Answer:
External respiration depends on:
- amount of oxygen that reaches the pulmonary alveoli.
- integrity of lung tissue, ie alveoli and capillaries.
- of the functionality of the thoracic box.
- of the permeability of the airway.
External respiration is dependent on partial pressure differences, which allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. It is also affected by the pressures within the atmosphere and lungs, and depends on efficient ventilation and perfusion.
Explanation:External respiration depends on several factors. Firstly, it occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Fundamentally, the ability to breathe--to have air enter the lungs during inspiration and air leave the lungs during expiration--is dependent on the air pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs.
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveolus to the capillary, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillary into the alveolus. This process is crucial for all aerobic organisms which require oxygen to carry out their metabolic functions. Lastly, ventilation and perfusion are important factors that affect external respiration. Ventilation moves air into and out of the alveoli and must be sufficient to create a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
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If the external (voluntary) sphincter relaxes, what happen? If the external sphincter is not relaxed, what happen?
Answer:
If the external sphincter relaxes, there is an exit of the fecal bolus; if this relaxation does not occur, there is no exit of fecal matter, causing constipation.
If the external urethral sphincter relaxes, urine is expelled from the body. If it remains contracted, it prevents urination. The process of micturition involves coordination between the detrusor muscle and both the internal and external urethral sphincters.
If the external (voluntary) sphincter relaxes, what happens? When the external urethral sphincter, which is a striated muscle controlled by the somatic nervous system, relaxes, urine can leave the body through the external urethral orifice. This relaxation is under conscious, voluntary control in most people.
If the external sphincter is not relaxed, what happens? If the external urethral sphincter remains contracted, it prevents urine from exiting the body. This allows individuals to hold in their urine until they are ready to urinate.
The process of micturition (urination) involves the contraction of the detrusor muscle in the bladder and the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, followed by the voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.
A generalized swelling of an arm or a leg that occurs after surgical removal of a chain of lymph nodes is known as
a. swollen glands.
b. anemia.
c. lymphedema.
d. lymphoma.
Answer:
C. Lymphedema
Explanation:
This happens due to a buildup of fluid in the soft tissues and occurs in areas of the body where lymph nodes have been removed. Lymphedema is one of the most common side effects of a lymphadenectomy. The treatment focuses in reducing the swelling, relieving pain and preventing infections. Some of these treatments include massage therapy, and compression garnets.
Olfactory information is sent to all of the following areas EXCEPT the __________.
a. olfactory cortex
b. limbic system
c. hypothalamus
d. thalamus
Final answer:
Olfactory information does not get sent to the thalamus directly. This makes option (d) thalamus the correct answer to the question regarding which area does not receive olfactory information.
Explanation:
Olfactory information is sent to various areas of the brain for processing. However, it does not directly route through the thalamus, unlike other sensory signals. The olfactory signals travel to the olfactory cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus for processing purposes. Given the options provided, the thalamus is the structure that olfactory information does not get sent to directly.
The foldings of the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells that produce the "brush border" are called ____________.
Answer:
The villi present on the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall has numerous microvilli that form the brush border.
Explanation:
The villi are the finger-like, small projections or foldings, present on the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall and extends into the lumen of small intestine. The special structure of the villi maximizes the surface area of the intestine, in order to maximize the absorption of nutrients.
The villus has numerous microvilli projecting from enterocytes of the epithelium. These numerous microscopic projections form the striated or brush border.
A nurse is planning teaching for a client who has asthma about taking montelukast. Which of the following should the nurse include about the purpose of this medication?
a. Relieves acute bronchospasm
b. Inhibits replication of neutrophils
c. Controls inflammation in the airways
d. Activates beta2-receptors in smooth muscle
Answer:
The answer is C controls inflamation in the airways
Explanation:
Montelukast mechanism of action is to act on the leukotriene cysteine receptors in the lungs and bronchi reducing inflammation. it is used to avoid asthmatic states, and mostly used in the chronic states of asthma.
Which of the following is true regarding use of a da Vinci robot?
A. decreases range of motion
B. decreases operative time
C. increases healthcare costs
D. increases visualization
Hi !
Which of the following is true regarding use of a da Vinci robot?
