its atoms) to break down or change. The time it takes for roughly half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to transform into a more stable form is known as the half-life. The half-life of each radioactive element varies. Half-life is the length of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay to half of its initial value. This suggests that a source's activity has a half-life when it takes time for it to decrease to half its initial value.

The half-life of krypton-91  = 10 s

At time t = 0 a heavy canister contains 7 g of this radioactive gas.
h = 10

m_0 = 7

m(t) = m₀ x 2⁻t/h

m(t) = 7 x 2⁻t/10

Thus, a function m(t) = m02−t/h that models the amount of 91Kr remaining in the canister after t seconds is m (t) = 9 x 2⁻t/¹⁰.

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Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\text{4.220 mol}}[/tex]

Explanation:

            3NO₂ + H₂O → 2HNO₃ + NO

n/mol:  12.66  

You get 1 mol of NO from 3 mol of NO₂

[tex]\text{Moles of NO} = \text{12.66 mol NO}_{2}\times \dfrac{\text{1 mol NO}}{\text{3 mol NO}_{2}} = \textbf{4.220 mol NO}\\\\\text{The reaction forms } \boxed{\textbf{4.220 mol}} \text{ of NO}[/tex]

Answer: The moles of NO produces are 4.22 moles

Explanation:

We are given:

Moles of nitrogen dioxide = 12.66 moles

The given chemical equation follows:

[tex]3NO_2(g)+H_2O(l)\rightarrow 2HNO_3(aq.)+NO(g)[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

3 moles of nitrogen dioxide produces 1 mole of NO

So, 12.66 moles of nitrogen dioxide will produce = [tex]\frac{1}{3}\times 12.66=4.22mol[/tex] of NO

Hence, the moles of NO produces are 4.22 moles

Answer : The pH of a saturated solution is, 12.33

Explanation : Given,

[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = [tex]5.02\times 10^{-6}[/tex]

First we have to calculate the solubility of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ion.

The balanced equilibrium reaction will be:

[tex]Ca(OH)_2\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+}+2OH^-[/tex]

Let the solubility will be, 's'.

The concentration of [tex]Ca^{2+}[/tex] ion = s

The concentration of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ion = 2s

The expression for solubility constant for this reaction will be,

[tex]K_{sp}=[Ca^{2+}][OH^-]^2[/tex]

Let the solubility will be, 's'

[tex]K_{sp}=(s)\times (2s)^2[/tex]

[tex]K_{sp}=(4s)^3[/tex]

Now put the value of [tex]K_[sp}[/tex] in this expression, we get the solubility.

[tex]5.02\times 10^{-6}=(4s)^3[/tex]

[tex]s=1.079\times 10^{-2}M[/tex]

The concentration of [tex]Ca^{2+}[/tex] ion = s = [tex]1.079\times 10^{-2}M[/tex]

The concentration of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ion = 2s = [tex]2\times (1.079\times 10^{-2}M)=2.158\times 10^{-2}M[/tex]

First we have to calculate the pOH.

[tex]pOH=-\log [OH^-][/tex]

[tex]pOH=-\log (2.158\times 10^{-2})[/tex]

[tex]pOH=1.67[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the pH.

[tex]pH+pOH=14\\\\pH=14-pOH\\\\pH=14-1.67=12.33[/tex]

Therefore, the pH of a saturated solution is, 12.33

Answer:Option c is incorrect

Explanation:

Diels-Alder reaction is a 4+2 cycloaddition reaction .

The reaction occurs between a diene and a dieneophile .

Generally In the Diels-alder reaction HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile react with proper orbital symmetry. But vice-versa can also be used.

HOMO-Highest occupied molecular orbital

LUMO-Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

The primary driving force for the diels alder reaction is is the conversion of 2pi bonds into 2 sigma bonds. The sigma bonds are energetically more favorable than pi bonds.

