How can hidden terminals be detected in 802.11?

Answer:

a) 255

b) 61602

c)

d)

Explanation:

You need to understand the decimal equivalent of hexadecimal numbers, from 0 to 9 numbers are represented the same way, from 10 to 15 we use the alphabet, meaning 10 equals A in hexadecimal base, 11-B, 12-C, 13-D, 14-E, and 15-F.

For your first exercise you'll enumerate the number's positions fromright to lef begining with 0:

a.               F   F

position    1    0

Now you'll multiply your hexadecimal number (using the decimal equivalent for your letters) for the base (16) elevated to the number of the position:

[tex]F*16^{0}=15*1=15\\F*16^{1}=15*16=240[/tex]

Finally, you'll add your results:

240+15=255

FF=255

b.             F  0  A  2

position   3  2  1   0

[tex]2*16^{0}=2*1=2\\A*16^{1}=10*16=160\\0*16^{2}=0*256=0\\F*16^{3}=16*4096=61440\\\\2+160+0+61440=61602\\[/tex]

F0A2=61602

c.             F  1  0  0

position   3  2  1   0

[tex]0*16^{0}=0*1=0\\0*16^{1}=0*16=0\\1*16^{2}=1*256=256\\F*16^{3}=16*4096=61440\\0+0+256+61440=61696\\[/tex]

0F100=61696

d.              1  0  0

position  2  1   0

[tex]0*16^{0}=0*1=0\\0*16^{1}=0*16=0\\1*16^{2}=1*256=256\\\\0+0+256=256\\[/tex]

100=256

I hope you find this information useful! Good luck!

Hexadecimal to decimal conversion is done by multiplying each digit by 16 raised to the power of its position. For example, FF in hexadecimal converts to 255 in decimal, and F0A2 converts to 61602.

To convert hexadecimal numbers to decimal, we have to understand that hexadecimal is a base-16 number system, which means each digit represents a power of 16. Each digit is multiplied by 16 raised to the power of the position and then summed. The most right-hand position is raised to the power of 0, moving left, the next position is raised to the power of 1, and so on.

Answer:

WAN(wide area network) is the network that is used for the connection in the geographical areas on large scale.They are used for connecting the areas like cities, countries, states etc.The connection of various LANs(Local area network) and MAN(Metropolitan area network) form the WAN.

There are several components that are used in the wide area network structure. Some of the constituents are as follows:-

Answer:

    A wide area network (WAN) is a network of devices, local area networks (LANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) that are connected over wired or wireless communication lines. A virtual private network (VPN) connects different WAN sites. These connections span large geographic areas and can occur between cities, regions and even countries. A WAN is often used by large companies looking to manage and share information and resources between branches. This type of network is mainly used as a way to connect smaller LANs and, although they have slower data transmission capabilities from LANs, they are able to connect a wider coverage area.

Here are some components that are frequently found in a network:

Answer: IPv4(Internet protocol version 4)) =32 bits

               IPv6(Internet protocol version 6) =128 bits

Explanation: IP(Internet protocol)address are the unique addresses that is provided to the hardware components that are attached with the internet service. The identification of the hardware devices are made on the basis of IP address .It is a numerical notation .

The most commonly used version of the IP addresses are IPv4 (Internet protocol version 4)and IPv6(Internet protocol version 6) that persist of 32 bits and 128 bits address respectively. IPv4 and IPv6 has different bits due to the growth of the internet facility and improvement in the version.Most commonly used internet service at current time is IPv6.

Answer: expediting the local area network

Explanation: Case tools are the tools or service that helps in the software development but the automatic activity. This tool can be applied on various applications like mobile apps, E-commerce websites etc.

Analyst focus on the features like improving productivity ,low time consumption,integration of the work and making the communication better with the users ,helps in producing large amount of the documents etc.

The only factor not accepted by analyst is accomplishing the operation in the LAN(local area network) as it does not facilitates this operation because it is not software development process.

Answer:RISC(reduced instruction set computer) is the computer used for low level operation by simple command splited into numerous instructions in single clock only and CISC(Complex instruction set computer) is the computer that performs the operation in single instruction.

RISC architecture has hardwired control unit,data cache unit,data path ,instruction cache and main memory as components .CISC architecture persist of  control unit,micro program control memory, cache, instruction and data path and main memory.

The differences between RISC and CISC are as follows:-

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architectures use simpler instructions for enhanced speed and efficiency, while CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) architectures use complex instructions to reduce program instruction counts. The comparison highlights differences in execution speed, pipeline efficiency, memory usage, and design philosophy. Each architecture offers unique benefits depending on application requirements.

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)

RISC architectures are designed to execute a small and highly optimized set of instructions. This simplicity enables faster instruction execution because each instruction is executed in a single clock cycle. Key features of RISC include:

An example of a RISC architecture is the MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages) architecture, which uses 32-bit instructions and multiple instruction formats, adheres to the principles of simplicity and efficiency.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing)

CISC architectures, on the other hand, aim to reduce the number of instructions per program by using complex and multifunctional instructions. These instructions can execute multiple operations or address modes within a single instruction. Key features of CISC include:

An example of a CISC architecture is the Intel x86 family, widely used in desktop and server processors.

Comparison of RISC and CISC

To compare both architectures:

Answer:

We have used int datatype which is wrong in the given declaration.

The correct declaration is public static final double myNumber = 17.36;

Explanation:

In this declaration the value is stored in "myNumber" variable is 17.36 which is decimal point number to store the decimal point number we have to use the double datatype, not int datatype because int datatype can store only integer value not the decimal value. So we have to use the double datatype instead of int type.

The correct syntax for the following declaration is :

public static final double myNumber = 17.36;

Explanation:

Following are differences between 802.3 and 802.11 standards:-

Final answer:

IEEE 802.3 and 802.11 standards differ primarily in their networking methods; 802.3 (Ethernet) is used for wired connections, while 802.11 (Wi-Fi) is used for wireless networking.

Explanation:

The key distinction between IEEE 802.3 standards and IEEE 802.11 standards lies in the methods and mediums they use for transmitting data. The IEEE 802.3 standard, often recognized as Ethernet, is mainly used for wired networking and employs physical cables (typically copper or fiber optic) to transfer data between computers. Ethernet has been the foundational standard for wired local area networks (LANs) and has evolved over time to support higher speeds and different cabling types.

On the other hand, the IEEE 802.11 standard is centered around wireless networking, commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. This standard allows devices to connect to a LAN and access the internet without the use of physical cables. Wi-Fi has become widely used in private homes, offices, and public hotspots due to its convenience in establishing network connections. The standard includes various versions (such as a, b, g, n, ac, and others) which differ in aspects such as transmission speed, range, and frequency used.

While Ethernet provides a reliable and secure connection typically required for business environments and data centers, Wi-Fi offers mobility and ease of access, which are essential for portable devices and consumer electronics. Both standards are fundamental to modern telecommunications and networking but serve different purposes and environments.

Answer:Behavioral feasibility

Explanation: Behavioral feasibility is related with the human concerns. It describes about the reactions gained in the form of feedback from users towards the growth of computer system. The extent to which development is accepted and supported is evaluated.

The changes and development is made for the betterment of the system and makes it feasible for solving the issues. Operational feasibility is also related with the operation performed for the improvement of the system and the acceptance it receives from the users.

Final answer:

The variable t will store true for statements A and D because the comparisons are correct, and false for statements B and C because the comparisons are incorrect.

Explanation:

The question is asking about the values that will be stored in the variable t after each given boolean (true or false) statement is executed in a programming context. Here are the answers:

A) t = (12 > 1); The statement is true because 12 is greater than 1, so t will store true.

B) t = (2 < 0); The statement is false because 2 is not less than 0, so t will store false.

C) t = (5 == (3 * 2)); The statement is false because 5 is not equal to 6 (3 times 2), so t will store false.

D) t = (5 == 5); The statement is true because 5 is equal to 5, so t will store true.

Answer:

Different business or firm tend to enforce different Information Systems based completely on their main business operations, in order to best leverage data as an organizations asset. Some of these Information System are as follow:

a) Transaction Processing System (TPS):

A small organization tends to process transactions that might result from day-to-day activities, such as purchase orders, creation of paychecks and thus require using TPS.

b) Management Information System(MIS):

Managers and owners of small organizations tend to incline towards industry-specific MIS, in order to get historical and current operational data, such as inventories data and sales.

c) Decision Support System (DSS):

A DSS to allow managers and owners of small organizations to use predefined report in order to support problem-resolution decisions and operations planning.

Answer:

Exceptions are raised using throw statement in c++.

Explanation:

Try block is used to keep the statements which we felt that they will raise an exception. Catch block is used to catch the exception which is thrown by the try block.

#include<iostream.h>

void main(){

int x,y,z;

try{

cout<"enter 2 numbers";

cin>>x>>y;

if(y==0)

throw y;

z=x/y;

}

catch(int x){

cout<<"exception caught";

}

}

Answer:

float area;

Explanation:

The float datatype is used for storing the decimal number .The syntax of declaring float variable is given below.

float variablename ;

float area;

area=89.900002; // storing the value

following the program in c language

#include<stdio.h> // header file

int main() // main function

{

  float area=89.900002; // declared and initialize a float variable

  printf("%f",area); // display the area value

return 0;

}

Answer:

False.

Explanation:

A computer program can not only constructed in a high level language but also in low level language such as assembly language used for microprocessor for ex-8085 microprocessor,8086 microprocessor ,ARM assembly language and there are many more.

High level languages are programmer friendly they are easily understood by the programmers because they uses english words while low level languages are difficult because they uses binary language 0's or 1's.

Hence the answer to this question is False.

Answer: The advantage of the optical fibre over the other medium of the communication are as follows:-

Optical fibres have significant technical advantages including low loss, allowing for longer distances without signal amplification, high bandwidth supporting more data transmission, and reduced crosstalk for clearer communication over traditional copper cables.

Optical fibres offer significant advantages over traditional communication media like copper cables, especially for long-distance communications. One of the primary technical advantages of optical fibres is their low loss, allowing light to travel many kilometers before needing amplification, which is much superior to the performance of copper conductors. Another critical advantage is high bandwidth, where lasers emit light that enables far more conversations in one fiber than what electric signals on copper cables can support. Additionally, optical fibres exhibit reduced crosstalk, meaning optical signals in one fiber do not produce undesirable effects in other adjacent fibers, ensuring clearer and more reliable communication.

Answer:

A generalized class used only to create related derived classes

Explanation:

An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated on its own. It is defined using an abstract keyword. However, an abstract class can be inherited from and the derived class can actually be instantiated. For example:

abstract class A{

}

class B extends A{

void test(){

}

}

Here class A is an abstract class, while class B inherits from A. Now we can create an instance of class B as follows:

B b = new B();

b.test();

Explanation:

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

/*

Overloading means equal function name with different call prototype each.

It's a useful tool that lets you think once and write similar role code twice or more times keeping equal function name.

Please look at lines 12-14: they are overloaded call prototype versions of LinearSearch with identical mission (to know if a value is present in a set)

*/

//#define GENERICS

#ifndef GENERICS                                                                // Conditional compilation statement

bool LinearSearch(vector<int>   ,int);

bool LinearSearch(vector<float> ,float);

bool LinearSearch(vector<double>,double);

#else                                                                           // Conditional compilation statement (uncomment line 10 statement)

template <typename genType>

bool LinearSearch(vector<genType> v, genType value);                            // LinearSearch (generic type parameters version)

#endif

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {                                              // Test code follows:    

vector<int> vInt    {1,                     -2,     3,          -4,     5};     // Test data (int)

vector<float> vFlo  {1.23456f,              -2.35f, 3.1416f,    -4.7f,  5.55f}; // Test data (float)

vector<double> vDou {1.234567890123456789,  -2.35,  3.1415927,  -4.7,   5.55};  // Test data (double)

cout <<3 << "        is " << (LinearSearch(vInt,3)      ?"":"not ") << "in: {";for(auto x:vInt) cout << setw(11) << x;cout << "}\n";

cout <<3.1416f<< "   is " << (LinearSearch(vFlo,3.1416f)?"":"not ") << "in: {";for(auto x:vFlo) cout << setw(11) << x;cout << "}\n";

cout <<3.14   << " is " << (LinearSearch(vDou,3.1416) ?"":"not ") << "in: {";for(auto x:vDou) cout << /*setprecision(9)<<*/setw(11) << x;cout << "}\n";

return 0;

