During inhalation, which changes first in the throacic caviaty, the pressure or the volume? Explain.

Answer:

Mucosa

Explanation:

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract. It is a moist epithelial membrane and is rich in mucus-secreting goblet cells. The mucosa of the wall of the digestive tract contains glandular epithelial cells. The function of these cells is to secrete the digestive enzymes.

The Lamina propria of the mucosa is loose areolar connective tissue with an extensive network of capillaries. This layer of mucosa serves in the absorption of digested nutrients.

Answer: (c) seed type

Explanation:

An independent variable is the one which can be altered or manually manipulated in an experiment. The effect of such manipulation can be examined on the dependent variable of the experiment. The dependent variable cannot be manipulated in an experiment instead it is the outcome of the experiment.

The seed type is the correct answer because the seed type can vary and the effect of which can be examined on the seed germination process and rate of seed germination.

Answer:

½½

Explanation:

the ratio is gonna be like this ½½

because we have 2 trait control by genes in separate chromosomes

In sexual reproduction between two heterozygous parents, each can produce four types of gametes for the two traits, which could lead to a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio among the offspring when considering a Punnett Square for visualization.

When two heterozygous parents engage in sexual reproduction, each parent is capable of producing four different types of gametes for two traits located on separate chromosomes. If we consider parents with genotypes AaBb, then the gametes produced could be AB, Ab, aB, or ab. Using Punnett Square, we can visualize this. Each combination leads to a different genotype in the offspring. However, as the question asks about gametes specifically, there aren't different 'combinations' in gametes since they're haploid, so the question might be asking for the offspring produced—which would lead to a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring due to the independent assortment of alleles. This happens because alleles segregate during the production of gametes, ensuring that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

Answer:

Option (A).

Explanation:

Neuromuscular junction is formed by the connection between a muscle fiber and motor neuron. This is the site at which motor neuron transmit signal to the muscle fiber and causes muscle contraction.

Neuromuscular junction involves various critical events. The most important process that occur during muscular junction is the release of acetylcholine by the axon terminals of the motor neuron. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter and causes the stimulation of muscle tissue.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

The vital event at the neuromuscular junction involves acetylcholine being released by the motor neuron's axon terminals, diffusing across the synaptic cleft, and binding to receptors on the muscle fiber, triggering muscle contraction. Hence, the correct option is A.

The critical event that occurs at the neuromuscular junction is described by option a) Acetylcholine is released by axon terminals of the motor neuron. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, it triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. This neurotransmitter then diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber. The binding of acetylcholine to the receptors causes the ion channels to open, allowing Na+ ions to flow into the muscle cell, leading to depolarization. This depolarization, known as the end-plate potential, initiates an action potential in the muscle fiber which eventually results in muscle contraction.

Jeremy's brain, affected by Parkinson's disease, is likely producing less dopamine than it needs, leading to motor symptoms, mood changes, and an increased need to smoke.

Jeremy's brain is probably producing less of a neurotransmitter called dopamine than it needs to. Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, primarily affects the motor skills due to degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra. Dopamine plays a key role in controlling movement, but also affects mood and addictive behaviors.

The shortage of dopamine may explain not only Jeremy's motor symptoms, but also his mood changes and increased need to smoke. Smoking is often used as a form of self-medication, as nicotine temporarily boosts dopamine levels, providing transient relief from symptoms.

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Answer: This cancer causing mutation will not be passed on to offspring.

Explanation: Cells are categorised into two, the germ cells and somatic cells. The germ cells are sex cells that produce or give rise to somatic cells called the body cells. Because somatic cells comes about secondarily from germ cells they only consist of random mutations (change in genetic make up) that maybe due to uv rays or a persons lifestyle thus these kind of somatic mutations cannot be passed down to offsprinds as they are not hereditary.

Answer:

The correct order would be:

b. "Unwind the DNA molecule near the promoter."

d. "Transcribe the complementary RNA strand."

c. "Exit the nucleus to the cytoplasm."

a. "Combine the mRNA strand with a ribosome and a tRNA carrying a methionine."

The given order is according to the central dogma of a cell. According to central dogma DNA is first transcribed into mRNA which is then moved out of nucleus (in eukaryotic cells).

