Answer:
(b)False
Explanation:
Given:
Prandtl number(Pr) =1000.
We know that [tex]Pr=\dfrac{\nu }{\alpha }[/tex]
Where [tex]\nu[/tex] is the molecular diffusivity of momentum
[tex]\alpha[/tex] is the molecular diffusivity of heat.
Prandtl number(Pr) can also be defined as
[tex]Pr=\left (\dfrac{\delta }{\delta _t}\right )^3[/tex]
Where [tex]\delta[/tex] is the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness and [tex]\delta_t[/tex] is the thermal boundary layer thickness.
So if Pr>1 then hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness will be greater than thermal boundary layer thickness.
In given question Pr>1 so hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness will be greater than thermal boundary layer thickness.
So hydrodynamic layer will be thicker than the thermal boundary layer.
In thermodynamicsedependent properties means?
Answer:
Explanation:
Thermodynamics properties are the properties which defined the state of any system.
some of the thermodynamics properties are pressure, temperature etc
thermodynamics are broadly divided into two type
1)intensive and
2)extensive properties
Dependent properties are the properties that are dependent on other properties. Extensive property are those which are dependent on the extent of system. Example volume. if size of the system increase or decrease then volume also have same effect according to the changes
A direct contact heat exchanger (where the fluid mixes completely) has three inlets and one outlet. The mass flow rates of the inlets are 1kg/s, 1.5kg/s and 2 kg/s. The enthalpy of those inlets are the 100kJ/kg, 120kJ/kg, and 500kJ/kg, respectively. What is the enthalpy at the outlet?
Answer:
Enthalpy at outlet=284.44 KJ
Explanation:
[tex]m_1=1 Kg/s,m_2=1.5 Kg/s,m_3=22 Kg/s[/tex]
[tex]h_1=100 KJ/Kg,h_2=120 KJ/Kg,h_3=500 KJ/Kg[/tex]
We need to Find enthalpy of outlet.
Lets take the outlet mass m and outlet enthalpy h.
So from mass conservation
[tex]m_1+m_2+m_3=m[/tex]
m=1+1.5+2 Kg/s
m=4.5 Kg/s
Now from energy conservation
[tex]m_1h_1+m_2h_2+m_3h_3=mh[/tex]
By putting the values
[tex]1\times 100+1.5\times 120+2\times 500=4.5\times h[/tex]
So h=284.44 KJ
How does a 2.5 MW wind turbine costing $ 4 million compare to a 5-kw wind turbine $3 /W? a) Same $/w b) Smaller $/w c) Larger $/w
Air initially at 15 psla and 60 F is compressed to 75 psia and 400 F. The power input to air under steady state condition is 5 hp and heat loss of 4 Btu/lbm occurs during the process. If the change in Potential energy and kinetic energles are neglected, what will be the mass flowrate in lbm/min.?
Answer:[tex]\dot{m}=3.46lbm/min[/tex]
Explanation:
Initial conditions
[tex]P_1=15 psia[/tex]
[tex]T_1=60 F^{\circ}[/tex]
Final conditions
[tex]P_2=75 psia[/tex]
[tex]T_2=400F^{\circ}[/tex]
Steady flow energy equation
[tex]\dot{m}\left [ h_1+\frac{v_1^2}{2}+gz_1\right ]+\dot{Q}=\dot{m}\left [ h_2+[tex]\frac{v_2^2}{2}+gz_2\right ]+\dot{W}[/tex]
[tex]\dot{m}\left [ c_pT_1+\frac{0^2}{2}+g0\right ]+\dot{Q}=\dot{m}\left [ c_pT_2+\frac{0^2}{2}+g0\right ]+\dot{W}[/tex]
[tex]\dot{m}c_p\left [ T_1-T_2\right ]+\left [ -5hp\right ]=\dot{W} -5\times 746\times 3.4121[/tex]
[tex]-4\dot{m}-\dot{m}\times 0.24\times \left [ 400-60\right ][/tex]
[tex]-81.6\dot{m}-4\dot{m}=-4.949 BTU/sec[/tex]
[tex]\dot{m}=0.057821lbm/sec[/tex]
[tex]\dot{m}=3.46lbm/min[/tex]
Radioactive wastes are temporarily stored in a spherical container, the center of which is buried a distance of 10 m below the earth's air-soil surface. The outside diameter of the container is 2.0 m, and 500 W of heat are released as a result of radloactive decay. If the soll surface temperature is 25*C, what is the outslde surface temperature of the contalner?
