If the elastic modulus of cobalt (co) is 200 gpa, and the elastic modulus of tungsten carbide (wc) is 700 gpa, calculate the upper and lower bound estimates of the elastic modulus of a 10 vol% co – 90vol% wc composite.

Answer:

Answer is B

Explanation:

Final answer:

The synthesis of benzylamine from toluene involves an oxidation step to convert toluene to benzaldehyde followed by reductive amination with an amine such as methylamine to yield the desired benzylamine.

Explanation:

To propose a reasonable synthesis to get benzylamine from toluene involves several steps. Initially, toluene can be oxidized to benzaldehyde through the oxidation reaction. This would typically involve a reaction with an oxidizing agent like KMnO4 in an aqueous base or CrO3 with acidic conditions. Once benzaldehyde is obtained, the next step is to convert it into benzylamine. This can be achieved by the reductive amination process, where benzaldehyde can react with an amine such as methylamine and then be reduced, often using a reducing agent like NaBH4 or H2 with a catalyst. To ensure that the amine added is solely the benzyl amine desired, the N-alkylation can be controled through the choice of appropriate reagents and conditions.

One possible method would utilize methylamine in the presence of a reductive agent to convert the aldehyde group to the desired primary amine. The overall reaction from toluene to benzylamine would likely proceed with good to high yields, assuming that the correct reaction parameters and purification techniques are employed.

Final answer:

The correct answer is "245.76 g/mol". To find the molar mass of an unknown compound dissolved in benzene from the freezing point depression, the change in freezing point is calculated, then used with the freezing point depression formula to determine the molality. The molar mass is ultimately found by dividing the mass of the solute by the number of moles of solute calculated from the molality and mass of solvent.

Explanation:

To determine the molar mass of an unknown molecular compound from the freezing point depression in benzene, we first need to calculate the change in freezing point (ΔTf). Given that pure benzene freezes at 5.45 °C and the solution freezes at 4.39 °C, ΔTf is the difference between these two temperatures.

ΔTf = 5.45 °C - 4.39 °C = 1.06 °C

Using the formula for freezing point depression, ΔTf = i * Kf * m, where i is the van't Hoff factor (for a non-electrolyte, this is 1), Kf is the freezing point depression constant of benzene (5.07 °C/m), and m is the molality of the solution. Since we're looking for the molar mass of the solute, we rearrange the formula to find molality first: m = ΔTf / (i * Kf).

m = 1.06 °C / (1 * 5.07 °C/m) = 0.209 mol/kg

To find the molar mass, we need the number of moles of the solute, which is the mass of the solute divided by its molar mass. Given the mass of the solute is 5.65 g, and using the molality equation m = moles of solute / kg of solvent, we can find the number of moles of solute. Then, molar mass (M) = mass of solute / moles of solute.

Moles of solute = m * kg of solvent = 0.209 mol/kg * 0.110 kg = 0.02299 mol

Molar mass (M) = mass of solute / moles of solute = 5.65 g / 0.02299 mol ≈ 245.76 g/mol.

The total mass of the products formed when 16 grams of methane (CH4) is combusted is equal to the mass of the reactants, which is also 16 grams, when not considering the massless product, heat.

The student is asking about the total mass of products when 16 grams of methane (CH4) is combusted. Combustion of methane is represented by the balanced chemical equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + energy. To find the total mass of the products, we would need to use stoichiometry to convert the mass of CH4 to moles, then use the balanced equation to find the moles of the products CO2 and H2O. Since mass is conserved, the total mass of reactants will equal the total mass of products. However, heat is also a product of the reaction, which is not measured by mass.

In this question, the student has mentioned specific molecular quantities, but since the aim is to determine the mass of products from 16 grams of methane, we don't need to consider these quantities. What we need is the concept that the mass of reactants equals the mass of products in a chemical reaction, where the mass of gaseous products is part of the overall calculation. Heat, despite being a part of the product side of the equation, does not contribute to the mass.

Therefore, the total mass of the CO2 and H2O produced from 16 grams of methane will also be 16 grams, neglecting energy. It is crucial to emphasize that this is a theoretical approach assuming complete combustion and no mass loss during the reaction.

The complete and balanced neutralization reaction is HBrO₃(aq) + LiOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + LiBrO₃(aq), where hydrobromic acid reacts with lithium hydroxide to produce water and lithium bromate.

Explanation:

The student's question pertains to completing and balancing a chemical equation for a neutralization reaction. In a neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. To complete and balance the given equation ___ + ___ = H₂O + LiBrO₃, we need to identify the acid and the base that will produce lithium bromate (LiBrO₃) and water.

