Examine the images carefully and use them to answer PART A and PART B.

Answer:

Troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere that has undergone a large increase in temperature due to the  presence of greenhouse gases.

Explanation:

Troposphere (0 to 12 km) where we live is the lowest layer of earth's atmosphere, which is closest to the earth's surface contains half of the atmosphere. Here most clouds are found and almost all weather occurs. Atmosphere contains approximately 78% of nitrogen , 21% of oxygen and 0.9% of argon. Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, ozone and the water vapor constitutes the rest of the atmosphere. Many small particles called aerosols are also there which include dust, spores, pollen, volcanic ash, smoke etc.The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the temperature on the earth suitable for supporting life. The greenhouse gases includes both natural and man-made gases like carbon dioxide , methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, ozone, water vapour. They absorb radiation in the atmosphere and create the green house effect. The thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is absorbed by greenhouse gases. They trap heat within the surface-troposphere system preventing it from escaping back into space. This is called the greenhouse effect, which increases the temperature of the lower atmosphere.The increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activity has caused an increase in the natural greenhouse effect. As a result, the atmosphere is trapping too much heat which increases the temperature of the Earth.

The troposphere has experienced a significant temperature increase due to greenhouse gases trapping heat, a process known as the greenhouse effect.

The atmospheric layer that has undergone a large increase in temperature due to the presence of greenhouse gases is known as the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest level of Earth's atmosphere, extending up to 12-15 km from the surface. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor play a crucial role in trapping heat within this layer through the greenhouse effect, maintaining Earth's surface temperature at levels suitable for life. This warming of the troposphere has become more pronounced in recent times, resulting in what is referred to as the enhanced greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming and climate change.

Answer: Explain why two different enzymes are needed for the synthesis of glycogen from glucose phosphate. This is because enzymes are substrate specific, in that each enzyme only catalyzes one substrate. This is because enzyme activity increases with concentration, or availability of the substrates.

Explanation:

Answer:

Two different enzymes are needed for the synthesis of glycogen from glucose phosphate due to enzymes being only able to catalyze only one type of substrate.This simply every enzyme has only one type of substrate which it acts on.

Enzymes help to regulate the complex chemical reactions that occurs in organisms by speeding it up.This is essential to prevent starvation of various nutrients or compounds needed by the body.

In this scenario, there are two enzymes which aids the synthesis of glycogen from glucose phosphate.

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Answer:

As no figure but optimum temperature is directly proportional to the rate of photosynthesis ie 10 to 20 Celsius depends on plant but it's enzyme is 35 to40

Answer:

The correct option is C. The dominant allele will eventually disappear from the gene pool.

Explanation:

According to the theory of natural selection, only those organisms are able to survive and reproduce which are better adapted to survive the environmental changes. A trait that is not required by the organisms of a species will become extinct whether it be a dominant trait of a recessive trait. Hence, in the above scenario, the dominant trait will eventually disappear as it no longer has any function to the changed environmental conditions.

Final answer:

In a population of iguanas that undergoes a habitat change from dry land to aquatic, the allelic frequencies will change over time. Specifically, the alleles for webbed feet (which allow iguanas to survive in the new aquatic habitat) will increase in frequency, while the alleles for non-webbed feet will decrease and may eventually disappear. This is an example of natural selection.

Explanation:

In a population of iguanas that undergoes a habitat change from dry land to aquatic, the allelic frequencies will change over time. Specifically, the alleles for webbed feet (which allow iguanas to survive in the new aquatic habitat) will increase in frequency, while the alleles for non-webbed feet will decrease and may eventually disappear. This process is an example of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing.

Therefore, the correct prediction for the allelic frequencies within the iguana population over time is option C) The dominant allele will eventually disappear from the gene pool.

Answer:

Cellular Respiration

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is the biological process involves the conversion of one type of chemical energy into another type of chemical energy.