Answer:
Outside temperature =88.03°C
Explanation:
Conductivity of air-soil from standard table
K=0.60 W/m-k
To find temperature we need to balance energy
Heat generation=Heat dissipation
Now find the value
We know that for sphere
[tex]q=\dfrac{2\pi DK}{1-\dfrac{D}{4H}}(T_1-T_2)[/tex]
Given that q=500 W
so
[tex]500=\dfrac{2\pi 2\times .6}{1-\dfrac{2}{4\times 10}}(T_1-25)[/tex]
By solving that equation we get
[tex]T_2[/tex]=88.03°C
So outside temperature =88.03°C
A container filled with a sample of an ideal gas at the pressure of 150 Kpa. The gas is compressed isothermally to one-third of its original volume. What is the new pressure of the gas a)-900 kpa b)- 300 kpa c)- 450 kpa d)- 600 kpa
Answer: c) 450 kPa
Explanation:
Boyle's Law: This law states that pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas at constant temperature and number of moles.
[tex]P\propto \frac{1}{V}[/tex] (At constant temperature and number of moles)
[tex]P_1V_1=P_2V_2[/tex]
where,
[tex]P_1[/tex] = initial pressure of gas = 150 kPa
[tex]P_2[/tex] = final pressure of gas = ?
[tex]V_1[/tex] = initial volume of gas = v L
[tex]V_2[/tex] = final volume of gas = [tex]\frac{v}{3}L[/tex]
[tex]150\times v=P_2\times \frac{v}{3}[/tex]
[tex]P_2=450kPa[/tex]
Therefore, the new pressure of the gas will be 450 kPa.
Air with a mass flow rate of 2.3 kg/s enters a horizontal nozzle operating at steady state at 420 K, 350 kPa, and velocity of 3 m/s. At the exit, the temperature is 300 K and the velocity is 460 m/s. Using the ideal gas model for air with constant ep=1.011 k/kg. K, determine: (a) the area at the inlet, in m2 (b) the heat transfer to the nozzle from its surroundings, in kW.
Answer:
(a)[tex]A_1=0.26 m^2[/tex]
(b)Q= -35.69 KW
Explanation:
Given:
[tex]P_1=350 KPa,T_1=420 K,V_1=3 m/s,T_2=300 K,V_2=460 m/s[/tex]
We know that foe air [tex]C_p=1.011\frac{KJ}{kg-k}[/tex]
Mass flow rate for air =2.3 kg/s
(a)
By mass balancing [tex]\dot{m}=\dot{m_1}\dot{m_2}[/tex]
[tex]\dot{m}=\rho AV[/tex]
[tex]\rho_1A_1V_1=\rho_2A_2V_2[/tex]
[tex]\rho_1 =\dfrac {P_1}{RT_1},R=0.287\frac{KJ}{kg-K}[/tex]
[tex]\rho_1 =\dfrac {350}{0.287\times 420}[/tex]
[tex]\rho_1=2.9\frac{kg}{m^3}[/tex]
[tex]\dot{m}=\rho_1 A_1V_1[/tex]
[tex]2.3=2.9\times A_1\times 3[/tex]
[tex]A_1=0.26 m^2[/tex]
(b)
Now from first law for open(nozzle) system
[tex]h_1+\dfrac{V_1^2}{2}+Q=h_2+\dfrac{V_2^2}{2}[/tex]
Δh=[tex]C_p(T_2-T_1)\frac{KJ}{kg}[/tex]
[tex]1.011\times 420+\dfrac{3^2}{2000}+Q=1.011\times 300+\dfrac{460^2}{2000}[/tex]
Q=-15.52 KJ/s
⇒[tex]Q= -15.52\times 2.3[/tex] KW
Q= -35.69 KW
If heat will loss from the system then we will take negative and if heat will incoming to the system we will take as positive.