The diels alder reaction happens through orbital interaction and hence the substituents on either the diene or dienophile do not change there stereochemistry in the product so  it is a stereospecific reaction.Since predominantly only isomer would be produced. so a is correct.

The Diels alder reaction is a concerted( more  bonds form at a time) reaction which means it is just a one step reaction. so statement b is correct.

The option c is incorrect as diels alder reaction occurs through orbital interaction in a pericyclic manner. Since Diels alder reactions are pericyclic in nature and occur through orbital symmetry they do not involve polar intermediates like carbocation or radicals.

The dienes must be conjugated as on account of conjugation stability of a diene also increases. Also since we know that due to conjugation the energy of LUMO decreases and that of HOMO increases and so HOMO is more reactive and generally we involve HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile. So conjugated dienes are important.

So for a bond formation to take place in a  Diels-Alder reaction HOMO and LUMO with proper symmetry must overlap.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Answer:

75 mg

Explanation:

We can write the extraction formula as

x = m/[1 + (1/K)(Vaq/Vo)], where

x = mass extracted

m = total mass of solute

K = distribution coefficient

Vo = volume of organic layer

Vaq = volume of aqueous layer

Data:

m = 75 mg

K = 1.8

Vo = 0.90 mL

Vaq = 1.00 mL

Calculations:

For each extraction,

1 + (1/K)(Vaq/Vo) = 1  + (1/1.8)(1.00/0.90) = 1 + 0.62 = 1.62  

x = m/1.62 = 0.618m

So, 61.8 % of the solute is extracted in each step.

In other words, 38.2 % of the solute remains.

Let r = the amount remaining after n extractions. Then  

r = m(0.382)^n.

If n = 7,

r = 75(0.382)^7 = 75 × 0.001 18 = 0.088 mg

m = 75 - 0.088 = 75 mg

After seven extractions, 75 mg (99.999 %) of the solute will be extracted.

Answer: Option (D) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

According to Kinetic theory of gases, molecules of a gas move in rapid and random motion. That is, particles are constantly in linear motion.

When these molecules colloid with each other then no energy is gained or lost by them. Also, these molecules occupy negligible amount of volume as compared to the volume of the container in which they are placed.

Moreover, as there is no energy loss taking place so, these molecules of gas undergo perfect elastic motion.

Therefore, we can conclude that all of the above given options are true according to the kinetic theory of gases.

Answer: The enthalpy of the reaction for given amount of ammonia will be -3431.3 kJ.

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]  

For ammonia:

Given mass of ammonia = [tex]1.26\times 10^4g=1260g[/tex]

Molar mass of ammonia = 17 g/mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of ammonia}=\frac{1260g}{17g/mol}=74.11mol[/tex]

We are given:

Moles of ammonia = 74.11 moles

For the given chemical reaction:

[tex]N_2(g)+3H_2(g)\rightarrow 2NH_3(g);\Delta H^o_{rxn}=-92.6kJ[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

If 2 moles of ammonia produces -92.6 kJ of energy.

Then, 74.11 moles of ammonia will produce = [tex]\frac{-92.6kJ}{2mol}\times 74.11mol=-3431.3kJ[/tex] of energy.

Thus, the enthalpy of the reaction for given amount of ammonia will be -3431.3 kJ.

Answer:

-34317.56 Kj

Explanation:

=1.26 x 10^4/17

= 741.2 moles

If 2 moles of ammonia gives - 92.6 Kj/mol

What about 741.2 moles

741.2/2 x - 92.6

= - 34317.56 KJ

hey there!:

Volume in liters ( V ) = 111 mL / 1000 => 0.111 L

Pressure in atm ( P )  = 734 / 760 => 0.965789 atm

temperature in Kelvin ( K )  = 34+273.15 => 307.15 K

Molar gas constant ( R ) = 0.0826 atm*L/mol*K

ideal gas  equation :

p*V = n*R*T

moles of gas:

n =  p*v / R*T

n = 0.965789 * 0.111 / 0.0826 * 307.15

n = 0.107202 / 25.37059

n = 0.004225 moles

Therefore:

Molar mass =  mass / moles of gas

molar mass = 0.168 / 0.004225

molar mass = 39.76 g/mol

Hope this helps!