D. increases visualization
The use of a da Vinci robot increases healthcare costs and improves the surgeon's visualization with high-definition 3D views, although its effects on operative time and range of motion can vary depending on many factors.
The use of a da Vinci robot in surgery has several impacts on the medical procedures:
A. It increases range of motion due to its articulated wrist-like instruments.B. It could decrease operative time once the surgical team is proficient with the system, but initially may increase time due to the learning curve.C. It increases healthcare costs significantly due to initial investment, maintenance, and operation costs.D. It increases visualization for the surgeon with a three-dimensional, high-definition view.Considering these points, the correct answer to the question is that the use of a da Vinci robot increases healthcare costs (C) and increases visualization (D).
In discussing descending pathways, we talked about neurons whose conductile processes are in the internal capsule. These neurons:
a. have their cell bodies in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
b. have their cell bodies in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
c. have their cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
d. have their cell bodies in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
Answer:
The correct answer will be option B.
Explanation:
The descending pathway or descending tract is a nervous system which is composed of upper motor neurons which carries the signals from the CNS (brain) to lower neurons.
These upper motor neurons originate in the cerebral cortex of the brain especially "precentral gyrus" or depressions of the cerebrum with their cell bodies in it and axons in the CNS. They pass the impulses via corticospinal tract in which neurons converge and descend through internal capsula.
Thus, option B is the correct answer.
The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.
a. False
b. True
Answer:
The correct answer will be option false.
Explanation:
The pressure between alveoli is known as alveolar pressure or intra-pulmonary pressure.
During inspiration, alveolar pressure reaches below the atmospheric pressure due to increase in the thoracic volume which again equals the atmospheric pressure at the end of inspiration and similarly during expiration, the alveolar pressure increase which again attains equilibrium with at the end of expiration.
Therefore, at the end of inspiration and expiration, the intra-pulmonary pressure equals the atmospheric pressure hence, false is the correct option.
Final answer:
The claim that alveolar pressure never equals atmospheric pressure is false. Intra-alveolar pressure does indeed reach a level equal to that of the atmospheric pressure as it equalizes with it during the breathing cycle.
Explanation:
During the breathing cycle, Intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary pressure) changes; it decreases during inhalation when the chest and diaphragm muscles expand the chest and diaphragm moves downward creating negative gauge pressure, and it increases during exhalation when these muscles relax and surface tension in the alveoli creates positive pressure inside the lungs. The intra-alveolar pressure always eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure, which is the pressure exerted by gases in the air surrounding us. The difference in pressure between intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures is called transpulmonary pressure, and it's crucial for the process of breathing, as according to Boyle's Law, air flows from a space of higher pressure to a space of lower pressure, allowing for inhalation and exhalation.
A client’s transdermal fentanyl was discontinued 2hr ago due to adverse effects. Which of the following findings is the priority for the nurse to document?
a. Heart rate
b. Respiratory rate
c. Bowel sounds
d. Activity level
Answer:
The answer is A Heart Rate
Explanation:
Fentanyl is an analgesic medication that is used for chronic pain that acts on different presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors of the organism. it can produce bradycardia, due to its effect on the sinus node conduction.
Name and briefly describe the three functions of the small intestine.
Answer:
Functions of the small intestine:
- Digestion process = contributes to end digestion by adding pancreatic and bile juices to the process.
- Absorption process = Aids in the absorption of water, vitamins, proteins, salts, fats necessary for the body.
- Food transit (peritalism) = the chyme formed in the stomach continues its process in the intestine where more digestive enzymes are joined until it is taken to the large intestine with many products already discarded from the digestion.
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is associated with a deficiency of
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is associated with a deficiency of thiamine deficiency.
A myringotomy knife is used on the:
A. nose
B. eye
C. ear
D. throat
Answer:
The correct answer is option C. ear.
Explanation:
A myringotomy is a surgery in which a very small incision is made in the tympanic membrane or eardrum of the ear by the surgeon to release pressure created by excessive fluid, or to remove pus from the middle ear.
The surgeon uses the myringotomy knife to create an incision in the tympanic membrane. The myringotomy knife is a needle-like a lancet blade which helps in piercing and incision.
Thus, the correct answer is option C. ear.