Answer:
A) A1 ==0.2829 m^2
B) [tex]\frac{dQ}{dt} = -105.5 kW[/tex]
Explanation:
A) we know from continuity equation
[tex]\frac{dm}{dt} = \frac{A_1 v_1}{V_1}[/tex]
solving for A1
[tex]A_1 = \frac{\frac{dm}{dt} V_1}{v_1}[/tex]
we know V = \frac{RT}{P} as per ideal gas equation, so we have
[tex]A_1 = = \frac{\frac{dm}{dt} \frac{RT_1}{P_1}}{v_1}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{2.3 \frac{0.287 \times 450}{350}}{3}[/tex]
=0.2829 m^2
b) the energy balanced equation is
[tex]\frac{dQ}{dt} = \frac{dm}{dt} ( Cp(T_2 -T_1) + \frac{V_2^2 - V_1^2}{2})[/tex]
[tex]= 2.3 ( 1.011(300 - 450) + [\frac{460^2+3^2}{2}])[/tex]
[tex]\frac{dQ}{dt} = -105.5 kW[/tex]
A dielectric is an insulating material or a very poor conductor of electric current. (True , False )
True.
Dielectric is a material with a low electrical conductivity (σ << 1); that is, an insulator, which has the property of forming electric dipoles inside it under the action of an electric field. Thus, all dielectric materials are insulators but not all insulating materials are dielectric.
Some examples of this type of materials are glass, ceramics, rubber, mica, wax, paper, dry wood, porcelain, some fats for industrial and electronic use and bakelite. As for the gases, the air, nitrogen and sulfur hexafluoride are used as dielectrics.
Name one aluminium alloy used in low pressure die casting and one in high pressure die casting? Explain the major reasons why one is different to the other?
Answer:
Explanation:
Low pressure die casting -
Also called the cold chamber die casting .
Example is -
A380 - having the composition , Al ( > 80% ) , Cu( 3 - 4% ) , Si ( 7.5 - 9.5% )
High Pressure die casting -
Also called hot chamber die casting .
Example is -
ZAMAK 2 - having composition , Al ( 3.5 - 4.3% ) , Cu ( 2.5 - 3.5% ) , Zn( > 90% )
Low pressure die casting -
This type of die casting is perfect for the metals with high melting point , for example aluminium . during this process , the metal is liquefied by very high temperature in the furnace and then loaded in to the cold chamber to be injected to the die.
High Pressure die casting -
The metal is melted in a container and then a piston injects the liquid metal under high pressure into the die . low melting point metals that don not chemically attack are ideal for this die casting , example Zinc.
A piston-cylinder device contains 1.329 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and 27 degree C. The gas is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV^1.49 = constant. The process ends when the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the entropy change of nitrogen during this process.
Answer:-0.4199 J/k
Explanation:
Given data
mass of nitrogen(m)=1.329 Kg
Initial pressure[tex]\left ( P_1\right )[/tex]=120KPa
Initial temperature[tex]\left ( T_1\right )=27\degree \approx[/tex] 300k
Final volume is half of initial
R=particular gas constant
Therefore initial volume of gas is given by
PV=mRT
V=0.986\times 10^{-3}
Using [tex]PV^{1.49}[/tex]=constant
[tex]P_{1}V^{1.49}[/tex]=[tex]P_2\left (\frac{V}{2}\right )[/tex]
[tex]P_2[/tex]=337.066KPa
[tex]V_2[/tex]=[tex]0.493\times 10^{-3} m^{3}[/tex]
and entropy is given by
[tex]\Delta s[/tex]=[tex]C_v \ln \left (\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right )[/tex]+[tex]C_p \ln \left (\frac{V_2}{V_1}\right )[/tex]
Where, [tex]C_v[/tex]=[tex]\frac{R}{\gamma-1}[/tex]=0.6059
[tex]C_p[/tex]=[tex]\frac{\gamma R}{\gamma -1}[/tex]=0.9027
Substituting values we get
[tex]\Delta s[/tex]=[tex]0.6059\times\ln \left (\frac{337.066}{120}\right )[/tex]+[tex]0.9027 \ln \left (\frac{1}{2}\right )[/tex]
[tex]\Delta s[/tex]=-0.4199 J/k
A heat pump with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep aspace at 25°C by absorbing heat from geothermal water that enters the evaporator at 60°C at a rate of 0.065 kg/s and leaves at 40°C. Refrigerant enters the evaporator at 12°C with a quality of 15 percent and leaves at the same pressure as saturated vapor.If the compressor consumes 1.6 kW of power, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the rate of heat supply, (c) the COP.
