Answer:
Although many factors combine to influence weather, the four main ones are solar radiation, the amount of which changes with Earth's tilt, orbital distance from the sun and latitude, temperature, air pressure and the abundance of water.
The Water Cycle
As the sun warms the surface of the Earth, water rises in the form of water vapor from lakes, rivers, oceans, plants, the ground, and other sources. This process is called evaporation.
Water vapor provides the moisture that forms clouds; it eventually returns to Earth in the form of precipitation, and the cycle continues.
Air Masses
When air hovers for a while over a surface area with uniform humidity and temperature, it takes on the characteristics of the area below. For example, an air mass over the tropical Atlantic Ocean would become warm and humid; an air mass over the winter snow and ice of northern Canada would become cold and dry. These massive volumes of air often cover thousands of miles and reach to the stratosphere. Overtime, mid-latitude cyclonic storms and global wind patterns move them to locations far from their source regions.
What happens when 2 air masses meet? The cold air pushes the hot air upwards, when going up the temperature drops and the air can't hold as much water when it is warm, so the cold water molecules condense and form clouds.
Jet Stream
Jet Stream
A jet stream is the name given to the area of air above where two air masses of different temperature converge e.g. a cold front meeting a warm front. The greater the temperature difference between the air masses, the greater the air pressure difference, and the faster the wind blows in the jet stream. This river of air has wind speeds which often exceed 100 mph, and sometimes over 200 mph. Jet streams more commonly form in the winter, when there is a greater difference between the temperature of the cold continental air masses and warm oceanic air masses.
This meandering current of high-speed wind, a jet stream is usually found around five to ten miles above Earth’s surface.
It generally flows west to east, often in a non-continuous wavy fashion, with cold, Equatorward dips and warm, Poleward bulges.
Weather Fronts
Weather Fronts
The transition zone between two air masses of different humidity and temperature is called a front. Along a cold front, cold air displaces warm air; along a warm front, warm air displaces cold air. When neither air mass displaces the other, a stationary front develops. Towering clouds and intense storms may form along cold fronts, while widespread clouds and rain, snow, sleet, or drizzle may accompany warm fronts.
Countries with low GDPs are the most highly developed countries in the world.
is it ture or false
It is false. The most highly developed countries are generally the ones with HIGH GDPs.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Permafrost refers to layers of soil that often remain frozen throughout the entire year. Warmer summer temperatures have increased the thawing of permafrost in Alaska. As the permafrost thaws, organic matter begins to decompose. This decomposition contributes to global warming because:________.
Answer:
the decomposition of organic matter can emit carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Permafrost refers to layers of soil that often remain frozen throughout the entire year. Warmer summer temperatures have increased the thawing of permafrost in Alaska. As the permafrost thaws, organic matter begins to decompose. This decomposition contributes to global warming because the decomposition of organic matter can emit carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
Which elements of an op-ed are evident in the excerpt?
Select three options.
Answer:
C/D/E
Explanation:
The op-ed comes to a conclusion for the audience.
The op-ed includes first-person pronouns.
The op-ed attempts to persuade the audience.
Answer:
The simplified expression is -8x-3y+3z
The simplified expression is -4x-3y + 3z
-(-X) is equivalent to -x, so -5x-x- -6x.
Explanation:
can someone play help me?
Answer:
in explanation
Explanation:
1. air, oxygen, photosynthesis
2. carbon dioxide
3. soil, decomposition
4. carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect
5. fossil fuels
trial and error helps if something sounds wrong it is most likely wrong that is one way to check your work when it is like this
In our Solar System the mass is primarily at the center, so the orbital speed of the planets decreases with distance. In a galaxy the orbital speed remains the same at large distances. What does this tell us about the distribution of mass in a galaxy?
Answer:
Check Explanation.
Explanation:
In order to be able to answer this question effectively and efficiently we have to consider the Newton's law of Universal gravitation which is given by the mathematical representation below;
Gravitational force, F = G (m1 × m2) / r^2.
Where G = Gravitational constant, m1 and m2 and the masses of body one and two respectively and r = distance.
So, we can deduce that the mass(in form of kinetic energy) increase at large distance and this makes the speed to reduce.