A myringotomy knife is used in the surgical procedure called myringotomy, which is performed on the ear, not nose, eye or throat. This tool helps to relieve pressure or fluid build-up that is causing chronic ear infections.
Explanation:A myringotomy knife is a surgical tool used in medicine, particularly in the field of otolaryngology, which is the area of medicine concerning the ear, nose, and throat, but this specific tool is primarily designed to be used on the ear. The word 'myringotomy' comes from the Greek 'myringa,' meaning 'drum,' referring to the ear drum, and 'tome,' meaning 'cutting.' Therefore, a myringotomy is a surgical procedure performed on the eardrum, often to relieve pressure or remove fluid in cases of chronic otitis media (ear infections).
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Decreased levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin may cause
a. anxiety.
b. phobic behavior.
c. euphoria and excitement.
d. depression.
Answer:
d. depression.
Explanation:
Research in Neuroscience points out that population showing depression lacks neurontrasmitters levels like serotonin and norepinephrine;presenting lower levels and so the imbalance of key hormones is suggesting this contributes to feelings of depression
In the last 50 years biological theraphy tries to remedy this by drug prescriptions that will stimulate hormones reabsrobtion
With low levels of serotonin have been often comes along with poor memory,low mood, difficult to sleep, low self-esteem,
Some recreational drugs function as they increase serotonin. Of course cognitive, medical or other therapies will be recommended
Hypovolemic shock resulting from burns is usually caused by:
A. loss of body fluids.
B. bleeding.
C. acute allergic reaction.
D. cardiac arrest
Answer: Option A "Loss of body fluids"
Explanation:
When the body lose blood or other fluids from the body, then the amount of blood in the body is reduced. The Hypovolemic shock happens when a sudden loss of body fluids takes place which is extremely dangerous.
Example:
At the time of delivery, there is blood loss from the body. At the time of injury there is a loss of blood from the body. These processes leads to loss of blood and body fluids.
In case of extensive burns leads to loss of body fluids.
Hence, the correct answer is option A.
What does peristalsis accomplish in the small intestine?
Answer:
Peristalsis continues in the duodenum with the mobility of the chyme in order to extract the greatest amount of protein and nutrients, while allowing it to come into contact with bile juices for better digestion.
How does emulsification benefit digestion?
Answer:
Emulsification formation is part of the fat digestion process; At this stage the fats are broken down into small particles by the detergent action and the mechanical agitation of the stomach. Bile salts also enter this process resulting in mixed micelles, which serve to transport the fats to the next stage of their digestion, all of which result in an adequate and efficient lipid metabolism, benefiting digestion.
The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is ________?
Answer: Synovial Fluid.
Explanation:
Synovial fluid is also known as synovia, which is a viscous extracellular fluid which is non Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of the sinovial joints.
This fluid has a consistency of egg white and is non reactive. The main role of this fluid is to provide flexibility and reduce friction during the various types of body movements, between the articular cartilage of the joints.
So, the correct answer is Synovial fluid.
The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is called synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid is a clear, viscous fluid that is found within the joint cavities of synovial joints. It serves as a lubricant to minimize friction and abrasion between the articulating surfaces of the bones within the joint.
The synovial fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane, which lines the joint capsule. It is composed of a mixture of water, proteins, electrolytes, and other substances. The primary function of synovial fluid is to reduce friction and wear between the cartilage-covered surfaces of the joint. As the joint moves, the synovial fluid spreads and forms a thin film between the articulating surfaces, allowing them to glide smoothly over each other.Thus, the complete sentence is "The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is synovial fluid".
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Complete the sentence.
The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is ________?
Echolalia means:
a. involuntary movements such as eye tics or arm thrusting.
b. soiling clothing with feces in a person over the age of five.
c. vocalizing vulgar or inappropriate words.
d. repeating words that someone else has said.
The correct answer is D. Repeating words that someone else has said.
Explanation.
The word "Echolalia" mainly used in certain fields of medicine such as psychology and psychiatry refers to the automatic or involuntary repetition of words or vocalizations made by someone else that is part of imitative behavior and mainly occur without awareness. Additionally, echolalia is related to short-term memory and can also be an indicator of autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy and other diseases or disorders and because of this echolalia has been widely studied in medicine. Therefore echolalia means repeating words that someone else has said.