For transcription, the DNA is unwind near the promoter region where transcription factors and RNA polymerase binds the template strand. It then make mRNA which is moved out of the nucleus.

The mRNA then is translated with the help of ribosome and tRNA. The start codon in mRNA usually codes for methionine due to which tRNA carrying methionine recognises the start codon and initiate the process of translation.

Answer:

Option (e).

Explanation:

Genbank may be defined as a sequence database that can be used to identify the evolutionary relationship between an organisms. Genbank contains the nucleotide sequences and information for the translation of protein.

Original sequences can directly be submitted to the genbank. Genbank stores the large database that contains the genetic information of an organism.

Thus, the correct answer is option (e).

Answer:

The insular cortex can be found near the centre of the brain within the lateral sulcus, as it is part of the cerebral cortex. It falls into both hemispheres (left and right halves) of the brain.

Explanation:

I have referred to "insula" as the insular cortex, since this question has been posted in biology and that was the only similar term I could think about.

Hope it helped,

BiologiaMagister

Answer:

Bacteria: Both processes provide the Bacteria with new genes that might provide new ways of dealing with environmental changes

Explanation:

Transformation occurs when there are dead and live bacteria in a population. If the dead bacteria bear desirable traits, the DNA will be passed onto the live bacteria via transformation. The DNA in the dead bacteria pass through the membrane of the live bacteria and provide recombinant DNA.

Transduction occurs when bacteriophages (such as viruses) introduce foreign DNA into bacteria. The foreign DNA may have desirable traits to the bacteria that could help the bacteria population survive environmental changes such as antibiotics.

Answer:

Option B

Explanation:

Bacteria: Both processes provide the Bacteria with new genes that might provide new ways of dealing with environmental changes.

Answer:  (1) The populations breed separately.

Explanation:

The genetic diversity can be define as the total number of different types of genes is present in a particular species. Genetic diversity makes the way suitable for the survival of the population of species in changing environment.  

According to the given situation, if the two population breed separately then then no new genes will be added to the gene pool of the species and hence, the genetic diversity will be lost.

Answer:

a) Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. :)

Here you can tell that it is heterozygous with a dominant allele to be a hairless dog, for example, Hh, where H is dominant.

When you cross one hairless (Hh) with a not hairless dog (hh), Punnett square will show chances are half hairless and half not hairless.

When you cross two hairless (Hh), Punnett square will show three cases: HH, Hh, and hh.

hh is not hairless.

Hh is hairless.

HH is a codominance in which both parents gave the hairless allele, and this may be the not surviving dogs.

The pattern of inheritance in Mexican hairless dogs follows classical genetics, with dominant and recessive alleles determining whether the dogs are hairless or not. When these dogs are mated, the mix of dominant and recessive alleles between the parents results in the different traits observed in the puppies. It is suggested that those puppies receiving two dominant alleles are born with severe deformities.

The pattern of inheritance described regarding the Mexican hairless dogs can be explained through genetics. A Mexican hairless dog presumably carries a dominant allele (H) that causes hairlessness, and a recessive allele (h) responsible for hair formation. If a hairless dog (Hh) is mated to a dog with hair (hh), approximately half of the puppies will be hairless (Hh) and half will have hair (hh), as the dominant H allele is shared between them.

When two Mexican hairless dogs are mated together, both of them being Hh, the mix of genes in the puppies varies. Approximately 1/3 of the puppies receive a pair of recessive alleles (hh) and hence, have hair. About 2/3 of the puppies receive either a homozygous dominant pair (HH) or a heterozygous pair (Hh), making them hairless.

However, dogs inheriting the homozygous dominant pair (HH) are presumably born with severe deformities due to the harmful nature of two dominant alleles. This means that 1/4 of all puppies, or 2/8 are born deformed and do not survive.

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Answer: B- 2

Explanation:

In aerobic respiration, the cell harvests energy from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. In the process of aerobic respiration, glucose is completely used. The 6-carbon glucose molecule is first cleaved into a pair of 3-carbon pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. One of the carbons of each pyruvate is then lost as CO2 in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA; two other carbons are lost as CO2 during the oxidations of the Krebs cycle. All that is left to designate the passing of the glucose molecule into 6 CO2 molecules is its energy, some of which is preserved in 4 ATP molecules and in the reduced state of 12 electron carriers. 10 of these carriers are NADH molecules; the other 2 are FADH2.