Are working mothers given 16 months maternity leave
Answer:
Working mothers are entitled to either 16 weeks of government-paid maternity leave or 12 weeks of maternity leave
Explanation:
Which plate interactions is most likely to form a mountain range?
Answer:
A convergent boundary between continental plates.
Explanation:
A convergent boundary between continental plates refers to a plate interactions which is most likely to form a mountain range. Plate convergence creates mountains.
Plate convergence explains tectonicplate movement that causes twoplates to collide with each other, These slow-moving collisions on move the plates a few centimeters a
year but are strong enough over timeto form large mountain ranges.
An region on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates meet is a convergent boundary. Finally one plate slides underneath the other creating a phenomenon called subduction.
This photograph shows a mountainside with exposed coal beds interlayered with sandstone and shale. The coal was formed as debris from the landscape and was gradually buried 4 to 10 km deep over a very long period of time. Under the right conditions, what type of initial landscape could these coal beds have formed from?
Answer:
A hot and very swampy environment, full of plants and stagnant water
Explanation:
This photograph shows a mountainside with exposed coal beds interlayered with sandstone and shale. The coal was formed as debris from the landscape and was gradually buried 4 to 10 km deep over a very long period of time.
Under a hot conditions, and very swampy environment, full of plants and stagnant water are the coal beds formed from.
In what ways do languages and religions spread throughout the world, both historically and in modern times. Reference the different types of diffusion when possible
(will mark brainliest if answered right)
Answer:Common language, colonialism, and economic interaction help spread religion.Religions identify themselves in relation to one another, and they become less rooted in particular places because of diasporas and transnational ties.
Explanation: Here's an example
Hindus believe that Hinduism is more of a way of life than a structured religion. The migration roots of Hinduism demonstrate that Hinduism didn't assimilate into the culture of the regions that it passed through. Hinduism has primarily stayed within Indians, and wasn't spread like larger religions.
(Please mark brainliest)
Countries that have completed the demographic transition typically have
Answer:good use of technology and high per captia income
Explanation:
Directions: Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. The following questions refer to the energy sources listed. (A) Uranium-238 (B) Coal (C) Natural gas (D) Oil (E) Solar Currently proven global reserves are expected to be largely exhausted within the next 50 years.1. Is primarily responsible for acid rain in northeast United States2. Is renewable3. Currently proven global reserves are expected to be largely exhausted with in the next 50 years4. Occurs naturally in bedrock and leads to the formation of radon
The correct answers are:
B) Coal
E) Solar
D) Oil and C) Natural gas
A) Uranium-238
Based on the information provided:
1. Is primarily responsible for acid rain in northeast United States: Coal (B)
Acid rain is caused by the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released during the burning of fossil fuels, and coal is the biggest culprit in the northeast US.
2. Is renewable: Solar (E)
Renewable energy sources are those that replenished naturally on a human timescale. Solar energy comes from the sun, which is a readily available and constant source.
3. Currently proven global reserves are expected to be largely exhausted within the next 50 years: Oil (D) and Natural gas (C)
Both oil and natural gas are non-renewable resources, meaning their reserves are finite and will eventually run out. Current predictions estimate that these resources will be largely depleted within the next 50 years at current consumption rates.
4. Occurs naturally in bedrock and leads to the formation of radon: Uranium-238 (A)
Uranium-238 is a radioactive isotope commonly found in bedrock. Its decay process is what generates radon gas, which can be a health hazard in enclosed spaces.
why does melting occur at divergent plate boundaries
Answer:
Explanation:
As plates move apart at the divergent plate boundary the release of pressure produces partial melting of the underlying mantle. This molten material, known as magma, is basaltic in composition and is buoyant. As a result, it wells up from below and cools close to the surface to generate new crust
At divergent plate boundaries hot mantle rock rises into the space where the plates are moving apart. The rock is under lower pressure; this lowers the melting temperature of the rock and so it melts.
In 2011, Typhoon Nesat struck the Philippines and caused widespread flooding. After hitting the Philippines, Typhoon Nesat was predicted to hit the large city of Hanoi, Vietnam. If Typhoon Nesat had continued along the same path, which development would most likely have reduced its strength before it hit Hanoi.