Which cells are responsible for bone formation? Resorption? Why are both processes important?
Answer:
Osteoblasts are responsible for formation and osteoclasts are responsible for resorption. Both processes are important to keep balance in bone density and matter. Through the different stages of life the balance varies.
-Childhood: Osteogenesis > Resorption
-Adolescence-30 years: Osteoblasts > osteoclasts
-30-50 years: balance between formation and resorption. >30 years, bone loss begins. (1% per year)
->50 years (in menopause and in andropause) there is greater bone resorption, increases that annual 1%, up to 10% per year; This activity is hormone dependent.
Explain the roles of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in homeostasis.
Explanation:
The circulatory system plays an extremely important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the internal environment as it should provide to all cells of the body the ideal conditions for their metabolism, ensuring adequate nutrient and oxygen metabolic effects of all body tissues. To perform this function, the cardiovascular system is equipped with afferent sensory systems that inform the central nervous system on the general state of circulation. Among the afferent systems that act in the short term control of blood pressure (BP), the most studied are arterial baroreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors.
In situations of elevated blood pressure, arterial baroreceptors (inserted into the aorta and carotid vascular walls) depolarize and the action potentials are transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) through their afferences. After processing this information in the CNS, sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic adjustments are promoted to normalize blood pressure and adequate levels for perfusion of different organs and tissues.
The chemoreceptor reflex acts in the same way as the baroreflex. However, it is stimulated by cells that are sensitive to oxygen deficiency and excess of carbon dioxide. When blood pressure drops, receptors are stimulated by the increase of CO2 and decrease of O2; transmitted signals reach the vasomotor centers exciting them, leading to effects similar to those caused by the activation of the baroreflex.
There is only one species of Salmonella that affects humans, it is?
a) Salmonella enteriditis
b) Salmonella typhirium
c) Salmonella typhi
d) All of the above are species that affect humans
Answer:
D. All of the above are species that affect humans.
Explanation:
The answer that is accurate is "the hens from which the eggs were produced would be the reservoir for this infection”. Salmonella bacterium can be found in chickens and other live birds. The eggs of the birds can become contaminated with these bacteria.
One can become ill from eating eggs that are uncooked or undercooked. To avoid disease, handle and prepare eggs correctly at all times. When birds lay eggs or after they have been deposited, when the eggs come into contact with bird faeces, salmonella can get on the egg shells. Commercial eggs, such as those one purchase at the grocery store, are not a concern because they are washed before being sent to stores. Salmonella can potentially contaminate the egg's interior as it develops within the bird before the shell is created. Eggs are safer today because far fewer egg-laying hens have this issue than they did in the 1980s and 1990s. However, some eggs continue to contain Salmonella contamination.
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Birth is an event that is celebrated with ritual only in the United States.
a. True
b. False
Describe age related disorders of two of the following: olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium, hearing.
Answer: There are many problems that is related to age. The normal functioning of the body get disturbed as people reach certain age.
There are many defects that is seen in olfaction, vision, equilibrium, hearing, gustation et cetera.
Say, glucoma is a age related disorder in which rise in fluid pressure takes place in eyes, which leads to vision impairment in older age groups.
Hypogeusia is a problem that is associated with the reduced ability to taste things. This also occurs in the people with older age groups.
Answer:
Explanation:
Glaucoma is an age-related disorder of vision. In this, the optic nerve in the eye gets damaged. This is caused by abnormal high pressure on the eye. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in people over 60 years of age.
Presbycusis is an age-related loss of hearing. It is an irreversible age-related loss of hearing that results from the degeneration of cochlea and associated structures in the inner ear or auditory nerves.
Describe the nucleus position for each of these muscle types
1. Skeletal muscle nucleus position _________
2. Smooth muscle nucleus position _________
Answer:
1. Skeletal muscle nucleus position- Periphery of the cell
2. Smooth muscle nucleus position- At the center of the cell
Explanation:
The skeletal muscles are elongated and are tubular in shape. 40% of our body mass is made up of skeletal muscles. They are attached to the bones and help in movement. They consists of multiple nuclei and the nuclei are located at the periphery of the cell.
The smooth muscles are spindle shaped. They are wide in the middle and narrow at the end points. They are responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs. These types of muscles have a single centrally located nucleus.