Answer no 1:

A community can be described as a group of species that live in a same area and interact with one another. The mangrove trees, mangrove water snakes, sheepshead, and Roseate spoonbills will all be different communities interacting with one another.

In biology, a population can be described as all the organisms of the same species that live in a particular area and have the ability to interbreed. For instance, all the the mangrove water snakes living in the mangrove community will be a population.

All the biotic factors and the abiotic factors will makeup an ecosystem. For instance, in the following scenario. all the communities of the mangrove habitat along with abiotic factors like air, water etc will make up the ecosystem.

Answer No 2:

           Seeds from a purple coneflower (producers)

                              ↓

                deer mouse (herbivores)

                               ↓

                 red- tailed hawk (Carnivores)

Producers are organisms that are able to make their own food like plant and algae.

Herbivores are organisms that feed on plants.

Carnivores are animals that feed on other animals.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, are composed of lipid molecules, which provide a flexible structure. Thus option D is correct.

The cell membrane is a thin selectively semi-permeable membrane present in all living organism including bacteria, plant and animals, it is  an outer covering of a cell by surrounding cell cytoplasm.

The two major components are Proteins and lipids where as the ratio of protein to lipid  may vary depending on types of cells, most common type of  lipid in membrane are phospholipid, which form a semi-permeable lipid bilayer.

This lipid are amphipathic in nature means it has hydrophilic or water loving head and hydrophobic or water hating tail group, which help them to interact with both polar and nonpolar solvent respectively.

Some organelles like nucleus and mitochondria have  double layered cell membrane, cell membrane provide protection to cell and maintain the integrity of the internal environment and act as a communication agent.

Thus option D is correct.

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Final answer:

Cell membranes are composed of lipid molecules, which provide a flexible structure. They also contain proteins and cholesterol.

Explanation:

The composition of cell membranes is primarily made up of lipid molecules, which provide a flexible structure. These lipids form a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. Additionally, cell membranes also contain various proteins and cholesterol that are embedded within the lipid bilayer.

Answer:

Explanation:

1: true

2: false

3: true

4: true

5: false

Answer:

true

false

false

true

false

Explanation:

Answer:

chemical reactions convert reactant to product.

Answer:

Chemical reactions convert reactants to products.

Explanation:

Chemical reactions convert reactants to products. In nonliving systems, the presence of a(n) catalyst allows the reaction to proceed very quickly and have a lower activation energy. In living systems, this function is carried out by proteins called enzymes.

Answer:

controls voluntary movement  in the body : skeletal muscle

enables blood to flow through  the body : cardiac muscle

enables the movement of food  for digestion : smooth muscle

Explanation:

Answer:

controls voluntary movement  in the body : skeletal muscleenables blood to flow through  the body : cardiac muscleenables the movement of food  for digestion : smooth muscle

Explanation:

Answer:

The correct option is A. variables

Explanation:

The columns in any given table will be the list of the variables that are being applied to the experiment. In scientific method of research, a variable can be described as anything that can be changed in an experiment. However, a controlled group in an experiment is the one in which only one of the variable is manipulated.

The controlled experiment is used as a comparison for the experimental groups

Answer:

A. Variables

Explanation:

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Answer:

1. Changes in energy flow and chemical cycle can affect the productivity of the ecosystem.

2. Disturbance is a key feature of the community because it is the disturbance that produces diversity within the community.

3. A niche is the combination of an organism’s habitat, its adaptations and its role in the habitat. In the absence of competition from other species an organism can occupy its range and it is called fundamental niche. Due to competition its niche narrows and the narrowed down niche is called realized niche.

4. In its niche Chthamalus, a type of barnacle  has to face competition from Balanus which is also a barnacle. Thus the realized niche of Chthamalus  is the high tide zone. In the absence of competition from Balanus whole of the inter-tidal zone is the niche of Chthamalus which is its fundamental niche.

5. Species richness decreases on moving from lower latitudes to  higher latitudes. Species richness is more near the equator and on moving towards the poles it decreases.