The molar mass of the gas was calculated by applying the ideal gas law, rearranging it for molar mass, and using the given quantities in the problem. Conversions to appropriate units were made, and the molar mass was found to be 31.1 g/mol.

The molar mass of a gas can be calculated by applying the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. By rearranging this to solve for the molar mass, using known quantities from the problem, and converting units appropriately, we find:

Applying these steps, we find that the molar mass of the gas is approximately 31.1 g/mol.

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Answer:

The particles of the liquid slide around faster as the kinetic energy of the particles increases.

Explanation:

After all the bonds in the solid state are broken in part CD, the more free particles in the liquid state gain more kinetic energy with increase in energy supplied.

The increase in kinetic energy is indicated by the temperature increase thus the positive gradient of the part CD.

Kinetic energy means more vibrations thus the particles slide more and more against each other.

Answer:

Acetic acid neutralizes added base, and sodium acetate neutralizes added acid.

Explanation:

Acetic acid is the acid that will dissociate to release H⁺ ion which will react and neutralize the  added base.  

CH₃COOH →  H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻

H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O

Sodium acetate will dissociate to release the acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻) which will react and neutralize the added acid.  

CH₃COONa →  Na⁺ + CH₃COO⁻

H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻ → CH₃COOH

Based on the information given, the correct option will be A. Acetic acid neutralizes added base, and sodium acetate neutralizes added acid.

In conclusion, the correct option is A.

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Answer:  A. Internal energy : May be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules

B. Latent heat: The internal energy associated with the phase of a system.

C. Chemical (bond) energy : The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule

D. Nuclear energy : The internal energy associated with the bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself

Explanation:

Internal energy is defined as the total energy of a closed system. Internal energy is the sum of potential energy of the system and the kinetic energy of the system. It is represented by symbol U.

Latent heat is the thermal energy released or absorbed by a thermodynamic system when the temperature of the system does not change. It is thus also called as hidden heat.

Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of molecules.

Nuclear energy is the energy which is stored in the nucleus of an atom called as binding energy within protons and neutrons.

Answer : The given equation are not balanced equation.

Explanation :

Balanced chemical equation : It is defined as the number of atoms of individual elements present on the reactant side must be equal to the number of atoms of individual elements present on the product side.

The given chemical reaction is,

[tex]HNO_3+NaHSO_3\rightarrow NaNO_3+H_2O[/tex]

This chemical reaction is an unbalanced reaction because in this reaction, the number of atoms of oxygen are not balanced and the molecule [tex]SO_2[/tex] are missing on the product side.

So, in order to balanced the chemical reaction, the molecule [tex]SO_2[/tex] are added on the product side.

Thus, the balanced chemical reaction will be,

[tex]HNO_3+NaHSO_3\rightarrow NaNO_3+H_2O_SO_2[/tex]

Answer:

The boiling point of a solution of 500.0 g of ethylene glycol dissolved in 500.0 g of water is 108.258°C.

Explanation:

Elevation in boiling point : [tex]\Delta T_b[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_b=T_b-T[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_b=K_b\times m[/tex]

[tex]T_b[/tex] = Boiling point of the solution

T = Boiling point of pure solvent

[tex]K_b[/tex]= Molal elevation constant of solvent

m = molality of the solution

Molality of the  ethylene glycol solution:

[tex]molality=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}}{\text{Mass of solvent in kg}}[/tex]

Moles of ethylene glycol = [tex]\frac{500.0 g}{62 g/mol}=8.0645 mol[/tex]

Mass of solvent that uis water = 500.0 g = 0.5000 kg

[tex]m=\frac{8.0645 mol}{0.5000 kg}=16.1290 m[/tex]

Molal elevation constant of water =[tex]K_b=0.512^oC/m[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_b=0.512^oC/m\times 16.1290 m=8.258^oC[/tex]

Boiling point of the solution =[tex]T_b[/tex]

Boiling point of pure water = T = 100°C

[tex]T_b=T+\Delta T_b=100^oC+8.258^oC=108.258^oC[/tex]

The boiling point of a solution of 500.0 g of ethylene glycol dissolved in 500.0 g of water is 108.258°C.