Answer:
(a) [tex]m_{R-134a}=0.0338kg/s[/tex]
(b) [tex]Q_H=7.03kW[/tex]
(c) [tex]COP=4.39[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello,
(a) In this part, we must know that the energy provided by the water equals the energy gained by the refrigerant-134a, thus:
[tex]m_{R-134a}(h_2-h1)=m_{H_2O}Cp_{H_2O}*\Delta T_{H_2O}[/tex]
Now, water's heat capacity is about 4.18kJ/kg°C and the enthalpies at both the first and second state for the refrigerant-134a are computed as shown below, considering the first state as a vapor-liquid mixture (VLM) at 12°C and the second state as a saturated vapor (ST) at the same conditions:
[tex]h_{1/12^0C/VLM}=68.18kJ/kg+0.15*189.09kJ/kg=96.54kJ/kg\\h_{2,SV}=257.27kJ/kg[/tex]
Next, solving the mass of water one obtains:
[tex]m_{R-134a}=\frac{m_{H_2O}Cp_{H_2O}*\Delta T_{H_2O}}{(h_2-h1)}=\frac{0.065kg/s*4.18kJ/kg^0C*(60^0C-40^0C)}{257.27kJ/kg-96.54kJ/kg} \\m_{R-134a}=0.0338kg/s[/tex]
(b) Now, the energy balance allows us to compute the heat supply:
[tex]Q_L+W_{in}=Q_H\\Q_H=0.0338kg/s*(257.27kJ/kg-96.54kJ/kg)+1.6kW\\Q_H=7.03kW[/tex]
(c) Finally, the COP (coefficient of performance) is computed via:
[tex]COP=\frac{Q_H}{W_{in}}=\frac{7.03kW}{1.6kW}\\COP=4.39[/tex]
Best regards.
With increases in magnification, which of the following occur? a. The field of view decreases. b. The ambient illumination decreases. c. The larger parts can be measured. d. The eyepiece must be raised.
By increasing magnification you decrease the field of view.
The answer is A.
Hope this helps.
r3t40
The most advantage of fuel cells is that it can produce electrical energy directly (___)
Answer:The most advantage of fuel cells is that can produce electrical energy directly from chemical energy of hydrogen or other fuel.
Explanation: Fuel cell utilizes the chemical energy from the hydrogen or any other fuel and then converts it to the electrical energy. A fuel like hydrogen is supplied to the anode part and air is supplied to the cathode part . For hydrogen fuel cell there is a catalyst at anode side which divides hydrogen molecules in protons and electrons, which split and take go in different direction to cathode side. Thus the fuel cell works and generate the electrical energy
The thermal efficiency of two reversible power cycles operating between the same thermal reservoirs will a)- depend on the mechanisms being used b)- be equal regardless of the mechanisms being used c)- be less than the efficiency of an irreversible power cycle
A smooth sphere with a diameter of 6 inches and a density of 493 lbm/ft^3 falls at terminal speed through sea water (S.G.=1.0027). Determine the terminal speed.
Given:
diameter of sphere, d = 6 inches
radius of sphere, r = [tex]\frac{d}{2}[/tex] = 3 inches
density, [tex]\rho}[/tex] = 493 lbm/ [tex]ft^{3}[/tex]
S.G = 1.0027
g = 9.8 m/ [tex]m^{2}[/tex] = 386.22 inch/ [tex]s^{2}[/tex]
Solution:
Using the formula for terminal velocity,
[tex]v_{T}[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2V\rho g}{A \rho C_{d}}}[/tex] (1)
[tex](Since, m = V\times \rho)[/tex]
where,
V = volume of sphere
[tex]C_{d}[/tex] = drag coefficient
Now,
Surface area of sphere, A = [tex]4\pi r^{2}[/tex]
Volume of sphere, V = [tex]\frac{4}{3} \pi r^{3}[/tex]
Using the above formulae in eqn (1):
[tex]v_{T}[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2\times \frac{4}{3} \pir^{3}\rho g}{4\pi r^{2} \rho C_{d}}}[/tex]
[tex]v_{T}[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2gr}{3C_{d}}}[/tex]
[tex]v_{T}[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2\times 386.22\times 3}{3C_{d}}}[/tex]
Therefore, terminal velcity is given by:
[tex]v_{T}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{27.79}{\sqrt{C_d}}[/tex] inch/sec
The interactions between a closed system and its surroundings include energy transfer by heat, boundary work and flow work. a)True b) False
Answer:
b) False
Explanation:
In close system only energy transfer take place and mass transfer is zero.But on the other hand in open system energy as well mass transfer take place.
Energy transfer means work as well as heat transfer.But we know that in close system there is no any flow of mass so there will not be any flow work,only boundary work will associated with close system.But in open system flow work take place.
Oil with a density of 800 kg/m3 is pumped from a pressure of 0.6 bar to a pressure of 1.4 bar, and the outlet is 3 m above the inlet. The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m3/s, and the inlet and exit areas are 0.06 m2 and 0.03 m3, respectively. (a) Assuming the temperature to remain constant and neglecting any heat transfer, determine the power input to the pump in kW. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the necessary power input be if the change in KE were neglected in the analysis??
Answer:
23.3808 kW
20.7088 kW
Explanation:
ρ = Density of oil = 800 kg/m³
P₁ = Initial Pressure = 0.6 bar
P₂ = Final Pressure = 1.4 bar
Q = Volumetric flow rate = 0.2 m³/s
A₁ = Area of inlet = 0.06 m²
A₂ = Area of outlet = 0.03 m²
Velocity through inlet = V₁ = Q/A₁ = 0.2/0.06 = 3.33 m/s
Velocity through outlet = V₂ = Q/A₂ = 0.2/0.03 = 6.67 m/s
Height between inlet and outlet = z₂ - z₁ = 3m
Temperature to remains constant and neglecting any heat transfer we use Bernoulli's equation
[tex]\frac {P_1}{\rho g}+\frac{V_1^2}{2g}+z_1+h=\frac {P_2}{\rho g}+\frac{V_2^2}{2g}+z_2\\\Rightarrow h=\frac{P_2-P_1}{\rho g}+\frac{V_2^2-V_1^2}{2g}+z_2-z_1\\\Rightarrow h=\frac{(1.4-0.6)\times 10^5}{800\times 9.81}+\frac{6.67_2^2-3.33^2}{2\times 9.81}+3\\\Rightarrow h=14.896\ m[/tex]
Work done by pump
[tex]W_{p}=\rho gQh\\\Rightarrow W_{p}=800\times 9.81\times 0.2\times 14.896\\\Rightarrow W_{p}=23380.8\ W[/tex]
∴ Power input to the pump 23.3808 kW
Now neglecting kinetic energy
[tex]h=\frac{P_2-P_1}{\rho g}+z_2-z_1\\\Righarrow h=\frac{(1.4-0.6)\times 10^5}{800\times 9.81}+3\\\Righarrow h=13.19\ m\\[/tex]
Work done by pump
[tex]W_{p}=\rho gQh\\\Rightarrow W_{p}=800\times 9.81\times 0.2\times 13.193\\\Rightarrow W_{p}=20708.8\ W[/tex]
∴ Power input to the pump 20.7088 kW
0.50 kg of air is heated at constant pressure from 25°C to 100°C. The source of the heat is at 200°C. What is the entropy generation for the process?
Solution:
Given:
mass of air, m = 0.50 Kg
[tex]T_{1}[/tex] = 25°C = 273+25 = 298 K
[tex]T_{2}[/tex] = 100°C = 273+100 = 373 K
[tex]T_{o}[/tex] = 200°C = 273+100 = 473 K
Solution:
Formulae used:
ΔQ = mCΔT (1)
ΔS = [tex]\frac{\Delta Q}{T_{o}}[/tex] (2)
where,
ΔQ = change in heat transfer
ΔS = chane in entropy
C = specific heat
ΔT = change in system temperature
Using eqn (1)
ΔQ = [tex]0.50\times 1.005\times (373-298)[/tex] = 36.687 kJ
Now, for entropy generation, using eqn (2)
ΔS = [tex]\frac{37.687}{473}[/tex] = 0.0796 kJ
When designing solid rockets, thrust and mass flow must be considered time dependent. a) True b) False
Answer:
the answer is true when designing sold rockets thrust and mass flow
It is true about Metals and alloys: a)-They are good electrical and thermal conductors b)-They can be used as semi-conductors c)-They present high modulus of elasticity d)-a and c are correct
Answer:
(d) a and c are correct
Explanation:
METALS : Metal are those materials which has very high ductility, high modulus of elasticity, good thermal and electrical conductivity
for example : iron, gold ,silver, copper
ALLOYS: Alloys are those materials which are made up of combining of two or more than two metals these also have good thermal and electrical conductivity and me liable property
for example ; bronze and brass
so from above discussion it is clear that option (d) will be the correct option
Answer:
d)-a and c are correct
Explanation:
Hello,
As long as metals have specific molecular arrangements (closely assembled molecules) they have a high capacity to transfer both electrical and thermal energy. On the other hand, the modulus of stability is considered as a measure of material's stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation, thus, due to the very same aforesaid molecular arrangement of metals, they are hard to deform so that modulus is considered as high.
Best regards.
A diesel engine with CR= 20 has inlet at 520R, a maximum pressure of 920 psia and maximum temperature of 3200 R. With cold air properties find the cutoff ratio, the expansion ratio v4/v3, and the exhaust temperature.
Answer:
Cut-off ratio[tex]\dfrac{V_3}{V_2}=6.15[/tex]
Cxpansion ratio[tex]\dfrac{V_4}{V_3}=3.25[/tex]
The exhaust temperature[tex]T_4=1997.5R[/tex]
Explanation:
Compression ratio CR(r)=20
[tex]\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}=20[/tex]
[tex]P_2=P_3=920 psia[/tex]
[tex]T_1=520 R ,T_{max}=T_3,T_3=3200 R[/tex]
We know that for air γ=1.4
If we assume that in diesel engine all process is adiabatic then
[tex]\dfrac{T_2}{T_1}=r^{\gamma -1}[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{T_2}{520}=20^{1.4 -1}[/tex]
[tex]T_2=1723.28R[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{V_3}{V_2}=\dfrac{T_3}{T_2}[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{V_3}{V_2}=\dfrac{3200}{520}[/tex]
So cut-off ratio[tex]\dfrac{V_3}{V_2}=6.15[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}=\dfrac{V_4}{V_3}\times\dfrac{V_3}{V_2}[/tex]
Now putting the values in above equation
[tex]\dfrac20=\dfrac{V_4}{V_3}\times 6.15[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{V_4}{V_3}=3.25[/tex]
So expansion ratio[tex]\dfrac{V_4}{V_3}=3.25[/tex].
[tex]\dfrac{T_4}{T_3}=(expansion\ ratio)^{\gamma -1}[/tex]
[tex]\dfrac{T_3}{T_4}=(3.25)^{1.4 -1}[/tex]
[tex]T_4=1997.5R[/tex]
So the exhaust temperature[tex]T_4=1997.5R[/tex]
The melting point of W (tungsten) is 3380°C, is the processing at 1100 C hot working or cold working?
Answer:
cold working
Explanation:
Given data in question
melting point tungsten (W) = 3380°C = 3653 K
processing temperature = 1100°C = 1373 K
To find out
process is hot or cold working
solution
we know hot working and cold working process is depend upon the Recrystallization and Recrystallization is a process in which deformed grains of crystal structures are replace with stress-free grains that nucleate and grow till actual grains have been consumed fully
and we know that ratio of processing temperature and melting point tungsten is greater than 60% than the process is start of Recrystallization so we check ratio
ratio = processing temperature / melting point tungsten
ratio = 1373 / 3653
ratio = 0.3758 = 37.58 %
we can see this is less than 60 % so our process is cold working
If 65 gallons of hydraulic oil weighs 350lb, what is the specific weight of the oil in lb/ft^3?
Answer:
55.655 lb/ft³
Explanation:
Given data in question
oil weight i.e. w = 350 lb
oil volume i.e. v = 65 gallons = 6.68403 ft³
To find out
the specific weight of the oil
Solution
We know the specific weight formula is weight / volume
we have given both value so we will put weight and volume value in
specific weight formula i.e.
specific weight = weight / volume
specific weight = 372 / 6.68403 = 55.6550
specific weight = 55.655 lb/ft³
At winter design conditions, a house is projected to lose heat at a rate of 60,000 Btu/h. The internal heat gairn from people, lights, and appliances is estimated to be 6000 Btuh Ifthis house is to be heated by electric resistance heaters, determine the required rated power of these heaters in kW to maintain the house at constant temperature.
Answer:
15.8529 kW
Explanation:
Rate of heat loss = 60000 Btu/h
Internal heat gain = 6000 Btu/h
Rate of heat required to be supplied
[tex]P_{Sup}=\text{Rate of heat loss}-\text{Internal heat gain}\\\Rightarrow P_{Sup}=60000-6000\\\Rightarrow P_{Sup}=54000\ Btu/h[/tex]
Converting 54000 Btu/h to kW (kJ/s)
1 Btu = 1.05506 kJ
1 h = 3600 s
[tex]P_{Sup}=54000\times \frac{1.05506}{3600}\\\Rightarrow P_{Sup}=15.8529\ kW[/tex]
∴ Required rated power of these heaters is 15.8529 kW
Answer:
Q = 15.8 kW
Explanation:
Given data:
Heat loss rate is 60,000 Btu/h
Heat gain is 6000 Btu/h
Rate of heat required is computed as
Q = (60000 - 6000) Btu/h
Q = 54000 Btu/h
change Btu/h to Kilo Watts
[tex]Q = 54000 Btu/h (\frac{1W}{3.412142\ Btu/h})[/tex]
[tex]Q = 15825.8 W(\frac{1 kW}{1000 W})[/tex]
Q = 15.8 kW
A piston-cylinder assembly has initially a volume of 0.3 m3 of air at 25 °C. Mass of the air is 1 kg. Weights are put on the piston until the air reaches to 0.1 m3 and 1,000 °C, in which the air undergoes a polytropic process (PV" const). Assume that heat loss from the cylinder, friction of piston, kinetic and potential effects are negligible. 1) Determine the polytropic constant n. 2) Determine the work transfer in ki for this process, and diseuss its direction. 3) sketch the process in T-V (temperature-volume) diagram.
Answer:
n=2.32
w= -213.9 KW
Explanation:
[tex]V_1=0.3m^3,T_1=298 K[/tex]
[tex]V_2=0.1m^3,T_1=1273 K[/tex]
Mass of air=1 kg
For polytropic process [tex]pv^n=C[/tex] ,n is the polytropic constant.
[tex]Tv^{n-1}=C[/tex]
[tex]T_1v^{n-1}_1=T_2v^{n-1}_2[/tex]
[tex]298\times .3^{n-1}_1=1273\times .1^{n-1}_2[/tex]
n=2.32
Work in polytropic process given as
w=[tex]\dfrac{P_1V_1-P_2V_2}{n-1}[/tex]
w=[tex]mR\dfrac{T_1-T_2}{n-1}[/tex]
Now by putting the values
w=[tex]1\times 0.287\dfrac{289-1273}{2.32-1}[/tex]
w= -213.9 KW
Negative sign indicates that work is given to the system or work is done on the system.
For T_V diagram
We can easily observe that when piston cylinder reach on new position then volume reduces and temperature increases,so we can say that this is compression process.
What is the temperature dependency of the electrical conductivity for metals and semiconductors??
Answer and Explanation:
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY ON ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS : Metals are good conductors of electricity but when we increase the temperature the free electrons of metals collide with each other due to heat.There collision become very fast and so the resistance increases and so the electrical conductivity of metals decreases on increasing temperature.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY ON ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SEMICONDUCTOR : The electrical conductivity of semiconductor is mainly sue to presence of impurities and defects as the temperature increases the impurities and defects also increases so the electrical conductivity of semiconductor increases on increasing temperature.