Answer:

homozygous recessive

Explanation:

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder. It means that the trait is caused due to the presence of a recessive allele. The recessive alleles are expressed only in homozygous recessive genotypes. Individuals that express the disorder cystic fibrosis should have two copies of a recessive allele of the gene, that is, the genotype should be homozygous recessive.

If "C" allele is the normal healthy allele and "c" allele is cystic fibrosis allele, the genotype of the affected individual would be "cc".  

Answer:

Do you have any more information other than the photo? Such as notes?

Answer:

Just incase. they need to identify you acid can burn its a very dangerous solution to move state to state.It can kill you

Answer:

Gall bladder

Explanation:

Gall bladder lies on the right side of abdomen and just below the liver. This is a pear shaped organ and releases its stored product through the common bile duct.

Gall bladder removal surgery generally occurs in case of gall stone, and inflammation. Gall bladder mainly stores the bile juice produced from the liver and its removal will least affect the body.

Thus, the correct answer is option (c).

Answer: There would be no life on earth.

Explanation:

Photosynthetic organism provides life to other life forms on earth by providing food. Basic is the basic need for all the living organism on earth.

Only photosynthetic organisms have the ability to synthesize food by the help of carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight.

This food( glucose) is used by the consumers to sustain life on earth. This energy is used by the organism to perform various tasks of the body. All the food chains starts by photosynthetic organism.

So, ultimately all the other organism would die without photosynthetic organisms.

Answer:

1. Many vertebrates have teeth, and chewing (mastication) breaks up food into small particles, expanding its surface and mixes it with fluid secretions, which makes it possible to digest. Teeth are located in the mouth of animals, where the digestive process initiates.

2. The stomach, which resembles a bag-like shape, can either fold up when empty and expand like a balloon when it fills up with food. By doing this, the area of activity of the gastric juice is expanded, increasing the efficiency of the digestion. Food enters the stomach from the esophagus.

3. The villi and microvilli present in the epithelial wall of the small intestine, are fingerlike projections that greatly enhance the surface area of the small intestine. In humans, this surface area is 300 square meters and it is over this large surface that the products of digestion are absorbed.

Glycine and Glutamine are precursors in the synthesis of purines while Aspartate is a precursor in the synthesis of pyrimidines. Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Histidine, Alanine, and Tryptophan are not directly involved in the synthesis of either purines or pyrimidines.

The synthesis of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, requires several amino acids. Whether an amino acid serves as a precursor in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, both, or neither depends on the specific pathways involved in nucleotide biosynthesis.

It is important to note that while these amino acids are not directly involved in the synthesis of purines or pyrimidines, many of them do play indirect roles in nucleotide metabolism.

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The synthesis of nucleotides requires specific amino acids. Some amino acids are precursors for the synthesis of purines, some for pyrimidines, some for both, and some are not involved in the synthesis of these nucleotides.

The amino acids that serve as precursors in the synthesis of purines include glycine, glutamine, and aspartate.

The amino acids that serve as precursors in the synthesis of pyrimidines include aspartate and glutamine.

The amino acids that serve as precursors for both purines and pyrimidines are glycine, glutamine, and aspartate.

The amino acids that are considered neither purines nor pyrimidines are leucine, lysine, methionine, alanine, histidine, and tryptophan.

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Answer: by producing ATP in the cytoplasm and inside the mitochondria of the cell.

Explanation:

The complete oxidative degradation of glucose can be compartmentalized into four main biochemical steps: glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, Krebs (citric acid or tricarboxylic acids cycle) and the electron transport chain where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. During respiration, one Organic compound (usual sugar) is completely oxidized to form CO2 and H2O. In aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen, O2,  serves as the ultimate acceptor of electrons. In anaerobic breathing, the acceptor end of electrons can be the NO3-  (nitrate ion), SO42- (sulfate ion), CO2  or fumarate. If the oxidized substrate during respiration, is a protein then it also forms ammonia.

Cells utilize cellular respiration to convert the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP, using glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain. These stages culminate in the concentration and flow of hydrogen ions that power ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP, securing energy for various cellular functions.

Cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration through a multi-step process involving the conversion of glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell. During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized in the presence of oxygen, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide and water. The energy from glucose is transferred to ATP, which can then be used by the cell to perform various functions.

The process of cellular respiration includes several stages: glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain. In the final stage, electron transport chains in the mitochondrial inner membrane capture high-energy electrons from reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH₂. These electrons are used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. When hydrogen ions flow back through ATP synthase, the energy is harnessed to convert ADP to ATP, effectively capturing the energy in a form that can be used by the cell for various metabolic activities.

Through this complex set of reactions, chemical energy from food is systematically transformed into an energy form readily available for the cell's use. In essence, cellular respiration allows cells to extract and utilize the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose, which is obtained from the organism's food intake and is originally derived from solar energy through photosynthesis.

Answer: False

Explanation:

Airborne pathogenic infection usually spread when viruses, bacteria or any other pathogenic agent travel over the dust particles or respiratory droplets.

The pathogens can travel to a great distance in air being on the tiny nano particles of dust particles and respiratory droplets. The pathogens of cough or sneeze travel a long distance very quickly. These pathogens travel upwards at a speed of 320 km/h. In indoors the speed of airborne pathogens increases and their potential to cause infection also increases.

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Answer:

The battle against sexually transmitted illnesses, except for the relatively recent HIV/AIDS, has been one that has been present in humanity almost from its beginning. Infections caused by syphilis, ghonorrea, clamydia, among others, have been a part of humans since sexual activity has been around us. However, since the appearance of antibiotics, and other chemical agents to combat them, the scenario changes for mankind, as now, a diagnosis of such diseases was not basically a death sentence, or, a reason to be socially isolated. Another thing that changed, was the pattern and incidence of transmission, as now, with treatment, the pathogens could be stopped.

However, during the 19th century, with the appearance of medically more advanced technologies, better antibiotic treatments, and other public health measures, many of these STI´s, especially those that were most frequent, like syphilis, were no longer taken as certain death. However, it also became a reason for people to act more rashly and not think about transmission.

But in the 20th century, and especially since the appearance of the most deadly HIV virus, particularly in homosexual populations, things began to look bad for humans again. People died, and the only measure that could be taken as science learned about the pathogen, was isolation of those infected. Just as in the middle ages those infected with plague, were left aside, HIV-infected people became isolated. But during the 20th century, virology, the science that studies viruses and the possible treatments to it, and the adventure of DNA discoveries, led to a huge change. It was seen that there were a series of chemical components, that were able to completely detain, and in some cases eliminate, those viruses and bacteria that caused deadly STIs. But probably one of the biggest advances in the 20th century was the realization of the importance of education of people, campaigns to educate the people about contagion, ways of prevention and possible treatments.

In this question let's compare and contrast 19th century treatment for those living with an STD and 20th/21st century treatment for those living with HIV/AIDS.

Syphilis came and stayed, spreading, especially in times of war. With modern medicine, the bacterium that causes the disease was identified in 1905. And five years later, the first effective treatment was discovered. But it was only in 1943, with the discovery of penicillin, that a cure for the disease was found.

Treatment for HIV infection is done through antiretroviral drugs that prevent the virus from multiplying in the body, helping to fight the disease and strengthen the immune system, despite not being able to eliminate the virus from the body.

With this information, we can conclude that we are able to interrupt this pattern in the USA, with the increase in specificity in the treatment for these diseases and information, more and more these diseases ended up.

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Explanation:

Adenomatous genes are most often found among neoplastic genes and are the target of 2/3 of all colon members. The factors of risks associated with its onset include advanced age, sedentary lifestyle, male gender and increased BMI / abdominal fat. Dysplasia gives it the potential for malignancy, constituting the precursors of most, however, only 5% of adenomas evolve to carcinoma by a process that runs from 7 to 10 years, with the greater risk of progression for advanced adenomas. Adenomatous polyps can be classified into 3 subtypes based on epithelial architecture:

Tubular adenoma: represent about 80% of all adenomas and are characterized by the presence of tubular glands in at least less than 75% of the architecture.

Villous adenoma: account for 5 to 15% of all adenomas and have glands with villous projections in at least 75% of its architecture.