Final answer:

To calculate the boiling point of the solution, use the equation ΔT = Kb * molality, where ΔT is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, and molality is the molal concentration of the solution. Calculate the molality by dividing the number of moles of ethylene glycol by the mass of water. Substitute the molality into the equation to calculate the boiling point elevation, and add this elevation to the boiling point of pure water (100°C) to find the boiling point of the solution.

Explanation:

To calculate the boiling point of the solution, we need to use the equation:

ΔT = Kb * molality

Where ΔT is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, and molality is the molal concentration of the solution.

First, we need to calculate the molality of the solution by dividing the number of moles of ethylene glycol by the mass of water. The number of moles of ethylene glycol can be found by dividing the mass of ethylene glycol by its molar mass, and the mass of water is given as 500.0 g.

Once we have the molality, we can substitute it into the equation to calculate the boiling point elevation. Finally, we add this elevation to the boiling point of pure water (100°C) to find the boiling point of the solution.

Answer:

g= n 8.47 and you'll choose the answer...

Explanation:

[tex] \sqrt[x]{2} |3| { \sqrt[ log_{\%g}(3) ]{2} }^{3} {.}^{.83} \geqslant g \times \frac{.83}{0.83} \sqrt[ \geqslant ]{.83} 0.83 \times \frac{32e}{3} \geqslant log_{ \cos(?) }(?) \cos(?) log_{?}(?) e[/tex]

[tex] \sqrt[ \geqslant \sqrt[ log_{ \geqslant log_{ \cot( | log_{ \geqslant love \sqrt[ \geqslant | \sqrt[ \geqslant \geqslant \sqrt[ \geqslant \sqrt[ \geqslant ]{2.10} ]{3.8} ]{love} | ]{2 = 3} }(2 = 6) | ) }(love) }(.) ]{.} ]{.} love\%[/tex]

hey there!:

As El Tation is located at higher altitude than Old Faithful, the atmospheric pressure would be less at Ei Tatio.  

Due to low pressure, the boiling point of water will be reduced at El Tatio. Hence, at lower temperature than Old Faithful, geysers will erupt at El Tatio due to depression of boiling point at reduced atmospheric pressure.

Hope this helps!

Geysers at El Tatio would erupt at a lower temperature than Old Faithful due to the significantly higher elevation and consequent lower atmospheric pressure.

The geysers at the El Tatio geyser field, which is located at an elevation of 4,320 meters above sea level, would erupt at a lower temperature compared to Old Faithful, which is at 2,240 meters. This is due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude. As atmospheric pressure decreases, the boiling point of water also decreases. For example, at sea level with an atmospheric pressure of standard 760 mm Hg, water boils at 100°C, but at higher altitudes such as in Denver, Colorado (1,600 meters), water boils at approximately 95°C. Therefore, with El Tatio being significantly higher in altitude compared to Old Faithful, its geysers would erupt at a lower temperature, which also impacts activities such as cooking.

Answer : The rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel is, 10.5 torr/min.