A piston-cylinder assembly contains ammonia, initially at a temperature of-20°C and a quality of 70%. The ammonia is slowly heated to a final state where the pressure is 6 bar and the temperature is 180°C. While the ammonia is heated, its pressure varies linearly with specific volume. For the ammonia, determine the work and heat transfer, each in kJ/kg.
Answer:
w = -28.8 kJ/kg
q = 723.13 kJ/kg
Explanation:
Given :
Initial properties of piston cylinder assemblies
Temperature, [tex]T_{1}[/tex] = -20°C
Quality, x = 70%
= 0.7
Final properties of piston cylinder assemblies
Temperature, [tex]T_{2}[/tex] = 180°C
Pressure, [tex]P_{2}[/tex] = 6 bar
From saturated ammonia tables at [tex]T_{1}[/tex] = -20°C we get
[tex]P_{1}[/tex] = [tex]P_{sat}[/tex] = 1.9019 bar
[tex]v_{f}[/tex] = 0.001504 [tex]m^{3}[/tex] / kg
[tex]v_{g}[/tex] = 0.62334 [tex]m^{3}[/tex] / kg
[tex]u_{f}[/tex] = 88.76 kJ/kg
[tex]u_{g}[/tex] = 1299.5 kJ/kg
Therefore, for initial state 1 we can find
[tex]v_{1}[/tex] = [tex]v_{f}[/tex]+x ([tex]v_{g}[/tex]-[tex]v_{f}[/tex]
= 0.001504+0.7(0.62334-0.001504)
= 0.43678 [tex]m^{3}[/tex] / kg
[tex]u_{1}[/tex] = [tex]u_{f}[/tex]+x ([tex]u_{g}[/tex]-[tex]u_{f}[/tex]
= 88.76+0.7(1299.5-88.76)
=936.27 kJ/kg
Now, from super heated ammonia at 180°C, we get,
[tex]v_{2}[/tex] = 0.3639 [tex]m^{3}[/tex] / kg
[tex]u_{2}[/tex] = 1688.22 kJ/kg
Therefore, work done, W = area under the curve
[tex]w = \left (\frac{P_{1}+P_{2}}{2} \right )\left ( v_{2}-v_{1} \right )[/tex]
[tex]w = \left (\frac{1.9019+6\times 10^{5}}{2} \right )\left ( 0.3639-0.43678\right )[/tex]
[tex]w = -28794.52[/tex] J/kg
= -28.8 kJ/kg
Now for heat transfer
[tex]q = (u_{2}-u_{1})+w[/tex]
[tex]q = (1688.2-936.27)-28.8[/tex]
= 723.13 kJ/kg
What do you understand by the term redundant work?
Answer:
Redundant work refers to the work done during the process of deformation due to friction. It happens during the wire drawing. Redundant work per unit volume increases when the radial position becomes higher. The redundant work factor is defined as increased strain of the deformation to the stress. It is basically related to the deformation area geometry.
Proper grain stress/strain analysis is required in solid motor design: A. To ensure good motor structure B. To avoid surface cracks C. To avoid bond separation D. All of the above
Answer:
The correct answer to the given statement is
option D. All of the above
Explanation:
Analysis of proper grain stress/strain is important as it ensures good mechanical motor structure.
With the help of analysis surface cracks can be checked and proper maintenance can be provided. It further helps in keeping check in order to avoid separation of bonds.
Therefore, qualitative analysis and in depth analysis can reduce errors and helps to maintain the qualitative parameters.
An air conditioner unit uses an electrical power input of 100W to drive the system and rejects 440W of heat to the kitchen air. Calculate the air conditioner's cooling rate and its coefficient of performance β.??
Answer:
Cooling Rate=340 W
Coefficient of Performance β=3.4
Explanation:
[tex]Desired\ effect= Cooling\ Rate=Q_L= 440-100=340\ W\\ W_{net,in}=Work\ in=100\ W[/tex]
[tex]Coefficient\ of\ performance (\beta) =\frac {Desired\ Out}{Required\ In}=\frac {Cooling\ {Effect}}{Work\ In}=\frac {Q_L}{W_{net,in}}[/tex]
[tex]Coefficient\ of\ performance (\beta) =\frac {440-100}{100}=3.4[/tex]