A. The formation of a low-pressure area south of Bangkok
B. The formation of a high-pressure area south of Bangkok
C. Cool water moving into the sea east of Hanoi
D. Warm water moving into the sea east of Hanoi
Answer:
C. Cool water moving into the sea east of Hanoi
Explanation:
In 2011, Typhoon Nesat struck the Philippines and caused widespread flooding. After hitting the Philippines, Typhoon Nesat was predicted to hit the large city of Hanoi, Vietnam. If Typhoon Nesat had continued along the same path, the development of cool water moving into the sea east of Hanoi will likely have reduced its strength before it hit Hanoi.
If Typhoon Nesat had continued along the same path towards Hanoi, warm water moving into the sea east of Hanoi would most likely have reduced its strength before hitting the city.
Explanation:If Typhoon Nesat had continued along the same path towards Hanoi, the development that would most likely have reduced its strength before hitting Hanoi is D. Warm water moving into the sea east of Hanoi. Warm water provides the energy that fuels the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones. As warm water evaporates, it forms the water vapor that forms the storm clouds.
The release of this latent heat during condensation powers the storm and helps it grow stronger. Therefore, if warm water moved into the sea east of Hanoi, it would have provided a source of energy for Typhoon Nesat, allowing it to maintain or possibly intensify its strength before reaching the city.
Which of the following best defines the concept of cultural landscape?
A. It is the way people landscape their yards in different parts of the world.
B. It is the way houses of worship are built.
C. It is the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment.
D. It is a shared set of meanings and symbolic practices.
E. It is the human adaptation to Earth’s physical environment.
Answer:
C. It is the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment.
Explanation:
Cultural landscape can be viewed as the interaction or interconnectivity of man and nature.
That is, the way humans engage or interact with their natural environment.
Culture in its basest form can be defined as the way of life of a particular group of people.
So, this way of life of a group of people can be governed by the way they interact with their physical surroundings.
Man depends on plant for air and food. It is this type of interaction between humans and their natural environment that brings about cultural landscape.
Cultural landscape C. is the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment, reflecting their cultural values through shaping and modifying the natural surroundings.
Explanation:A cultural landscape refers to the visible, human-modified features of an environment, shaped by the interactions between people and their surroundings. It includes elements like buildings, roads, agriculture, and urban areas that reflect cultural practices, historical influences, and societal values. Cultural landscapes are vital in understanding human-environment relationships and preserving cultural heritage.
The concept of cultural landscape is best defined as the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment. It refers to the way in which people shape and modify their natural surroundings to meet their own needs and reflect their cultural values. This can be seen in various forms, such as the design of cities, the arrangement of buildings, the layout of roads, and the cultivation of land for agriculture.
Learn more about cultural landscape here:https://brainly.com/question/33730484
#SPJ6
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release _____ gas.
oxygen because photosynthesis takes place
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during the photosynthesis process, transforming CO₂ and water into carbohydrates and O₂ with sunlight's energy.
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen gas. This process is known as photosynthesis, a vital function in which plants convert carbon dioxide from the air into sugars, using the energy from sunlight. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed and along with water, it is transformed to create carbohydrates and oxygen. The type of photosynthesis can vary among different species, where some plants, known as C₃ plants, incorporate carbon dioxide as a three-carbon molecule, while others known as C₄ plants do it as a four-carbon molecule. The carbohydrates stored in plant tissue are essential for the plant's growth and respiration, while the released oxygen replenishes the atmosphere and is critical for the survival of other organisms, including humans.
A 1 solar mass star has finally died. How did that star move on a plot of luminosity and temperature (with temperature increasing to the left) during its lifetime before it became a white dwarf?
a. Up to the left, then back down to the main sequence, then to the upper right, then down to the bottom of the main sequence.
b. Up to the upper right, then to the left, then up to the right, then down to the bottom middle.
c. Up along the main sequence of stars.
d. Down to the bottom middle quickly.
e. Doesn't move at all
Answer:
b. Up to the upper right, then to the left, then up to the right, then down to the bottom middle.
Explanation:
The star moved up to the upper right, then to the left, then up to the right, then down to the bottom middle on a plot of luminosity and temperature (with temperature increasing to the left) during its lifetime before it became a white dwarf.