Explanation : Given,

[tex]\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex] =21 torr/min

The balanced chemical reaction is,

[tex]2NO(g)+Cl_2(g)\rightarrow 2NOCl(g)[/tex]

The rate of disappearance of [tex]NO[/tex] = [tex]-\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex]

The rate of disappearance of [tex]Cl_2[/tex] = [tex]-\frac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}[/tex]

The rate of formation of [tex]NOCl[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NOCl]}{dt}[/tex]

As we know that,

[tex]\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex] =21 torr/min

So,

[tex]-\frac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}=\frac{1}{2}\times 21torr/min=10.5torr/min[/tex]

And,

[tex]\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NOCl]}{dt}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{d[NO]}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{d[NOCl]}{dt}=\frac{d[NO]}=21torr/min[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the rate change.

Rate change = Reactant rate - Product rate

Rate change = (21 + 10.5) - 21 = 10.5 torr/min

Therefore, the rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel is, 10.5 torr/min.

The rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel is 10.5 torr/min

The given reaction is expressed as:

[tex]\mathbf {2O_{(g)} + Cl_{2(g)} \to 2NOCl_{(g)}}}[/tex]

From chemical kinetics, the average rate (r) can be expressed as:

[tex]\mathbf{r = -\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}= -\dfrac{d[Cl_2]}{dt}=\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} }[/tex]

where;

∴

We are being told that the partial pressure of NO is decreasing at 21 torr/min

i.e.

and we know that:

[tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{-d[Cl_2]}{dt}= -\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}}}[/tex]

∴

Similarly;

Now, we need to determine the rate of change of the total pressure at which these substances are decreasing;

Rate change = rate of reactant  - rate of product.

[tex]\mathbf{Rate \ change =} \mathbf{\mathbf{ \dfrac{d[NO]}{dt}} +\dfrac{d[Cl_2]}{dt} - \dfrac{d[NOCl]}{dt} }[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{Rate \ change =} \mathbf{(21 \ torr/min) +(10.5 \ torr/min) -( 21 \ torr/min})[/tex]

Rate change = 10.5 torr/min

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Answer:

For a: The balanced chemical equation is given below.

For b: The mass of carbon dioxide produced will be [tex]1.07\times 10^3g[/tex]

Explanation:

Every balanced chemical equation follows law of conservation of mass.

This law states that mass can neither be created nor can be destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form to another form.

This law also states that the total number of individual atoms on the reactant side must be equal to the total number of individual atoms on the product side.

For the given reaction, the balance chemical equation follows:

[tex]C_3H_8(g)+5O_2(g)\rightarrow 3CO_2(g)+4H_2O(g)[/tex]

All the substances are present in gaseous state.

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of propane gas produces 3 moles of carbon dioxide gas.

So, 8.11 moles of propane gas will produce = [tex]\frac{3}{1}\times 8.11=24.33mol[/tex] of carbon dioxide gas.

Now, calculating the mass of carbon dioxide using equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]

Molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44 g/mol

Moles of carbon dioxide = 24.33 mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]24.33mol=\frac{\text{Mass of carbon dioxide}}{44g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of carbon dioxide}=1070.52g[/tex]

Hence, the amount of [tex]CO_2[/tex] produced in the given reaction and expressed in scientific notation is [tex]1.07\times 10^3g[/tex]

Answer : The molality, mass/mass percent, and mass/volume percent are, 0.0381 mole/Kg, 25.67 % and 32.086 % respectively.

Solution : Given,

Density of solution = 1.25 g/ml

Molar mass of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] (solute) = 95.21 g/mole

3.37 M magnesium chloride means that 3.37 gram of magnesium chloride is present in 1 liter of solution.

The volume of solution = 1 L = 1000 ml

Mass of [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] (solute) = 3.37 g

First we have to calculate the mass of solute.

[tex]\text{Mass of }MgCl_2=\text{Moles of }MgCl_2\times \text{Molar mass of }MgCl_2[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mass of }MgCl_2=3.37mole\times 95.21g/mole=320.86g[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the mass of solution.