Thus,
1. Skeletal muscle nucleus position- Periphery of the cell
2. Smooth muscle nucleus position- At the center of the cell
Angina pectoris is an example of a(n) __________ pain.
Answer: Chest Pain
Explanation:
Angina pectoris is a type of ischemic pain associated with inadequate blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain. It is a symptom of coronary heart disease and can be classified as either stable or unstable angina. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and slowing down the progression of cardiovascular disease.
Explanation:Angina pectoris is an example of ischemic pain. Angina is a symptom of coronary heart disease, where chest pain or discomfort occurs because the heart muscle cells do not receive adequate blood flow and oxygen (ischemia). This condition is commonly caused by the partial blockage of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of plaque.
There are two types of angina: stable angina and unstable angina. Stable angina is manageable and often triggered by physical exertion, while unstable angina can occur at rest, last longer, and could be an indicator of an imminent heart attack. Treatment for angina aims to provide symptom relief and slow the progression of atherosclerosis.
The symptom of chest pain associated with angina often feels like pressure or squeezing and may spread to other areas such as the arms, neck, jaw, or back. This is an indication that the heart muscle requires more oxygen than it is receiving. Such symptoms warrant timely medical evaluation and management.
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Proteins are polymers made of the following monomer molecules?
(a) sugars
(b) fatty acids
(c) nucleotides
(d) amino acids
Answer:D amino Acids
Explanation: School Dawg
How do you know if you have rheumatoid arthritis
Answer:
Patients would get Joint stiffness, swollen joints, some will get fatigue, lack of energy, low fever, if there damage to the lungs they'll get shortness of breath.
Explanation:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the synovial joints of the hands, feet, and cervical spine.
Symptoms: RA causes joints to become swollen, stiff, and painful. It typically affects joints symmetrically, meaning if one side of the body is affected, the other side likely will be too. Commonly affected areas are the hands, feet, and neck.
Autoimmune Disease: RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. This attack leads to inflammation of the joint lining, breakdown of cartilage, and eventual pain as bones start to rub against each other.
Risk Factors: RA is more common in women than men, and the typical age of onset is between 40 to 50 years of age. Factors like genetics, environment, and possible hormonal changes can contribute to the development of RA.
Diagnosis: Diagnosing RA involves several steps:
Clinical Evaluation: A rheumatologist will evaluate your symptoms, such as joint inflammation and pain.Medical Imaging: X-rays and MRI scans can help detect joint damage and inflammation.Blood Tests: Specific blood tests look for markers that indicate RA, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies.Advanced Imaging: Sometimes, an arthrogram, which is a type of medical imaging that uses a contrast agent, is performed. This technique visualizes the soft tissue structures within the joints, such as cartilage and tendons, allowing early detection of degenerative changes.
You are working with a family who is opposed to vaccinations for their new infant. What is your nursing responsibility in this situation?
Answer:
Your nursing responsibility is to provide adequate information of the pros and cons of vaccinating or not vaccinating.
Explanation:
Correct spelling of nontender
It can be spelled as either non tender or non-tender
Both are correct
Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe the functions.
Nose: The function for your nose is to breath.
Mouth: The function of your mouth is to eat, drink, or breath if your nose is clogged up.
Pharynx: The function of you pharynx is to swallow food.
Larynx: The function of your larynx is to talk.
Trachea: The function of your trachea is to provide air flow to and from the lungs
Bronchi: The function of your bronchi is to bring air from your lungs.
Lungs: The function of your lungs is to carry the exchange of gases as we breath.
The respiratory system consists of organs such as the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, which facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The nasal cavity to the bronchioles form the conducting zone while the terminal bronchioles and alveoli form the respiratory zone.
Explanation:The organs of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The system's primary function is to obtain oxygen to deliver to the body's tissues, remove carbon dioxide, a cell waste product, aid in speech production and sense odors. The nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles constitute the conducting zone which provides passageways for air to travel in and out of the lungs. The respiratory zone which includes the terminal bronchioles and alveoli, is directly involved in gas exchange. The lungs are the major organs in this system responsible for gas exchange. They receive deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery, exchange gases in the alveoli, and the pulmonary veins return newly oxygenated blood to the heart for transport throughout the body.
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