}

#ifndef GENERICS

// Overloaded function code follows:

bool LinearSearch(vector<int> v, int value) {                                   // LinearSearch (integer parameters version)

bool found = false;                                                             // Until now we haven't found the value we are searching for,

for(auto x:v) found = found || x == value;                                      // but if it is here found becomes true.

return(found);

}

bool LinearSearch(vector<float> v, float value) {                               // LinearSearch (float parameters version)

bool found = false;

for(auto x:v) found = found || x == value;

return(found);

}

bool LinearSearch(vector<double> v, double value) {                             // LinearSearch (double float parameters version)

bool found = false;

for(auto x:v) found = found || x == value;

return(found);

}

/*

So far, so good. It works! But, despite there was little effort involved, redundant code remains.

Is there any solution? Yes! It's called generic programming.

*/

#else

/*

Consider the following code:

   - Template statement at first accepts a generic type as a parameter (genType)

   - genType is used for both parameters (array and value to search)

   - Template statements located after generic version of LinearSearch instructs compiler to generate each type version

Conclusions:    

   - Compared with overloaded versions generic code is more elegant and avoids completely redundancy

   - It enhances overloading while keeping its advantages

*/

template <typename genType>

bool LinearSearch(vector<genType> v, genType value) {   // LinearSearch (generic type parameters version)

bool found = false;                                     // Until now we haven't found the value we are searching for,

for(auto x:v) found = found || x == value;              // but if it is here found becomes true.

return(found);

}

template bool LinearSearch(vector<int>   ,int);

template bool LinearSearch(vector<float> ,float);

template bool LinearSearch(vector<double>,double);

#endif

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

When creating a database it should be carefully planned so that we can easily do data manipulation and report generation if not designed carefully these processes will become difficult.

Some mistakes in the creation of database.

Answer: 2) 802.2

Explanation: Ethernet standard are the standard for the networking technology for the transmission of the data.The ethernet is requires for the node connection and then forming the framework for the transmission of information.There are several standards for Ethernet.

802.3 is Ethernet standard that works on 10 Mbps rate, PPP(point to point protocol) is the standard that connects the internet service provider using modem and LLC(logical link control) is a standard for 802 .There is no 802.2 standard present in the ethernet standard.Thus,the correct option is option(2).

Answer:

All elements in an array have the same subscript.

Explanation:

The statement written above is false because every element in an array has different subscript or index.The index starts with 0 and ends at size -1 .You can access the array element if you write the subscript in the square brackets after the name of the array.

a[5];

You can access 6th element in the array by this statement.

Answer:

10

Explanation:

Adding two binary numbers 0111 and 1001 results in the sum as 10000.

The equivalent hex representation for the number is obtained by splitting the result into two quads and finding their individual hex representations.

00010000

Quad 1 : 0001 = 1 (HEX)

Quad 2 : 0000 = 0 (HEX)

So the equivalent result is obtained by concatenating the two digits one after the other : 10 (in Hex)

Answer: Instance

Explanation: Instance is the term found in the object-orient programming concept. It is used for the realization of the variation present in any object specifically.The program execution at each time instant is known as the instance of program. Generation of realized instance is known as instantiation.

This helps in the accessing of the object in the program.Other options are incorrect entry , target and handle are not the technical term related with the accessing of object .Thus the correct answer is instance.

Answer:

if(y==10)

{

     x=0;   // assigning 0 to x if y equals 10.

}

else

{

   x=1;   // assigning 1 to x otherwise.

}

Explanation:

In the if statement i have used equal operator == which returns true if value to it's right is equal to value to it's left otherwise false.By using this operator checking value of y and if it is 10 assigning 0 to x and if it is false assigning 1 to x.