[tex]\text{Mass of solution}=\text{Density of solution}\times \text{Volume of solution}=1.25g/ml\times 1000ml=1250g[/tex]

Mass of solvent = Mass of solution - Mass of solute = 1250 - 320.86 = 929.14 g

Now we have to calculate the molality of the solution.

[tex]Molality=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}\times 1000}{\text{Molar mass of solute}\times \text{Mass of solvent}}=\frac{3.37g\times 1000}{95.21g/mole\times 929.14g}=0.0381mole/Kg[/tex]

The molality of the solution is, 0.0381 mole/Kg.

Now we have to calculate the mass/mass percent.

[tex]\text{Mass by mass percent}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}}\times 100=\frac{320.86}{1250}\times 100=25.67\%[/tex]

The mass/mass percent is, 25.67 %

Now we have to calculate the mass/volume percent.

[tex]\text{Mass by volume percent}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}}\times 100=\frac{320.86}{1000}\times 100=32.086\%[/tex]

The mass/volume percent is, 32.086 %

Therefore, the molality, mass/mass percent, and mass/volume percent are, 0.0381 mole/Kg, 25.67 % and 32.086 % respectively.

Answer:

Molarity = 4.79 M

Explanation:

Mass percentage -

Mass percentage of A is given as , the mass of the substance A by mass of the total solution multiplied by 100.

i.e.

mass % A = mass of A / mass of solution * 100  

Given,

24% by mass of ammonium chloride,

so,

100 g solution contains , 24 g of ammonium chloride,

mass of solution = 100g

and mass of the solute , i.e. , ammonium chloride = 24 g .

Hence,

Moles -

Moles are calculated as the given mass divided by the molecular mass.  

i.e. ,

moles = ( mass / molecular mass )

Given,

The molecular mass of ammonium chloride is 53.50 g /mol

moles of ammonium chloride = 24 g / 53.50 g /mol

moles of ammonium chloride = 0.449 mol

Density -

Density of a substance is given as the mass divided by the volume ,

Density = mass / volume ,

Volume = mass / density

Given ,

Density of ammonium chloride = 1.0764 g /mL

Calculated above , mass of solution = 100 g

volume of solution = 100 g / 1.0764 g/ mL

volume of solution = 93.69 mL

Since , 1 ml = 1/1000 L

volume of solution = 93.69 /1000 L

volume of solution = 0.09369 L

Molarity -

Molarity of a solution is given by the moles of solute per liter of the solution

Hence,  

M = moles of solute / volume of solution (in L)

As calculated above,

moles of ammonium chloride = 0.449 mol

volume of solution = 0.09368 L

Putting in the above formula

Molarity = 0.449 mol / 0/09368 L

Molarity = 4.79 M

The molarity of ammonium chloride in the solution is 4.79 M

The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution is the molarity (M) of the solution.

Calculation of molarity:

Given,

The mass of the solution is 24.0%

Density is 1.0674 g/ml

The weight of NH4Cl is 53.50 g/mol

Step 1: Convert Mass % into gram

Considering the mass of solution = 100g

24% of 100g

Mass is 24 gram

Step 2: Calculate the mole compound

Moles = mass divided from molecular mass

The molecular mass of ammonium chloride is 53.50 g /mol

Thus,

[tex]\bold{Moles = \dfrac{24}{53.50} = 0.449 mol}[/tex]

Step 3: Calculating the volume

[tex]\bold{Volume = \dfrac{mass}{density} }[/tex]

[tex]\bold{Volume = \dfrac{ 100}{1.0674 g/m} = 93.69 ml}[/tex]

[tex]\bold{Volume\; of \;solution= \dfrac{ 93.69}{1000 L} = 0.09369 L}[/tex]

Step 4: Now, Molarity of the compound is

[tex]\bold{Molarity = \dfrac{moles\; of\; solute}{volume\; of \;solution (in L)}}[/tex]

Mole of ammonium chloride = 0.449 mol

Volume of solution = 0.09368 L

By formula,

[tex]\bold{Molarity = \dfrac{0.449 mol}{0.09368 L} = 4.79 m}[/tex]

Thus, the Molarity of ammonium chloride is  = 4.79 m.