Answer:

The correct option is B) ecosystem

Explanation:

Species can be described as a group or organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offsprings.

A population can be described as the number of a particular type of species which are living in a given area at a particular time and they have the ability to breed and produce viable offsprings.

All the different populations living in an area at a particular time make up a community.

All the living communities with all the non-living factors (abiotic factors) of an area make up an ecosystem. Hence, ecosystem is the correct option.

Answer:

(kg*m/s)

Explanation:

Kilogram meters per second. It is the product of the units of mass and velocity.

Answer: Mass and velocity

Explanation:

Sequences of DNA make up genes which can have different forms called alleles. DNA is transcribed into mRNA and later translated into amino acids which are linked together by rRNA to form proteins.  The sequence GAT is on the sense strand  5' → 3' direction, thus it has the same sequence as mRNA

Codons encoding aspartic acid will be found on the mRNA strand as GAT. As each odon encodes one amino acid, it will be present on the synthesised chain; mRNA codons undergo transation- this will produce Asp, aspartic acid.

Further Explanation:

The nucleic acids are comprised of smaller units called nucleotides and function as storage for the body’s genetic information. These monomers include ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They differ from other macromolecules since they don’t provide the body with energy. They exist solely to encode and protein synthesis.

Basic makeup: C, H, O, P... life on Earth is Carbon based nucleotides contain 5-carbon sugars, and nitrogen; the bases may contain single to double bond rings

All the genetic information within the eukaryotic cell is stored within the nucleus as helical DNA. This DNA is tightly wound around histones as chromosomes. Codons are three nucleotide bases, with each codon encoding an amino acid or signalling the beginning or end of protein synthesis.

RNA codons determine certain amino acids so the order in which the bases occur within in the codon sequence designates which amino acid is to be made bus with the four RNA nucleotides (Adenine, Cysteine and Uracil) Up to 64 codons (with 3 as stop codons) determine amino acid synthesis. The stop codons ( UAG UGA UAA) terminate amino acid/ protein synthesis while the start codon AUG begins protein synthesis.

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Answer: CAAUUGGCUAACGGUAA

Explanation: tRNA interprets mRNA code during translation so it is the job of tRNA to match the amino acids with the correct codons on the mRNA strands. According to the base pair rule of RNA, Adenine and Uracil (A -U) are base complements while Guanine and Cytosine (G - C) are base complements. So if;

mRNA: GUUAACCGAUUGCCAUU

then,

tRNA: CAAUUGGCUAACGGUAA.

Answer:

I think the answer is D. it would become plasma

Answer:

D

Explanation:

It would become a plasma because with enough provided heat or would have to change into a plasma if it condensed it would become a liquid then if it cooled it would become a solid

Answer: An animal cloned from one animal, if not using any crossing of DNA, would be the exact same as the animal who's DNA was copied, genetically. Being raised in a different environment would cause changes of personality. Which means that nearly every animal will have a different personality, due to the fact that it's impossible to raise two things the exact same way.

Explanation:

Debris Flow is the most common type of mass movement in the San Gabriel Mountains.

Explanation:

It is the one of geological process due to which soil, fragmented rocks flows down mountainside, making channels, also takes object along with it in their path. That gives rise to formation of thick muddy deposits over the surface. this happens when the slope reaches the peak of slope saturation point, huge debris flow begins off the mountains, it destroys everything, causing hazard to local population. Due to excessive rainstorms followed by fires, the soil unrestricted and leads to debris flow.

Answer:

The correct answer is single,double and triple covalent bonds .

Explanation:

A carbon atom can form a single bond with another carbon atom example ethane.

A carbon atom can form a double bond with another carbon atom example ethylene

A carbon atom can form a triple bond with another carbon atom example acetylene.

 But during the formation of  Carbon carbon single bond or double bond or triple bond the valency of carbon atom that is 4 is always maintained.