A 1 solar mass star moves along the main sequence, then up to the right as it becomes a red giant, and finally drops to the bottom middle as it becomes a white dwarf.
Explanation:The plot representing the lifetime of a star on a diagram of luminosity versus temperature (increasing to the left) is known as a Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram. The pathway of a 1 solar mass star on such diagram would be as follows:
Up along the main sequence of stars: The star spends the majority of its life doing stellar fusion, converting hydrogen into helium, and behaving as a main sequence star. Up to the right: As the star exhausts its hydrogen, it begins to fuse helium, which causes the star to expand and cool, while increasing its luminosity. This move to the red giant branch.Drop to the bottom middle: Once the helium is exhausted and no more fusion can occur, the outer layers of the star are expelled, leaving a hot, dense core called a white dwarf. This core is very hot but not very bright, so it sits at the bottom of the H-R diagram.Learn more about Star here:https://brainly.com/question/14272597
#SPJ12
Listed below are geographic features of the terrestrial worlds. In each case, identify thegeological process: impact cratering, volcanism, erosion, or tectonics (where tectonics isany large-scale processes affecting the structure of the planetary crust),mostresponsiblefor the feature described. Match the geographic feature to the appropriate geologic process. A. Volcanism 1. Mars's Olympus Mons 2. Big Island of Hawaii 3. smooth surfaces of the lunar maria B. Impact Cratering 1. old surface features of the lunar highlands C. Erosion 1. Earth's Grand Canyon D. Tectonics 1. Mars's Valles Marineris 2. Mercury's many long, tall cliffs 3. current locations of Earth's continents
Answer:
Geologic process: Volcanism.
Geographic features: big island of Hawaii, smooth surfaces of the lunar maria, Mars's Olympus Mons.
Geologic process: Impact cratering.
Geographic features: old surface features of the lunar highlands.
Geologic process: Erosion:
Geographic features. Earth's Grand Canyon.
Geologic process: Tectonics.
Geographic features current locations of Earth's continents, Mars's Valles Marineris, Mercury's many long, tall cliffs.
Note that all four processes are interrelated, so although one may be major to a particular feature, others also play some roles in their formation.
In what city is the oldest state house still in use?
Answer:
Annapolis, Maryland
Explanation:
Ingrid says that a red ball of clay appears red because the clay reflects red wavelengths. Simon says that the clay appears red because it allows red wavelengths to pass through it. Which statement best explains who is correctThe clay appears red because it is opaqueThe clay appears blue because it is opaque
Answer:
The clay appears red because it is opaque
Explanation:
Ingrid says that a red ball of clay appears red because the clay reflects red wavelengths. Simon says that the clay appears red because it allows red wavelengths to pass through it.
Ingrid is correct that is the clay appears red because it is opaque
Answer: A
Explanation: just took the test
In a traditional society, why might those in power resist change?
Answer:
Change can undermine cultural traditions.
Explanation:
People dont want to share their power and people in power have an economic advantage to those without power.
In a traditional society, those in power may resist change out of fear of losing privilege, personal inconvenience, and the preservation of traditions and values.
Explanation:In a traditional society, those in power may resist change for various reasons:
Fear of losing privilege: Those in power may resist change because they fear that it will disrupt the existing social order and threaten their privilege or authority.Fear of personal inconvenience: Change often brings uncertainty and unfamiliarity, which can be uncomfortable for those in power who are accustomed to the status quo.Preservation of traditions and values: Traditional societies place a high value on preserving their cultural traditions, customs, and way of life. Change may be seen as a threat to these traditions.For example, in a society dominated by landowning nobles like in pre-revolutionary Russia, those in power resisted any change that would threaten their privilege of nobility.
Learn more about Resistance to change in traditional societies here:https://brainly.com/question/33857815
#SPJ2
Which description would be the best representation of this 1938 propaganda poster
The 1938 propaganda poster is a Soviet Union poster that aims to rally support for the war and emphasize the importance of Joseph Stalin and the Red Army. The portrayal of the enemy is comical and cartoon-like, conveying they are not menacing. This poster reflects the political climate of the Soviet Union.