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Answer:

For a: The equilibrium concentration of CO and [tex]H_2[/tex] are 0.24 M and 0.32 M.

For b: The value of [tex]K_c\text{ and }K_p[/tex] are 1.5625 and [tex]8.41\times 10^{-4}[/tex]

Explanation:

We are given:

Volume of container = 5 L

Initial moles of CO = 1.8 moles

Initial concentration of CO = [tex]\frac{1.8mol}{5L}[/tex]

Initial moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] = 2.2 moles

Initial concentration of [tex]H_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{2.2mol}{5L}[/tex]

Equilibrium moles of [tex]CH_3OH[/tex] = 0.6

Equilibrium concentration of [tex]CH_3OH[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.6mol}{5L}=0.12M[/tex]

The chemical equation for the formation of methanol follows:

          [tex]CO(g)+H_2(g)\rightleftharpoons CH_3OH(l)[/tex]

t = 0     [tex]\frac{1.8}{5}[/tex]       [tex]\frac{2.2}{5}[/tex]            0

[tex]t=t_{eq}[/tex]     [tex]\frac{1.2}{5}[/tex]     [tex]\frac{1.6}{5}[/tex]            [tex]\frac{0.6}{5}[/tex]

So, the equilibrium concentration of CO = [tex]\frac{1.2}{5}=0.24M[/tex]

The equilibrium concentration of [tex]H_2[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1.6}{5}=0.32M[/tex]

The expression of [tex]K_c[/tex] for the given chemical reaction follows:

[tex]K_c=\frac{[CH_3OH]}{[CO][H_2]}[/tex]

We are given:

[tex][CH_3OH]=0.12mol/L[/tex]

[tex][CO]=0.24mol/L[/tex]

[tex][H_2]=0.32mol/L[/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]K_c=\frac{0.12}{0.24\times 0.32}=1.5625[/tex]

Relation of [tex]K_p[/tex] with [tex]K_c[/tex] is given by the formula:

[tex]K_p=K_c(RT)^{\Delta ng}[/tex]

Where,

[tex]K_p[/tex] = equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure = ?

[tex]K_c[/tex] = equilibrium constant in terms of concentration = 1.5625

R = Gas constant = [tex]0.0821\text{ L atm }mol^{-1}K^{-1}[/tex]

T = temperature = 525 K

[tex]\Delta ng[/tex] = change in number of moles of gas particles = [tex]n_{products}-n_{reactants}=0-2=-2[/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]K_p=1.5625\times (0.0821\times 525)^{-2}\\\\K_p=8.41\times 10^{-4}[/tex]

Hence, the value of [tex]K_c\text{ and }K_p[/tex] are 1.5625 and [tex]8.41\times 10^{-4}[/tex]

Answer:

None of the above

Explanation:

The (−OH) group on phenol can form hydrogen bonds, and the −CH3 group on toluene cannot.

Phenol has only one hydrogen on the −OH group available to form hydrogen bonds, so the hydrogen bond is stronger. In toluene, the hydrogen bond is spread over all three hydrogens on the methyl group, so the interaction is weaker overall.

Phenol has a higher molecular mass than toluene.

Answer:

a. The (−OH) group on phenol can form hydrogen bonds, and the −CH3 group on toluene cannot.

Explanation:

Hello,

We firs must consider that the hydroxyl functional group is present in phenol as a highly polar section into its structure. Thus, phenol molecules are strongly associated by the presence of hydrogen bonds which toluene does not have due to its apolarity.

Consequently, since associating interactions are present in the phenol but absent in the toluene, more energy must be supplied to the phenol to melt it down, that is why phenol's melting point is higher than toluene's that one.

Best energy

Answer:

C) in either position

Explanation:

There are two kinds of membrane protein:

a) Integral proteins:  They have a fixed or permanent association with the membrane. They are majorly embedded in the middle layer of membrane.   A kind of integral proteins are transmembrane proteins, they can cross the membrane and are path for transport of ions or molecule in and out cell.

b) Peripheral proteins: The are confined to the surface of membrane and are boned with ionic interactions. they are more in number as compared to integral proteins.

Hey there!

HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O⁺(aq) + C2H3O2⁻(aq)

↓                             ↓              ↓                      ↓

acid                     base             acid            base

If we consider the only forward reaction H3O⁺is the conjugate acid of the base H2O .  For reversse reaction CH3COOH  is the conjugate acid of the base  CH3COO⁻.

Hope this helps!

In the given reaction, after water (H2O) accepts a proton (H+) from acetic acid (HC2H3O2), it forms H3O+ (hydronium ion), which is the conjugate acid.

In this reaction, the conjugate acid is the species that forms after a base has accepted a proton. So, here, the base is H2O and it accepts a proton, H+, from HC2H3O2 to become H3O+. Thus, in the reaction HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+ + C2H3O−2(aq), the conjugate acid that forms is H3O+ (hydronium ion).

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The molar solubility of Zn(CN)2 in a solution with a given pH and Ksp can be calculated using principles of acid-base equilibria and solubility. However, without exact initial concentrations, a complete calculation can't be provided. Similar applications of these principles are seen in the examples of Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) or mercury chloride mentioned previously.

The question involves the determination of the molar solubility of Zinc Cyanide (Zn(CN)2) in a solution with a given pH. The main principle involved is the understanding of acid-base equilibria and solubility. The pH value provided implies an [H3O+] = 10^-1.33. The Ka for Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) is given which can be used to calculate [CN-]. After these concentrations are calculated, they can be utilized to find the molar solubility of Zn(CN)2 using the given Ksp.

Based on the information provided, some calculations similar to those mentioned but applied to Zn(CN)2 will have to be performed. However, we do not have certain required values like the exact initial concentration of the solution. Therefore, a complete solution can't be provided

However, similar stoichiometry-based calculations are applied to other salts' equilibria for determining molar solubility like Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and Dissolution stoichiometry of mercury chloride in the provided data. These applications demonstrate how such problems are typically approached and solved.

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Answer: The [tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}[/tex] for the reaction is 15.3 kJ.

Explanation:

Hess’s law of constant heat summation states that the amount of heat absorbed or evolved in a given chemical equation remains the same whether the process occurs in one step or several steps.

According to this law, the chemical equation is treated as ordinary algebraic expressions and can be added or subtracted to yield the required equation. This means that the enthalpy change of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of the intermediate reactions.

The chemical equation for the reaction of carbon and water follows:

[tex]2C(s)+2H_2O(g)\rightarrow CH_4(g)+CO_2(g)[/tex]      [tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}=?[/tex]

The intermediate balanced chemical reaction are:

(1) [tex]C(s)+H_2O(g)\rightarrow CO(g)+H_2(g)[/tex]    [tex]\Delta H_1=131.3kJ[/tex]    ( ×  2)

(2) [tex]CO(g)+H_2O(g)\rightarrow CO_2(g)+H_2(g)[/tex]     [tex]\Delta H_2=-41.2kJ[/tex]

(3) [tex]CH_4(g)+H_2O(g)\rightarrow 3H_2(g)+CO(g)[/tex]     [tex]\Delta H_3=206.1kJ[/tex]

The expression for enthalpy of the reaction follows:

[tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}=[2\times \Delta H_1]+[1\times \Delta H_2]+[1\times (-\Delta H_3)][/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}=[(2\times (131.3))+(1\times (-41.2))+(1\times (-206.1))]=15.3kJ[/tex]

Hence, the [tex]\Delta H^o_{rxn}[/tex] for the reaction is 15.3 kJ.