Final answer:

The logical equivalences ¬p → ¬q ≡ q → p, p ∧ (¬p → q) ≡ p, and (p → q) ∧ (p → r) ≡ p → (q ∧ r) are proven using the laws of propositional logic including contraposition, noncontradiction, and distribution.

Explanation:

Proof of Logical Equivalences

Using the laws of propositional logic, we can prove the following equivalences:

¬p → ¬q ≡ q → p can be proven by considering the truth tables for each side of the equivalence or using the contraposition law which states that the implication ¬p → ¬q is equivalent to q → p.

p ∧ (¬p → q) ≡ p can be proven by realizing that according to the law of noncontradiction, p and ¬p cannot both be true. If p is true, the implication ¬p → q is always true, thus the conjunction simplifies to just p.

(p → q) ∧ (p → r) ≡ p → (q ∧ r) uses the distribution of the implication over conjunction, which tells us that if p implies both q and r separately, then p must imply their conjunction q ∧ r.

Each of these logical equivalences utilizes fundamental logical laws such as the law of contraposition, noncontradiction, and distribution, to establish the equivalences. Understanding these laws helps in proving logical equivalences and understanding the structure of logical arguments.

Answer: a)Exception

Explanation:  Exception is the occurrence of an situation in the computer system field due to which interruption is caused in the execution of the program. A object is created in this event known and the exception object that contains the information about the error that has occurred.

The exception is handled by the exception handler.It catches the exception during the execution or after run time. Other options are incorrect because they are not the unexpected event to disorder the flow of program.Thus the correct option is option(a).

Answer:c)Predictive analytic

Explanation: Predictive analytics is the tool that is used for the prediction about the future situations.It is the advanced branch of the analytics where the present information considered for prediction The techniques followed by the predictive analytics are data mining, modelling etc.

Other option are incorrect because DSS(decision support system) is the system that helps in making decision in business field, reporting shows the low efficiency or performance and queries are the question or objection that arises regarding a concept.Thus the correct option is option(c).

Answer:

In computer science, scalability is the ability of an application or product that could be software or software to continue responding well when its context is increased in volume or size to meet the user demand. Typically, when a product becomes aging or the context demands a rescaling to a larger size or volume, if the product is prepared to respond to this demand, then it's called a scalable product.

Answer:

do{

   cout<<"Introduce number \n"; //print the message

   cin>>num; //set the value of the number given

}while(num<1 || num>10); //repeat while the number is out of the range

cout<<"Number: "<<num; //print the number

Explanation:

The idea behind this code is to create a loop in which I can compare the number given  (between 1 and 10) and then print the number or get back and ask the number again.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

   int num; //create num variable

do

{

   cout<<"Introduce number \n"; //print the message

   cin>>num; //set the value of the number given

}while(num<1 || num>10); //repeat while the number is out of the range

cout<<"Number: "<<num; //print the number

}

Answer: True

Explanation: CISO(Chief information security officer) is the officer that is responsible for the information security(Infosec) function to be implemented in the organization.He/she manages the procedures, protect from the threats in business, secures the enterprise communication.

The post of CISO is considered as a senior level officer .The responsibilities of the CISO also includes getting along with other section of the organization and assuring about the smooth and secured processing of the business work as the aspect of information security.Thus the statement given is true

Answer: False

Explanation:

 The given statement is false because MySQL 8 basically support the JSON object since versions 5,7 and 8. The MySQL basically support the native Java script object notation (JSON) data types that is basically define by the RFC 7159 and it can efficiently access the data  from the JSON documents.

It provide many advantages like the JSON are easily detect the error in the documents and can validate automatically. It also contain optimize storage format.    

Answer: (A) Merge mode and (B) Remote mode

Explanation:

 The merge and remote mode is basically used in the loop-back policy. The loop back policy is used in the computer configuration as the group policy of the management editor.

The loop-back policy is basically allowed the administrator for access the setting of the group policy.When the merge mode are enable in the loop back policy then, the computer configuration are basically based on the particular computer configuration that are located in the computer active directory.  

Remote mode is also used to apply in the loop back policy and when this mode enabled then, it change the user configuration. In the active directory of the replace mode the user settings is basically based on the configuration of the user setting.