Explanation:The 1938 propaganda poster described in the question is a Soviet Union poster that aims to rally the population around their leader, Joseph Stalin, and the Red Army. The poster depicts a young fighter holding a rifle and a banner with images of Lenin and Stalin, emphasizing their importance to the defense of the Socialist Motherland.
The portrayal of the enemy is slightly comical and cartoon-like, conveying the message that they are not menacing. This poster reflects the political climate of the Soviet Union during that time and the efforts to rally support for the war.
Which of the following statements is true?
A.The Earth's revolution causes day and night.
B.The Earth is always the same distance from the sun.
C.The new calendar day starts at the Prime Meridian.
D.Seasons are caused by the angle of the sun's rays.
Answer:
A.The Earth's revolution causes day and night
that should be the right answer hope that helps luv
Explanation:
The Earth's revolution causes day and night.
What is earth revolution?It is the movement of earth as a planet around the Sun.
This movement by earth is completed in 24hours and it is done in a fixed way which give rise to day and night.
Therefore,earth revolution causes day and night.
Learn more on earth revolution here,
https://brainly.com/question/24401676
The scientist shown at the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska was monitoring a station that measures ________________________________________ in order to analyze earthquake activity.
Final answer:
The scientist at the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska was monitoring seismic waves to analyze earthquake activity using seismographs. These instruments measure the arrival times of S- and P-waves to determine the distance to an earthquake's epicenter, which can also be used to monitor compliance with nuclear test bans.
Explanation:
The scientist shown at the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska was monitoring a station that measures seismic waves in order to analyze earthquake activity. Seismographs are sensitive instruments that detect and record the vibrations of the earth which are caused by seismic waves. These seismic waves are generated by various geological events, such as earthquakes or underground explosions, including those from nuclear tests.
Earthquakes are quantified according to the amount of energy they release, which is represented by a numerical magnitude (e.g., 2.1, 5.0, 6.7). The magnitude of an earthquake is a piece of quantitative data used to describe its size and potential impact. Advanced monitoring equipment can detect these magnitudes through the vibrations induced in the earth's crust.
To determine the distance to the epicenter of an earthquake, seismographs compare the arrival times of S- and P-waves, which travel at different speeds. With a precision of 0.100 seconds in measuring the arrival times and known speeds of S-waves at 4.00 km/s and P-waves at 7.20 km/s, scientists can calculate the distance to the quake's source with a specific level of precision. This principle is also used to detect underground nuclear tests and ensure compliance with test bans, although the accuracy can be affected by the variability in wave propagation speeds.
Read the scenarios and decide which type of interaction (absorption or transmission) took place between the wave and the object. People are able to hear footsteps because the sound made by a foot hitting the floor travels through the air to reach their ears. When light from the sun hits the sidewalk, the sidewalk becomes warmer.
Answer:
People are able to hear footsteps because the sound made by a foot hitting the floor travels through the air to reach their ears. Is transmission
When light from the sun hits the sidewalk, the sidewalk becomes warmer. Is called absorption
Explanation:
Make sure you spell it right or it will not count it.
This is due to the sound made by the foot hitting the floor traveling by air and is in transmission. When the light of the sun hits the side walk it's absorbed.
Waht is trasnimiission ?Transmission s the process of transfer or the way the sound moves travels from one medium to another and can be seen as a way of communication.
The people who are able to hear the footstep when their foot hits the floor are due to the air pressure. Similarly, when the light from the sun hits the sidewalk the sidewalk absorbs the heat and gets warmer.
Find out more information about the interaction.
brainly.com/question/13901349
Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage of the demographic transition
Answer:
Transitional Stage
Explanation:
Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the TRANSITIONAL stage of the demographic transition.
The human population continues to increase at this point because of rising birth rates and declining death rates. The death rates are declining as there are changes in the economy and social conditions as the country transforms into an developed society.
The theory of demographic change is a theoretical explanation of rising mortality, fertility, and rates of growth as populations shift from one demographic system to another.
