Final answer:
The most likely reason Dorothea Schlösser was able to live a relatively normal life, despite her Jewish heritage, is that C) she was able to hide in the apartments of friends, as many Jews survived through the help of others providing refuge during the Nazi regime.
Explanation:
Based on the information given, we can infer that Dorothea could have survived by hiding and receiving help from others, as was the case for some Jews who were sheltered by non-Jewish friends or acquaintances risking their own lives, similar to the help received by Victor Frankl's cousin from a Catholic baroness. During World War II, many Jews had to go into hiding to escape the Nazi persecution.
Those who were able to live relatively normally often did so through the assistance of non-Jewish friends, forged or false identification papers, or through their ingenuity in evading detection. Acts of humanity, as described in the provided excerpts, illustrate how various people, including health workers like Irena Sendler and diplomats like Raoul Wallenberg, used their positions to save Jewish lives by providing refuge, false documents, or sneaking them out of ghettos to safety.
David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel’s company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ___________ theory.
a. cognitive balance
b. group effect
c. individual exchange
d. social exchange
Answer:
social exchange
Explanation:
social exchange
The concept of social exchange implies that social behaviour stems from the process of exchange This trade of exchange is aimed at optimising benefits and reducing costs. As per this theory Individuals consume the potential advantage and risks of social relations When the threats outweigh the benefits, this partnership is terminated or abandoned by individuals.
Middle-class Americans often dream of attaining "the white picket fence." That is, they see marriage as an opportunity for idealized domesticity within the "haven" of their own single-family home. Which marriage does this describe?-the institutional marriage bond-the companionate marriage bond-the individualized marriage bond-the cohabitation bond
Answer:
The answer is the companionate marriage bond.
Explanation:
In this type of marriage, both spuses have interest in their well-being. They usually believe that they share the same roles at home and work.
An common example of companionate marriage philosphy is that they can agree not to have children and have a divorce if necessary. There isn't any imbalance in power or responsibilities. This means the spouses prioritize communication.
The idealized vision of “the white picket fence,” with an emphasis on friendship, emotional fulfillment, and a shared domestic life, is best represented by the companionate marriage bond.
Explanation:The dream of attaining "the white picket fence" describes the companionate marriage bond. This type of bond highlights friendship, affection, and mutual respect, with the goal of achieving an idealized form of domesticity and providing a stable environment for raising children. The focus on an intimate, single-family home as a "haven" reflects the companionship and emotional fulfillment that are key characteristics of the companionate marriage bond.
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Shelli runs a small boutique in Tel Aviv. She only has two part time employees and keeps all of their information (social security number, payroll deductions, etc.) in a Word document on her laptop. The file is password protected. Which ethical issue is Shelli considering?
Answer:
Accessibility to information
Explanation:
The ethical issues in Information System are :
accessibility of informationaccuracy of the informationownership of the informationemployees health and safetyAccessibility to information is the access to the important data and sensitive information of any individual without the consent or the permission of the person.
In the given context, Shelli who runs a boutique, keeps all the information of her two employees in a password protected word document file in her laptop. By doing this, Shelli is raising or considering the ethical issue of "Accessibility to information" which is not ethical to access anybody's information with out their prior permission.
Hence the answer is --
Accessibility to information
Among the expenditures that are not required by law such as, defense, education, agriculture, highways, research grants, government operations, etc, defense receives the largest amount of ____________ spending.
Answer:
operational expenses (budget)
Explanation:
David and Tina have one grandson, Dillon. They see him almost every weekend and make it a point to go to a movie or a park with him. Both Dillon and his grandparents look forward to their time together. According to Neugarten and Weinstein, David and Tina have a(n) _____ style of being grandparents.
Answer:
Fun Seeking GrandparentsExplanation:
As per the study conducted by Bernice Neugarten at the University of Chicago there are five type of grandparents; the formal, the fun seeker, the surrogate, the reservoir and the distant. Each type of grand parenting style has some unique characteristics. The fun seeker grandparent like to have fun with their grandchildren and like to bring their inner child out to play and entertain their grandchildren. They always have a good time with them. While the formal grandparents behave in traditional manner and believe that its their duty to give appropriate guidelines to their grandchildren s. They occasionally go out and are not overly involved with the children.
Final answer:
David and Tina are examples of companionate grandparents, characterized by spending enjoyable time with their grandson Dillon, focusing on being more like friends than authorities.
Explanation:
According to Neugarten and Weinstein, David and Tina display characteristics of companionate grandparents. This style of grandparenting is defined by doing things with the grandchild without exerting much authority or control, preferring instead to spend time with them without interfering in the parenting process. Companionate grandparents are more like friends to their grandchildren, focusing on creating enjoyable experiences and building a strong emotional bond rather than on discipline or daily care responsibilities.
David and Tina's regular weekend outings with Dillon, which include seeing movies or going to parks, exemplify the companionate style. They prioritize spending quality time with Dillon and engage in activities that both Dillon and his grandparents look forward to. This approach aligns with the companionate grandparenting style, where the main goal is to enjoy shared experiences and foster a close, friendly relationship with the grandchildren without imposing strict rules or taking on a parental role.
Adrian recently graduated from college and has started a new job in his field of study. He has very long work hours and gets little sleep. He quit exercising and is not eating a balanced diet. If he develops a psychophysiological disorder, it will be because of:A) biochemical activity.B) behavioral changes.C) personality style.D) social support.
Answer:.B) behavioral changes.
Explanation:
Behavioral change refers to the change in our behavior either for the better or the worse depending on what we are dealing with at that moment. There are many stages that are involved in someone changing their behavior.in behavioral change the stage that comes after action which is maintainance is the one which Andrian failed at , a stressful situation just interrupted her such that she could not maintain her original lifestyle.
To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates
Answer:
The correcto answer is Aversive conditioning.
Explanation:
Aversive conditioning in psychology is defined as a procedure which uses an unpleasant stimuli or a punishment to stop an unwanted behavior or reduce the frecuency of it. For example, when children have nail bitting habits a transparent nail nail polish with a bitter taste is applied to give the averisve stimuli desired in order to end this habit. In Janet's case the bitter tasting chocolate is the aversive stimuli to prevent her from eating chocolate and ultimately controlling or atleast reducing her cravings, therefore aversive conditioning is the treatment used in her case.
William is seeing an interpersonal therapist to help him deal with his feelings of anger, frustration, and dissatisfaction in life. The therapist has discovered that William's feelings stem from the constant bickering between him and his wife. What category of problem is William dealing with?
Answer:Role dispute
Explanation:
William is dealing with role dispute problems.
Role dispute is a situation where a patient and an influential person in his life have different opinions and expectations from their relationship. This results in conflict and tactical struggle. Usually the victim losses in a conflict which gives him anger, frustration along and dissatisfaction.
Here also William is the victim of role dispute and constant bickering with wife leads to a rise in his depression.
A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
A.dysphoria; dysmorphia
B.mood; emotion
C.emotion; mood
D.orientation; mood
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Because, mood tends to change more often than emotions, which are far more complex and do not come from one single experience.
The initial step toward globalization is ________ . a. developing a foreign manufacturing base through joint venture b. domestication c. creating a statelessness d. exporting e. creating a wholly owned subsidiary
Answer:
The initial step toward globalization is d. exporting
Explanation:
In order to initialize globalization the first step is exporting. Globalization in business practice relates to a change that a company makes - swithcing from operating in one country to operating into numerous countries. This type of practice require that the company exports its good abroad in many countries.
Final answer:
The initial step toward globalization is d.exporting.
Explanation:
The initial step toward globalization often involves exporting, where a company introduces its products or services to international markets. Exporting allows businesses to reach a broader customer base, expand market presence, and increase revenue. It serves as an entry point into global trade, helping companies assess market demand, establish brand recognition, and adapt to international business practices.
Successful exporting can pave the way for deeper global engagement, such as establishing subsidiaries, forming partnerships, or engaging in foreign direct investment, contributing to the overall process of globalization and economic interconnectedness on a global scale.
Dessa’s soccer teammates want to play a prank on the rival stunt and cheer team before their game. Dessa is reluctant to participate, but does not want to be the only one who expresses disapproval of the plan. She goes along with the group. This scenario illustrates that conformity ____.
Answer:
Conformity allows people to feel integrated in society, or a social group. This behaviour is typical of normative social influence, which occurs when people comply to social norms in order to be accepted.
It's possible for someone to not accept an opinion in private, and still comply in public. This is done to satisfy people's needs of affection and integration.
Final answer:
Conformity is the extent to which an individual complies with group norms or expectations. In this scenario, Dessa goes along with her teammates' prank despite her reluctance, demonstrating conformity.
Explanation:
Conformity is the extent to which an individual complies with group norms or expectations. In the scenario described, Dessa goes along with the group's prank despite her own reluctance because she does not want to be the only one expressing disapproval. This demonstrates conformity as she is changing her behavior to go along with the group even though she doesn't agree with their plan.
Manny was always used to getting straight As. However, his Psychology instructor gave him a B on his last test and Manny is furious. He believes he deserved an A, and wants to speak with the instructor after class. What is the best way for Manny to handle this situation?
Answer: By dialoging with the instructor.
Explanation: The student can dialog with the instructor to know his short fallings in the test and to correct them. This would help him to avoid making same mistakes in the future and also to build a cordial relationship between him and the instructor.
Assume that Laverne and Shirley prepare articles of incorporation but forget to send the articles to the appropriate state office. A few months after they begin to operate their consulting business as a corporation, Laverne visits a client. After her meeting, in driving out of a parking lot, Laverne inadvertently backs her car over the client, causing serious bodily harm. Is Shirley liable for the accident? Why?
Answer:
No, Shirley is not liable for the accident.
Explanation:
Articles of incorporation is necessary for the legal recognition of a firm as it includes the documents and papers under state government.
This article includes data such as name of the firm, address, stock type, etc. Thus in case of Laverne and Shirley, although both of them had articles of incorporation prepared, but they were not able to send those to the state office discarding it from the legal point of view.
Thus the failure of the state approval did not hold Laverne and Shirley as legal partners are and hence there won't be any liability of the accident on Shirley and only Laverne would be liable.
Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.A. challenge; distressB. challenge; threatC. distress; eustressD. threat; challenge
Answer:
B. challenge; threat
Explanation:
As the case says that Heather is focued on the opportunities for promotion and the higher salary the new job will give her instead of worrying about the increased responsabilities, the answer is that she views the new position as a challenge rather than a threat. This because she sees the new job as something good that will require a big effort that will be rewarding for her with a higher salary and she is not thinking on the added reponsabilities as something bad that could cause problems for her.
Final answer:
The new position is viewed as a challenge instead of a threat, emphasizing positive aspects and opportunities. Perceiving situations as challenges can lead to a more positive outlook and stress management. Graduating and entering the workforce can be seen as either a threat or a challenge. Option B
Explanation:
Heather views the new position as a challenge rather than a threat. This is because she focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary, highlighting the positive aspects of the job.
Perceiving a situation as a challenge rather than a threat can lead to a more positive outlook and can influence how stress is interpreted and managed.
Graduating from college and entering the workforce can be seen as either a threat (loss of financial support) or a challenge (opportunity for independence and growth), depending on the perspective taken.
Sociologist Joe Feagin identified _____ discrimination as harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context.
Answer:
Small Group Discrimination
Explanation:
Discrimination are the action or practices carried out by the members of dominating group on the subordinate groups. There are various models to explain the discrimination, according to them prejudice and institutional practises are two major causes of discrimination. There are four type of discrimination; Isolate discrimination, Small group discrimination, Direct institutional discrimination and Indirect institutional discrimination.
The small discrimination is done by a small group of people against the minorities.
Jasmine is always complaining that she doesn't like the way she looks. She tells her friend Amber that she thinks her thighs are too big and that she feels fat. Amber assures Jasmine that she isn't fat, but Jasmine won't listen. It is likely that Jasmine may be suffering from
A) peer pressure.
B) a negative body image.
C) anxiety.
D) depression.
Answer:
B)A negative body image
Explanation:
She could also be suffering form body dysmorphia, a mental disease in which the patient is fixed on a supposed physical flaw that is frequently not real. (For example, a person with a medium-sized nose who believes that he or she has an extremely large nose).
In the question, Jasmine believes that she is fact while apparently she is not, going by her friend's opinion.
Armando made a poor first impression on Bianca as he first arrived, so throughout their evening date, despite his pleasant behavior, Bianca continued to see him in an unfavorable light due to __________.
Answer:
Due to her first impression.
Explanation:
Bianca continued to see Armando in an unfavorable light due to her initial poor impression of him.
Explanation:The reason why Bianca continued to see Armando in an unfavorable light despite his pleasant behavior is because of her initial poor impression of him. This is a common psychological phenomenon known as the primacy effect, where the first impression we form of someone can influence our perception of them even when contradictory information is presented.
Ralph is on probation for possession of a narcotic. He is subject to random drug testing and is required to attend drug counseling. What types of conditions were placed on his probation?
Answer: standard punitive and treatment condition
Explanation: this is a type of condition imposed no matter the type of crime which includes rehabilitation, avoidance of people or places related to crime committed and random drug test. These and more are requirements to help institute defendant back into the community.
Answer: The types of conditions placed on his probation is known as SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
Explanation: Probation is defined as a legal sentence where convicted criminals are allowed to continue living in the community but will automatically be sent to jail if they violate certain conditions.
These conditions rules and guidelines that are applicable in probation. If they are common rules and guidelines, they are referred to as standard conditions and if they are not regular rules and guidelines applicable to every criminal, the are referred to as special conditions.
There were three friends. Maybe you have heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Hermione was mostly __________.a) idb) egoc) superegod) libido
Answer: C
Explanation: The correct answer is letter C, Superego.
Superego is the portion of the personality that marks what is good and bad, how we want to be and the perception we have of ourselves. This superego is developed, according to Freud, as we are growing and having contact with society and its rules; We learn about "good and bad" by what we are taught to.
An effective introduction should
A. provide a detailed biography of the speaker.
B. comprise at least 25 percent of your total speech.
C. introduce the speech topic and purpose.
D. be prepared before the body of the speech.
Answer: C
Explanation: An introduccion should, as its name suggests, introduce to the topic we are about to talk about and what are the reasons behind whatever we are writting about.
A reader who reads the introduccion should know ,after having read it, what are we going to talk about and why we wrote about that topic. Some details might be included there but it have to be more as a summary.
A variable toll on a road in Washington reached a high during the evening rush hour of $5.75. This toll bought the drivers who paid it a 27 minute time savings. Which of the following is correct? a. For some consumers, the toll was less than the opportunity cost of the time they would have spent in traffic. b. For some consumers, the toll was more than the opportunity cost of the time they would have spent in traffic. c. No consumers would find this toll worth the time saved in traffic. d. Both a and b are correct.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
No consumers would find this toll worth the time saved in traffic.
How do we usually make quick assessments of others?
a. By attempting to sum up the person as a whole.
b. By focusing on a subset of traits and behaviors.
c. By evaluating as many key characteristics as possible.
d. By looking for those traits similar to our own.
We usually make quick assessments of others by focusing on a subset of traits and behaviors.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
First impression happens in a minute not takes a day, week or a year. It did not change even after a longer period. In a minute, people predicted the other’s compatibility accurately. Halo effects occur when one or more features have a profound effect on overall perception.
When people see features that they like or dislike, they usually do simple reviews with their thumbs up or down. For example, one person can attract blue eyes, and another can tattoos. So, it completely indicates that making a fast assessment on others by complete focus on the subsets of trait and the behavioural action instead of summing up as a whole person.
Alfred Kinsey conducted research to determine what percentage of the population was heterosexual and what percentage was homosexual. Why would he have avoided asking the question, "Do you identify as gay or straight?"
Answer: He would avoid it because of sexual diversity.
Explanation: Sexual orientation is a complicated topic, there are lots of different sexual diversities. In this case he would avoid that question because it might offend someone who identifies themselve as queer, asexual, non-binery, transexual, etc. He may be asking 'what is your sexual orientation?' to avoid leaving behind some identities of the sexual spectrum.
Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. According to Freud, Alex most clearly demonstrates____________.
A) an inferiority complex.
B) free association.
C) a weak superego.
D) the reality principle.
Answer:
A weak superego
Explanation:
Superego is the part of personality theory that was proposed by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was a theorist who proposed the principle named Superego, Id, Ego, etc. Superego is the morality principle. In the superego, there is a morality principle called conscience. Conscience plays a role in the morality principle. The child who has a weak conscience will become a stealer, antisocial personality. The high conscience plays a role in high morality that leads to following the social norms. The superego is based on moral principles.
How do cyber communities differ from communities in the real world with regard to behavior?
A. It can be more difficult to identify inappropriate behavior in a cyber community.
B. They are not different in any important way.
C. People behave more appropriately online than offline.
D. Communities in the real world are more appropriate.
Answer: D. Communities in the real world are more appropriate.
Explanation:
An observation about this answer must be made. I don't think that communities in the real world are extraordinary and have a perfect behaviour, but it is real that it isn't so easy to follow a whole free will action plan as it is doing so in the online world.
In real life, our faces and names are known in our local area, we have a reputation, a public way of being. On the other hand, when we are online, no one knows who we are, we can completely change our image. Say what we want, act how we want. Of course there are regulations for online communities as well in order to have a safe environment as possible, but for some reason, people find it easier to break these norms rather than the real life ones.
Rosa is shopping in a new supermarket and wants to find a specific type of mustard. Which problem-solving strategy would be most efficient?
a. heuristic
b. algorithm
c. mental set
d. instinct
Answer:
Option A, heuristic, is the right answer.
Explanation:
A heuristic is an approach of problem-solving. Following this approach one applies a reasonable method that is not confirmed to be favorable, rational but which is nonetheless adequate for accomplishing an instant, short-term aim. This method generally used to give a boost to the process of obtaining a satisfactory solution. The heuristic can be rational alternatives that ease the cognitive pressure of decision-making. In the given situation Rosa has to take a decision for which she has to use a problem-solving strategy, therefore, she heuristic will be the most efficient strategy for her.
Bianca's parents fight constantly. As a result, they ignore her. Lately, Bianca has begun to stay out late and to hang out with many older friends. Bianca's parents' conflict is having a(n) _____ effect on her behavior.
Answer:
The answer is indirect effect.
Explanation:
Many studies have shown that parental arguments have several negative effects on children, even when the children are not present in the fight. Some results include lack of attention to the child's needs and displacement of emotions (one or both of the parents direct some of their hostile attitudes towards the children).
Final answer:
Bianca's parents' constant fighting and resultant neglect are having a negative effect on her behavior.
Explanation:
Bianca's behavior is negatively affected by her parents' constant fighting and neglect. Research shows parental conflict impacts children's mental health and can lead to poorer adjustment and increased risk behaviors.
It's well documented in research that parental conflict and stress can impact children's psychological functioning and relationships, leading to changes in behavior such as staying out late and associating with older peers.
The literature suggests that such family dynamics can affect children's mental health and achievement, as well as increase the risk of substance use among adolescents.
Specifically, the Family Stress Model shows how financial difficulties can lead to parents' mood issues, marital strife, and less effective parenting, which in turn contributes to poorer child adjustment.
Additionally, conflicts between parents and adolescents over independence-related issues can exacerbate these effects. Understanding the predicament Bianca is in is crucial; children, especially in their teenage years, are highly impressionable and responsive to their home environments.
Which statement is true about sexuality in late adulthood? A majority of older adults attribute little to no importance to sex. "Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment." Older adults report that the female partner is usually the one who ceases to interact sexually. Nearly 75 percent of U.S. adults age 75 to 85 say they are no longer sexually active.
Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment is true about sexuality in late adulthood.
Option b
Explanation:
Sexual desire isn’t affected by age but mainly by a person state of mind. The research conducted has revealed that couples do enjoy sex until the age of 80's. Factors that may decrease desire have to do more with physical problems that come with ageing, illnesses, aches and pains and self-image where one may feel like they aren’t attractive anymore.
Also, the physical incapacity to actually engage in the act of lovemaking shouldn’t hinder other forms of intimacy. Couples do still enjoy physical intimacy by the act of touching, intimate conversation, physical closeness and etc.
Although individual experiences may vary, most married older adults report sustained and regular sexual enjoyment. Ageing does not necessarily equate to the cessation of sexual activity, although factors like health conditions or medications can reduce the frequency.
Explanation:The subject of sexuality in late adulthood is complex and varies among individuals. However, the statement, 'Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment,' is generally true. A variety of research supports this idea, demonstrating that many older adults remain sexually active and derive enjoyment from their sexual lives well into old age. The frequency, however, may decline due to various factors like health conditions or medications.
It's important to note that individual experiences with sexuality in late adulthood can differ widely based on factors such as health conditions, medication use, and the presence of a willing and capable partner.
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As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam?
Answer:
b
Explanation:
because its b
The part of one's personality that would likely cause feelings of shame or guilt when considering cheating on an exam is often associated with the moral and ethical dimensions of one's character.
This can be understood through various psychological and philosophical frameworks:
1. Conscience: The conscience is an inner voice that helps individuals distinguish right from wrong. When one contemplates an action that goes against their moral beliefs, such as cheating, the conscience may trigger feelings of guilt as a way to deter such behavior.
2. Integrity: Integrity is the practice of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values. A person with integrity would feel ashamed to cheat because it compromises their commitment to these principles.
3. Honesty: Honesty is the quality of being fair and truthful. Cheating is inherently dishonest, so a person who values honesty would likely feel guilty about cheating because it contradicts this core value.
4. Sense of Fairness: A sense of fairness involves treating others equally and not gaining an unfair advantage over them. Cheating provides an unfair advantage, which can lead to feelings of guilt for someone who believes in fair competition and equal opportunities.
5. Empathy: Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. A person with empathy might feel guilty about cheating because they can imagine how it would negatively affect their classmates who are playing by the rules.
6. Self-Respect: Self-respect is the regard for one's own standing or reputation. Cheating can diminish one's self-respect because it involves acting in a way that is beneath one's own standards and can lead to a loss of respect from others.
7. Fear of Consequences: Beyond moral considerations, the fear of the potential negative consequences of being caught cheating, such as academic discipline, a tarnished academic record, or damage to one's reputation, can also lead to feelings of guilt and shame.
In summary, the parts of one's personality that could cause feelings of shame or guilt related to cheating are deeply rooted in personal values, ethical standards, empathy towards others, and the potential consequences of such actions. These feelings serve as a psychological deterrent to unethical behavior, reinforcing the importance of maintaining personal integrity and honesty.
Danny is interested in purchasing a new car. He sees an ad of a new car model manufactured by Jadeon, which is Danny's favorite car company. Danny's interest in the new model increases when he finds out through the ad that this model is affordable and also has a high engine power. In this scenario, Danny's method of making a judgment about the new car model is an example of _____.
a. mental accounting
b. an anchoring and adjustment process
c. consumer resentment
d. emotional accounting
e. an estimation of likelihood
Answer: Option (B)
Explanation:
Anchoring and adjustment process is referred to as the circumstance or anomaly whereby the individual or the organization bases their foremost notion and also reaction on the point of data and information and thus further makes the changes which are driven by the initial point. This heuristic mostly describes the situation under which an individual uses the particular target value as the initial point, referred to as the anchor, and thus subsequently adjusts the data and information till the value is known to reach over time.