Tubulovillous adenoma: correspond to 5 to 15% of adenomas and has mixed histology with less than 75% of both types of architectures.

High-grade dysplasia is characterized by a complex architecture where there are grouping and glandular irregularity as well as a cribriform pattern and cytological atypia, with loss of nuclear polarity, enlarged nuclei with nucleoli, atypical mitoses, and prominent apoptosis. The high-grade dysplasia has a higher risk of developing for carcinoma

Answer:

Five basic element of reflex arc are receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, effector and motor neuron.

Explanation:

Reflex arc may be defined as the neural pathway of reflex action. Reflex may be defined as a response against a particular stimulus that returns the body to homeostasis.

Five basic elements of reflex arc are as follows:

Receptor: Receptor is present at the end of a sensory neuron and they respond against a stimuli.

Sensory neuron: The neuron carries nerve impulse from the receptor to the  brain or spinal cord.

Integration center: This center consists of more than one synapse in brain or spinal cord.

Motor neuron: This neuron conducts nerve impulse from the central nervous system to the effector organ.

Effector: Effector respond against a nerve impulse and may contract or secrete a product depending upon the effect.

Answer:

D. In autopolyploidy, one parental species contributes to the polyploidy; in allopolyploidy, two parental species contribute to the polyploidy.

Explanation:

Autopolyploidy is the polyploidy that arises when the organisms have more than two complete sets of the same genome. For example, if a diploid species is represented as "AA", its autopolyploid with four complete sets of the genome can be represented as "AAAA".

On the other hand, allopolyploidy occurs when the polyploid carries more than two complete sets of the genome from separate species. For example, if two diploid species are represented as "AA" and "BB", their allopolyploid with four complete sets of the genome can be represented as "AABB".

Answer:

The correct answer will be option A-more complex.

Explanation:

The brain is divided into three parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and Brainstem.

The medulla oblongata is a part of the brainstem which is involved in the response of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) like body temperature, breathing, digestion, heart rate, wake and sleep cycles, vomiting, sneezing, coughing and swallowing.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain which includes basal ganglia, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. This is involved in performing the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS) like vision and hearing, speech, emotions, reasoning, learning and fine control of movement.

As we move from the medulla oblongata to cerebrum the response to stimuli changes from simple to complex as medulla oblongata is involved in simple processes of ANS whereas cerebrum is involved in the higher process of CNS like learning, speech and many more.

Thus, option A-more complex is the correct answer.

Answer:

All these choices are correct

Explanation:

YACs stands for Yeast artificial chromosomes. These chromosomes are derived from a fungus species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. YACs are genetically modified and a 100—1000 kb fragments of DNA are inserted into a bacterial plasmid. The inserted DNA fragment can be cloned and physically mapped. In the presence of this fragment, the chromosome will be stable during extracellular replication and easily can be differentiated from colonies without the vector.

Answer:

While water soluble hormones can travel freely in the blood, lipid soluble hormones require a carrier protein because they are not soluble in the aqueous plasma

Explanation:

The water-soluble hormones such as insulin are dissolved in the blood and are carried along with the blood to their target cells.  

However, lipid-soluble hormones such as steroid hormones (cortisol) and thyroxine are hydrophobic in nature. These hormones are not dissolved in water-based blood plasma. So, these lipid-soluble hormones are carried through the carrier proteins.  

Peptide and amino acid-derived hormones can travel freely in blood due to their water solubility, whereas steroid and thyroid hormones require carrier proteins because they are lipid-derived and not water soluble. Steroid hormones utilize intracellular receptors, while the water-soluble hormones bind to cell surface receptors.

While peptide and amino acid-derived hormones can travel freely in the blood, steroid and thyroid hormones require a carrier protein because they are not soluble in the aqueous plasma. Peptide and amino acid-derived hormones are water soluble, which allows them to circulate in the blood without being bound to any carrier proteins. In contrast, lipid-derived hormones, specifically steroid hormones and thyroid hormones, are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, thus they need to be transported by plasma proteins to ensure that they remain soluble in the bloodstream. Lipid-derived hormones, such as steroid hormones and thyroid hormone, can permeate plasma membranes and utilize intracellular receptors, while peptide and amino acid-derived hormones, being lipid insoluble, require cell surface receptors to exert their effects.