Rainwater contains hydrogen of a heavy form called deuterium. The deuterium content of wood reflects the deuterium content of rainwater available to trees during their growth. Wood from trees that grew between 16,000 and 24,000 years ago in North America contains significantly more deuterium than wood from trees growing today. But water trapped in several North American caves that formed during that same early period contains significantly less deuterium than rainwater in North America today.Which of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the two findings?(A) There is little deuterium in the North American caves than the deuterium in the water trapped there.(B) Exposure to water after a tree has died does not change the deuterium content of the wood.(C) Industrialization in North America over the past 100 years has altered the deuterium content of rain.(D) Trees draw on shallow groundwater from rain that falls during their growth, whereas water trapped in caves may have fallen as rainwater thousands of years before the caves formed.(E) Wood with high deuterium content is no more likely to remain preserved for long periods than is wood with a low deuterium content.
Answer:
(D) Trees draw on shallow groundwater from rain that falls during their growth, whereas water trapped in caves may have fallen as rainwater thousands of years before the caves formed
Explanation:
The above explanation, implies that water trapped in caves is not from the same period - 16,000 to 24,000 years ago. So, we cannot make appropriate comparisons about deuterium content.However, trees draw groundwater from rain, the heavy hydrogen components in the trees reflect the heavy hydrogen components of the rainwater. The heavy hydrogen component in the water is higher than the heavy hydrogen content in the trees now, the rainwater before 16000-24000 is higher than the current heavy rain.Obviously,option D discusses the difference between the two analog objects.
What planets have one or more moons
Explanation: mecery , mar have more then one
Earth's magnetosphere ____________.
a. shields us from the solar wind.
b. has a radius approximately 5 times the radius of Earth.
c. is essential to the formation of auroras.
d. extends far into space beyond Earth's atmosphere.
Answer:
the answer is A
Explanation: The magnetosphere shields our home planet from solar and cosmic particle radiation, as well as erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind - the constant flow of charged particles streaming off the sun. ... It is generated by the convective motion of charged, molten iron, far below the surface in Earth's outer core.
Go to the screen "Key Evidence of Water," and and select the feature called "Recurring Slope Lineae." Study this feature at each of the four zoom levels offered, and be sure to view the animation called "recurring slope linaea (gif)" that you will see at the third zoom level. Which of the following statements are true?1. The northern hemisphere is more heavily cratered than the southern hemisphere. 2. There is a large, roundish region of low-elevation in the southern hemisphere.3. There is a long, deep canyon that strectches along a region close to Mars's equator. 4. Several large volcanoes are found near or somewhat north of Mars's equator.5. The icy polar caps have the highest elevations of any features on Mars.6. Most of the northern hemisphere has much lower elevation than the southern hemisphere.
Answer:
Explanation:
The following statements are true
2.There is a large, roundish region of low-elevation in the southern hemisphere
3. There is a long, deep canyon that stretches along a region close to Mars's equator.
4. Several large volcanoes are found near or somewhat north of Mars's equator.
6. Most of the northern hemisphere has much lower elevation than the southern hemisphere.
The "Recurring Slope Lineae" observations on Mars reveal differences in elevation, cratering, and geological features between the hemispheres.
Explanation:The statements that are true based on the observations of the "Recurring Slope Lineae" feature at different zoom levels on Mars are:
The northern hemisphere is more heavily cratered than the southern hemisphere.There is a long, deep canyon that stretches along a region close to Mars's equator.Several large volcanoes are found near or somewhat north of Mars's equator.These observations suggest that there are differences in elevation, cratering, and geological features between the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars.
Learn more about Mars geography here:https://brainly.com/question/33445751
#SPJ11
Although it is highly unlikely to happen, suppose that we suddenly discovered that all these years we'd been wrong about the distance from Earth to the Sun, and it is actually 10% greater than we'd thought. How would that affect our estimate of the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy?
Answer:
the distance to the andromeda galaxy is also 10% greater.
Explanation:
The Andromeda galaxy also called by the M31 the spiral galaxy i.e 2.5 billion light-years from the earth and is the nearest major galaxy to our galaxy. Its mass is almost the same as that of the Milky way i.e One trillion solar masses. And is more in width than our galaxy by 20 to 50 %. Both these galaxies are known to merge in about 4.5 billion years form now merging into an elliptical galaxy. This galaxy was formed about 10 billion years ago. The distance measuring techniques like the surface brightness techniques have been used along with the Cepheid variables which estimate the distance as 2.51 ± 0.13 million light-years.