Answer:

D. The sympathetic system prepares the body for stress and activity and the parasympathetic system prepares the body for rest.

Explanation:

Answer:

C) They invade the body and can cause a humoral immune response.

This best explains the impact that pathogens in the environment might have on one's body.

Explanation:

Pathogens are the microorganisms that are found in the environment and have the tendency to cause diseases. The human body has various lines of defenses against the incoming pathogens, the Nonspecific responses keep the pathogens outside the body and these responses are common for all pathogens. If a pathogen manages to enter the body, then a series of specific responses are triggered which are focused on the type of pathogen.

The humoral response is a category of specific immunity and involves the substances found in body fluids. It particularly targets the newly invading pathogens. Hence, option C correctly describes the impact of pathogens on the body.

Explanation:

-Carbohydrates act as signals or markers to help cells recognize one another.

Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules with a range of functions within organisms. They may act as energy storage, structural support, and signal molecules. Together with transmembrane proteins embedded within the membrane from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm, they form glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates) which function as cell surface markers .

Further Explanation:

Carbon, is the backbone of all biological life on Earth. It contains 6 electrons, with 4 on its valence shell, and thus, readily forms covalent bonds with other elements. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons; in nature, this occurs with hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus as highly flexible single bonds capable of rotation; rigid, non-rotating  double; and very strong triple bonds. Carbon compounds form rings, and long branched chains- thus, carbon can form macromolecules in nature.

In nature, organic compounds may be large chains of monomers form biological macromolecules which carry out many essential functions in the body. These can include nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. These are organic molecules, meaning they're ringed or long-chain Carbons bonded to the elements oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); they are found in essential organic biomolecules include, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates function to supply energy and support molecules they consist of mainly sugars or starches in long chains and rings to form monosaccharide monomers. They include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides which describes the type of bonding and the degree of complexity of the polymers. Basic makeup: C, H, O -with many polar OH groups

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Answer:

Phagocytosis refers to the engulfing of larger, solid particles. Often, the engulfed particle is another cell, like when a white blood cell, which is a part of the immune system, engulfs a bacterium to destroy it.

Final answer:

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs and destroys large particles, such as microorganisms, through a type of white blood cell known as a neutrophil.

Explanation:

The act of white blood cells engulfing a bacterium is known as phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is a crucial defense mechanism employed by certain white blood cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, to eliminate foreign particles, such as bacteria and other microorganisms.

During phagocytosis, the white blood cell surrounds the bacterium with its cell membrane, forming a vesicle called a phagosome. Subsequently, lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes, fuse with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome. The enzymes within the phagolysosome break down the engulfed bacterium, rendering it harmless.

Phagocytosis is a fundamental aspect of the innate immune response, serving as a primary line of defense against infections. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and protecting against a variety of pathogens.

Final answer:

Dry ice consists of CO₂ molecules held in a regular, extended crystalline structure by weak intermolecular forces, similar to water ice's hydrogen-bonded crystal lattice, though with significantly weaker bonding.

Explanation:

The structure of dry ice, or solid carbon dioxide (CO₂), is formed by individual CO₂ molecules where each carbon atom is doubly bonded to two oxygen atoms. In its solid form, these molecules are held together in a crystal lattice by very weak intermolecular forces, which leads to dry ice's high volatility. This structure is vastly different from that of silicon dioxide, which forms a continuous covalent network. Still, the essence of a crystalline structure in dry ice is that it has an orderly and repeating pattern, akin to water forming an ice crystal structure with an open, cagelike arrangement due to hydrogen bonding. In other words, dry ice's crystalline arrangement is such that molecules stack in a regular pattern, similar to other crystal lattices, even though the bonding forces in dry ice are much weaker, leading to its sublimation at room temperature.

Explanation:

Answer:

the answer is neritic

Explanation:

Answer:

D)The snake is a keystone species in the ecosystem.

Explanation: