Humans often think of themselves as unique, but in reality there are only a few distinguishing features. Which of these is unique to humans as compared to other mammals?
a. Eccrine glands for thermoregulation
b. Red blood cells that lack nuclei
c. Messner's corpuscles for sensing pressure
d. A fully erect posture associated with bipedalism

Explanation:

Immunological memory is the property of the immune system to store information about a stimulus so it can mount an effective response if it encounters the same stimulus again being this second response quicker and stronger even after years since the first encounter.

This kind of response is dependent on many subpopulations within T and B lymphocytes and NK cells. When encountering an antigen, B cells recognize it by membrane antibody specifically binding to the antigen and then being activated to expand rapidly with their progeny clones differentiating into plasma and memory B cells, these last ones have a long life span to remain in the body, ready when another encounter with the same stimulus occurs, this is how the basis for effective immunizations happens.

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Answer:

You can cross them. If all offspring are albinos, then both mutations are in the same gene, if not, then mutations are in different genes.

Explanation:

Traits are controlled by genes, which are composed by at least two alleles. Alleles, or mutations, can be dominant, or recessive. To observe a dominant trait, you need at least one dominant allele in the gene, while to observe the recessive trait you need both alleles in the gene to be recessive.

If mutations are in the same gene:

When you cross homozygous dominant individuals, all the offspring will be wild type (non-mutated). When you cross heterozygous individuals, 3/4 of the offspring will be wild type (non-mutated), and 1/4 will express the recessive mutation. Finally, when you cross homozygous recessive individuals, all the offspring will express the recessive mutation.

If mutations are in different genes, then these proportions of the offspring do not apply because alleles do not interact.

Answer:

The correct answer is - seminiferous tubules.

Explanation:

The seminiferous tubules are part of the reproductive organ which is present within the testes in males. It is the site of production, development, maturation of the sperm or the procedures spermatogenesis. In this reproductive organ, meiosis takes place to make sperm or male gametes.

The spermatogenesis is a three-stage process of producing mature spermatozoa from the stem cells or germ cells. The first phase is spermcytogenesis in which germ cells go under mitotic division followed by the second phase which is meiosis of the cell of the first phase and in the last phase is spermiogenesis.

Thus, the correct answer is - seminiferous tubules.

Spermatogenesis takes place within the seminiferous tubules. It begins with spermatogonia that produce primary spermatocytes through mitosis, which then go through meiosis to become sperm.

Spermatogenesis takes place within the seminiferous tubules. The process begins with spermatogonia, which are stem cells that undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes. These primary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis to become secondary spermatocytes, which eventually develop into sperm.

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Answer:

" I need to make sure I still give my insulin before I eat".

Explanation:

Answer:

b. transcription

Explanation:

Transcription is the process by RNA is synthesized from DNA. It is carried out by RNA Polymerase enzyme which uses DNA as template. It builds new RNA strand in 5' to 3' direction from the template strand. A gene to be transcribed has a promoter region in front of it. RNA Polymerase is required to bind to this region to begin transcription. Once it binds to this region, the two DNA strands separate locally starting the process of transcription.

Rifampin inhibits RNA transcription by inhibiting bacterial DNA dependent RNA Polymerase. It binds to the beta sub unit of RNA Polymerase which does not allow it to properly bind to the promoter region thus halting transcription process.  

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-A.

Explanation:

Oxidative phosphorylation is a process which leads to the formation of ATP molecule.  During oxidative phosphorylation, the transfer of electrons from reducing equivalents like NADH and FADH₂ formed during cellular respiration to oxygen leads to the formation of ATP.

Since oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons from these equivalents through the electron transport chain which takes place in the inner membrane space of mitochondria. Therefore, oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain are interlinked.

Thus, option-A is the correct answer.

B. Decomposers break down waste and dead organisms.

E. Decomposers recycle nutrients in the environment.

Decomposers play a crucial role in ecosystems by breaking down organic matter like dead plants and animals, returning essential nutrients to the soil. This process, known as decomposition, is vital for nutrient recycling, ensuring that essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus remain available for living organisms. While plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis, decomposers do not directly contribute to oxygen production; instead, they aid in the cycling of nutrients required for plant growth and other ecological processes. By breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler forms, decomposers enable these nutrients to be reused by plants and other primary producers, forming a vital link in the food chain.

The correct question is:

Which roles belong to decomposers? Check all that apply.

A . Decomposers kill harmful microorganisms.

B. Decomposers break down waste and dead organisms.

C. Decomposers provide oxygen to the atmosphere.

D. Decomposers convert sunlight into food energy.

E. Decomposers recycle nutrients in the environment.

Protein phosphorylation is not involved in activation of G protein coupled receptor.

Further Explanation:

Roles of Protein phosphorylation are :

G- protein coupled receptor is activated through the external signals in the forms of ligand.

In this, ligand binds to the active site and cause conformation changes in receptor and active G- protein.

Protein phosphorylation is a key process in many biological functions but it is not directly involved in the activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Those receptors are activated by the binding to a specific signaling molecule, not phosphorylation.

Protein phosphorylation is a biochemical process that adds a phosphate group to a protein molecule, significantly affecting its function. Indeed, protein phosphorylation is involved in the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, the activation of protein kinase molecules, and regulation of transcription by signaling molecules. However, phosphorylation is not directly involved in the activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Instead, these receptors are activated by binding to a specific signaling molecule or ligand, leading to a cascade of signaling events within the cell.

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Answer:

a. 18.75% (3 of 16)

b. 6.25% (1 of 16)

Explanation:

o answer this kind of question you need to make a Punnet square, this kind of diagrams is used to predict the probability of an outspring having a particular genotype. In this case, you need to predict two different traits, I added an image for you to see how this square is done.

First, you need to assign a letter for your traits, I used A for the achoo syndrome and T for the trembling chin, now you need to determine alleles for the parents since both of them are heterozygous both of them will have AaTt (one dominant allele and one recessive allele). Now you are going to take the first allele of you your first trait and combine it with the first allele of your seconds trait (AT), now with the second allele of your second trait (At), now you take the send allele of your first trait and combine it with the first allele of your second trait (aT) and then with the second (at), this is going to be the same for both parents, finally you cross one pair from the mother with one from the father following the order of your square.

Now you'll have 16 combinations, observing them you can find that for your question a. 3 of 16 combinations have at least one dominant allele for achoo syndrome and receive for trembling chin and b. only 1 of 16 with both recessive traits

Final answer:

The first child of parents who are heterozygous for both the achoo gene and trembling chin has a 50% chance of having achoo syndrome but lacking the trembling chin. The probability that the first child will not have achoo syndrome or trembling chin is 25%.

Explanation:

In this case, the first child of parents who are heterozygous for both the achoo gene and trembling chin will have a 50% chance of having achoo syndrome but lacking the trembling chin. Since these traits are both dominant, if the child inherits the dominant allele for achoo syndrome from one parent and the recessive allele for trembling chin from both parents, they will have achoo syndrome but lack the trembling chin.

The probability that the first child will not have achoo syndrome or trembling chin can be calculated by multiplying the probability of not having achoo syndrome (1 - 0.5) and the probability of not having trembling chin (1 - 0.5), which equals 0.25 or 25%.

Answer:

Index fossil that is also known as indicator fossil is used to determine the age of the layers of the rocks. It says that the new layer of sedimentary rocks lie over the old layer.

The deeper we go, the older the rocks we will find. Index fossil of animals that lived or survived only for a short period of time are very useful. An example of index fossil can be Ammonites that were found in Mesozoic era that was about 25-35 million years ago.

Index fossils are used by geologists and palaeontologists to determine the relative age of rock layers and identify different geological periods. They are effective markers of time because they appear in a consistent, limited time span.

Index fossils are a powerful tool used by geologists and palaeontologists. Specifically, these fossils are used to determine the relative age of a layer of rock and identify geological periods. This is possible because index fossils are found to occur in a particular time span, and not beyond that.

For example, let's suppose a fossil of a creature that we know lived about 100 million years ago is found in a rock layer. This suggests that the rock layer would also probably be of the same period. Thus, index fossils serve as benchmarks or points of reference to determine the age of the surrounding materials.

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Answer:

d. Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium is the correct answer.

Explanation:

If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, the reaction will stay at equilibrium it will not affect the equilibrium point because there is no change in the free energy and equilibrium constant both stay the same.

When Enzyme is added to a solution where the substrate and product are in equilibrium it may decrease the activation energy but the enzyme will not change the equilibrium as they cannot alter the overall energy production.

When an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, the reaction remains at equilibrium. The enzyme increases the rate of reaction but does not alter the equilibrium state. The concentration levels of substrate and product remain the same.

If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, the reaction will not change; it will remain at equilibrium; this is option (d). According to the Le Chatelier's principle, the system at equilibrium will react so as to minimize the effect of a disturbance, in this case, introducing an enzyme. However, assuming the enzyme is not saturated with the substrate, the enzyme-mediated reaction rate will increase, because enzymes lower the energy barrier for a reaction. But, once a new equilibrium is reached, the reaction will cease to progress until there is again a disturbance to the system. However, the concentration levels of the substrate and product will not change because the forward and reverse reactions are still happening at the same rate. So, in essence, addition of enzyme doesn't alter the equilibrium state of the reaction.

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Answer: The correct answer is option c.

Explanation:

Behavioral isolation is a type pre-zygotic reproductive isolation, that is, it prevents the formation of zygote.

It includes all the differences the organisms of different species have in choosing a mate.

It includes all the rituals followed by the organisms before reproduction.

For example, pattern of mating dance, voice (singing) pattern, fighting rituals, et cetera.

So, if the two species follow different rituals or behavior then they do not tend interbreed.

The same is given in the question the two species of fruit fly follow different courtship rituals due to which they do not interbreed.

Thus, it is an example of behavioral isolation.

There is a 1/512 probability or roughly 0.2% chance of having this specific eye color order in five children.

1. Parental Genotypes:

Both parents are Bb, where B represents the dominant brown-eyed gene and b represents the recessive blue-eyed gene. Since they're heterozygous, each parent has a 50% chance of passing on either B or b to their children.

2. Offspring Possibilities:

For each child, there's a 50% chance of inheriting B from either parent and a 50% chance of inheriting b. This results in four possible genotypes for each child: BB (brown eyes), Bb (brown eyes but carrying the blue-eyed gene), bB (brown eyes but carrying the blue-eyed gene), and bb (blue eyes).

3. Specific Order Probability:

We want a specific sequence of eye colors: blue, brown, blue, blue, brown. Let's calculate the probability of each color happening independently in this order:

First child: Blue eyes (bb) – probability of both parents passing the b gene = (1/2) * (1/2) = 1/4

Second child: Brown eyes (Bb or BB) – probability of at least one parent passing the B gene = 1 - (1/4) = 3/4

Third child: Blue eyes (bb) – same as first child = 1/4

Fourth child: Blue eyes (bb) – same as first child = 1/4

Fifth child: Brown eyes (Bb or BB) – same as second child = 3/4

4. Multiplying Probabilities:

To get the overall probability of this specific order, we need to multiply the individual probabilities:

(1/4) * (3/4) * (1/4) * (1/4) * (3/4) = 1/512

5. The Answer:

So, the probability of having a family with the specific eye color order you described is 1/512 or roughly 0.2%. This means it's quite unlikely to happen, but not impossible!

Answer:

Evolution is driven by rare mutations that occur in the DNA of organisms. These mutations  could be lethal, neutral and some advantageous. The lethal mutations cannot exist in a population because the offspring is unable to survive to term in pregnancy or dies just after birth. The neutral are ones that do not considerably affect the organisms – though they could result in a disadvantage. The beneficial ones are the one that is kept in the population by natural selection because they confer an advantage e.g in the fight for resources or escaping predation and etcetera. Therefore, it's like a game of chances by nature. Paleontologists discover many species of organisms some of which are imperfect  because nature produced them but they died off because their mutations gave them a disadvantage against better-adapted individuals.

The Tiktaalik fish from 375 million years ago became extinct because it did not well-developed eardrum for detecting vibrations in water which is significant in survival.

Dinosaurs during development of feathers had many imperfect species before the right wings for flight were conjured up by nature. An imperfect species is the Tianyulong confucius had stiff feathers that lacked vanes hence were not ideal for flight

Evolution is revealed by an organism's imperfections, such as vestigial structures like the human appendix or suboptimal adaptations such as the panda's “thumb,” which demonstrate that evolution does not lead to perfection but rather sufficient adaptation for survival.

The process of evolution is often revealed through the imperfections of living organisms. Two examples that illustrate this are vestigial structures and suboptimal adaptations.

Vestigial structures are anatomical features or behaviors that have lost their original function through evolutionary change. The human appendix, for instance, is considered a vestigial structure. It is a remnant of an organ that was likely larger and more functional in human ancestors who had diets rich in cellulose. Over time, changes in diet and other factors have rendered the appendix largely useless, although it can still become inflamed, causing appendicitis.

Another imperfection is seen in suboptimal adaptations. For example, the panda's “thumb,” which is actually an enlarged wrist bone, allows the animal to grasp bamboo stems. This adaptation is not as efficient as a true opposable thumb but demonstrates how natural selection can produce workable, albeit imperfect, solutions.

These imperfections indicate that evolution is not a process leading to perfection but rather to sufficient adaptation that allows organisms to survive and reproduce within their environments. As environments change, so too do the pressures of natural selection, often retaining or modifying structures that are no longer ideal.

Answer:

c. urostyle

Explanation:

Urostyle is the given name to the particular structure involving the last group of vertebrates which are fused in a single posterior bone in amphibians.

Answer:

The kind of mutation that would affect protein synthesis is one that causes a change in the position of the stop or start codon on the mRNA. This would cause either an incomplete translation or overlengthening of the required proteins on the ribosome. Nonetheless, other mutations such as substitutions would still be translated in the ribosomes to a complete polypeptide. The only implication is that the changes in amino acid content on the polypeptide, due to mutations, will affect how the polypeptide folds into secondary or tertiary proteins which would eventually affect its function.

Answer:

It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. (Ans. C)

Explanation:

Codon or genetic code, the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA which determines the amino acid sequence of the proteins. The linear sequence of nucleotides present in DNA has the information for protein sequence, proteins are not directly synthesized from DNA, an mRNA molecule is synthesized from DNA and complete the formation of proteins.

RNA is composed of 4 nucleotides adenine, cytosine, uracil and guanine. Three nucleotides constitute a unite which is called Codon, which helping to codes the amino acids. Example AUG is a codon that specifies the amino acid methionine. It is found at the starting of every mRNA and indicates the start of a protein.

There are 64 codons, 3 of them are not coding for an amino acid but indicate the end of the protein, the remaining 61 codons specify the 20 amino acids which help in makeup the proteins.  

The statement that is not true of a codon is that it extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. Codons are on mRNA and correspond with anticodons on tRNA, which carry the appropriate amino acids.

The statement c. It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule is not true of a codon. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that either codes for a specific amino acid or signals a stop to protein synthesis. The function of tRNA is to 'read' the codons and carry the appropriate amino acids to the site of protein synthesis, but the codon itself does not extend from one end of a tRNA molecule. Codons are on mRNA and the corresponding 3-nucleotide sequences on tRNA are called anticodons.

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Answer:

Linkage.

Explanation:

The Mendel's second law is also known as the law of independent assortment. According to this law, the assortment of two different genes are independent of each other.

The law of independent assortment is applicable only when the two genes are on the different chromosomes. If the two genes are on the same chromosome, they undergo the process of linkage and do not assort independently. The linkage will result in the formation of recombinant progeny.

Thus, the correct answer is option (c).

Answer:

The inhibition of an immune response in contradiction of a specific antigen is termed as tolerance. For example, the immune system is usually lenient of self-antigens, so it does not generally attack the tissues, cells, and organs of one’s own body.  

It plays a critical role in the immune system as if immunological self-tolerance is mislaid, the body develops autoimmunity against its own cells and tissues that turn out to be the source of the autoimmune disorder.  

Answer:

False

Explanation:

The osmoregulatory mechanisms in fishes are the gills, In freshwater, the gills pump in sodium ions, but in the ocean, they need to pump sodium and chloride ions out; to keep the osmoregulation.

The marine fishes gills have a particular type of cells called chloride cells.  The membrane of these cells has a sodium and potassium pump that regulates the amount of sodium and potassium that comes and goes inside the cell.

Answer:

c. a DNA template and ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)

Explanation:

Primase is an enzyme that makes short RNA fragments using DNA as a template. For the purpose, the primase enzyme uses the ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and makes an RNA copy of the existing DNA template.

The enzyme is DNA primase as it uses the DNA template strand. The newly formed short RNA fragments are called primers. Primers are required by DNA polymerases which in turn are the enzymes of elongation only and can not start the de novo synthesis of new DNA strand.

The free 3' OH end of the RNA primer is extended by DNA polymerase by adding deoxyribonucleotides.

Applying logarithm to the x axis of the dose response curve is a math trick that will linearize the middle zone of the curve and will allow you to visualize better  the  EC50 of the drug. Also the numbers on the x axis are easier to write since they are larger when you apply the logarithm to the concentrations.

Answer:

The correct answer is option d, that is, the number of molecules.

Explanation:

Mole is illustrated as the given mass of the substance divided by the molecular mass of that substance. A mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are not equivalent in mass. Volume is directly equivalent to mass. Mass can be different, thus, the volume can also be different.  

The vitamin C and sugar are the compounds, which are formed of distinct elements combined in the particular molecular ratio. Thus, the number of atoms cannot be similar, also the mass and volume will not be similar for both vitamin C and sugar.  

One mole of a substance comprises 6.023 * 10^23 molecules. This is called Avagadro's number. This is similar for all the components, hence, one mole of vitamin C and one mole of table sugar comprise a similar number of molecules.  

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-C.

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is a slow process which oxidizes food to form energy molecules like ATP.  The process proceeds in four steps: Glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.

During the electron transport chain, the electrons from the reducing equivalents like NADH and FADH₂. The electrons move downhill by electron acceptors which gets reduced and lose the energy. The electron is finally accepted by an oxygen molecule which forms metabolic water after reacting with free hydrogen atoms.

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is oxygen, which allows for the efficient production of ATP and water as byproducts.

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen (O₂). When aerobic respiration occurs, high-energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂ are passed to the electron transport chain, and this process leads to the production of ATP. The oxygen molecule accepts these electrons and, together with hydrogen, forms water as a byproduct. Therefore, the correct answer is c. oxygen.

In contrast, if aerobic respiration does not occur, other mechanisms such as fermentation or anaerobic respiration may take place, which involve different final electron acceptors. However, these processes are less efficient at producing ATP compared to when oxygen is present in aerobic respiration.

Answer: A. Research into a phytochemical from a plant which might inhibit cancer development.

Explanation:

The chemoprevention is a process of utilization of chemical formulations such as medication, supplements and vitamins to the stop the growth of cancer cells. This is necessary and important for people which are at high risk of developing cancer.

The research for the phytochemical derived from the plants can be an example of chemoprevention as this will help in inhibiting the cancer development.

The correct answer is A. Chemoprevention involves the use of substances to inhibit cancer development, specifically through research into phytochemicals. Other options either address treatment or general prevention unrelated to chemoprevention.

The correct answer is A. Research into a phytochemical from a plant that might inhibit cancer development.

Why other options are incorrect:

Answer:

As shown in figure.

Explanation:

The dehydration reaction implies the appearance of water as a residue after the bond is formed.

The reaction is carried on in various steps, as shown in the figure below.

First, the oxigen in the carboxilic acid takes the pairing electron an debonds from the molecule, after which the amino in the other aminoacid attacks this positive charge and attachs to the first molecule.

The negatively charged hydroxyl group remaining attacks the hydrogen in the amino removing the positive charge ballancing the reaction and forming water, remaining a peptide bond between both aminoacids and lefting water as a residue.

To draw alanine and serine amino acids and show how a dehydration reaction forms a peptide bond between them.

To draw the amino acids alanine and serine, we start by representing the central carbon atom, known as the alpha carbon, with four groups bonded to it. In the case of alanine, one of the groups is a methyl group (CH3) and in the case of serine, one of the groups is a hydroxyl group (CH2OH).

To form a peptide bond between alanine and serine, we remove a molecule of water. The carboxyl group of alanine will react with the amino group of serine, resulting in the formation of a peptide bond. The structure would be:

CH3-CH(NH2)-CO-NH-CH2OH

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Answer:

The correct answer is option c. "DNA photolyase".

Explanation:

DNA photolyase is an unique DNA repair enzyme that harvests the light energy to repair the lesions produced by the exposure of ultraviolet light. DNA photolyase is light dependent and there are two types: one for repairing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and the other for pyrimidine-(6-4)-pyrimidone photoproducts.

Answer:

The correct answer will be option-A.

Explanation:

Recombination is a process in which the DNA sequences get exchanged between two homologous chromosomes. It occurs during gamete formation and is the basis of genetic diversity.

The process requires many enzymes, the key enzyme of which is Recobinase A or RecA protein which catalyzes the homologous recombination using ATP as an energy molecule.

RecA binds to the single-stranded DNA at the break site and forms pre-synaptic structure. Thus, it initiates the reaction of strand exchange and is the correct answer.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C.

Explanation:

The chlorophyll and the accessory pigments captivate energy from the Sun in the form of light. This energy is used to dissociate water known as photolysis to generate electrons, protons, and oxygen.  

The oxygen is produced as a by-product of the process, while the electrons are provided to the reaction centers, and the protons are further used in the process of building up of proton gradient.  

Answer:

The correct answer will be option- C.

Explanation:

Photosynthesis is a complex process which synthesizes the glucose molecules by converting sunlight energy into chemical energy.  Photosynthesis proceeds in two phases: light-dependent and light-independent reaction.  

The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane where the photo-system chlorophyll absorbs the sunlight photons which excites the electrons of the chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll transfers the electron to antenna molecules and finally to reaction center form where it enters the electron transport chain.  

This creates instability which causes the photolysis of water molecules and release of oxygen as a byproduct. The light reaction produces intermediates like ATP and NADPH which are utilized during the Calvin cycle.

Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.

Answer:

When a single amino acid is encoded by more than one codon.

Explanation:

Degeneracy is when a single amino acid is encoded by more than one codon. This pehonomenon was first described by Lagerkvist where there are more codons than amino acids that could be encoded.