The balanced equation for this reaction is:

Here, hydrobromic acid (HBrO₃) reacts with lithium hydroxide (LiOH), producing water (H₂O) and lithium bromate (LiBrO₃). This equation is balanced as written, with one mole of HBrO₃ reacting with one mole of LiOH to produce one mole of water and one mole of LiBrO₃.

Explanation:

When electrons are added in a reaction then it means reduction is taking place. Whereas removal of electrons from a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.  

Oxidation state of chromium in [tex]Cr_{2}O^{2-}_{7}[/tex] is +6. So, its reduction half-reaction will be as follows.

         [tex]Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 3e^{-1} \rightarrow Cr^{3+}[/tex]

Since it is given that reaction is taking place in basic solution. So, we add [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] on reactant side and [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] on the product side.

        [tex]Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 3e^{-1} + H_{2}O \rightarrow Cr^{3+} + OH^{-}[/tex]

Now balancing Cr atom and charges on both sides, we get the following.

       [tex]Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 6e^{-1} + 7H_{2}O \rightarrow 2Cr^{3+} + 14OH^{-}[/tex]

The balanced half-reaction for the reduction of dichromate ion Cr2O2−7 to chromium ion Cr3+ in basic aqueous solution is:

Cr2O2−7(aq) + 14 OH−(aq) + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)

Balance the chromium atoms. There are 2 chromium atoms on the left side and 2 on the right, so the equation is already balanced for chromium.

The final balanced equation is:

Cr2O2−7(aq) + 14 OH−(aq) + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)

The physical state symbols are also included in the balanced equation. The dichromate ion and the chromium ion are aqueous, the hydroxide ions are aqueous, and the water molecules are liquid.

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The weak acid HCN reacts with water through acid ionization, forming hydronium ions and cyanide ions. This reaction can be represented with the balanced chemical equation: HCN(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CN⁻(aq).

The weak acid HCN (hydrogen cyanide) reacts with water through a process called acid ionization. In this reaction, a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred from the weak acid to a water molecule, leading to the formation of hydronium ions (H3O+), and the cyanide ion (CN-). The balanced chemical equation outlining this reaction is:

HCN(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CN⁻(aq)

In this equation, the (aq) annotation indicates that the species is in the aqueous - or water - phase, while (l) indicates the liquid phase for water.

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The formula of the asprin is C₉H₈O₄. Asprin is also called as acetylsalicylic acid which is used as a drug in medical treatments. It is a synthetic derivative of salicylic acid which is extracted from willow bark.
As the functional groups, asprin has 3 groups as carboxylic acid group, ester group and aromatic ring. The structure is as the image.

The structural formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. The ester group in aspirin is -COO- and the carboxylic acid group is -COOH.

The structural formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. The ester group in aspirin is -COO- and the carboxylic acid group is -COOH. The structural formula can be represented as:

C6H4OH(CO)O using the circled atoms as reference points for the acid part of the molecule.

Answer :The correct answer for (C₄H₁₀ )₃ N is C) TERTIARY AMINE .

The substitution level of nitrogen in amine or in simple words , description of carbon atoms attached to a given nitrogen in any amine is of 4 types :

1 ) Primary amine :

When the given nitrogen is attached to only one carbon then substitution level is known as PRIMARY amine.

Example : CH₃NH₂ : The nitrogen is attached to only one carbon (CH₃) . Hence it is primary amine

2) Secondary amine :

When the given nitrogen is attached to two carbons .

Example : (CH₃)₂NH : The nitrogen is attached to two carbon ( CH₃)₂ , hence it is secondary amine .

3) Tertiary amine :

When the given nitrogen is attached to three carbon atom .

Example : (CH₃)₃NH : The nitrogen is attached to 3 carbons atoms (CH₃)₃ . Hence it is a tertiary amine

4) Quaternary amine : when the nitrogen attached to 4 carbon atoms and amine posses a positive charge on it , its is known as quaternary amine .

Example : (CH₃)₄N⁺ : The nitrogen is attached to 4 carbons and nitrogen . hence it is quaternary amine .

(Image attached )

The given compound is (C₄H₁₀ )₃ N has 3 groups of C₄H₁₀ attached to N , means 3 carbons attached to N , ( image attached ) . Hence it can be said that (C₄H₁₀ )₃ N is TERTIARY AMINE .

Hence correct option is C) Tertiary amine .

The decreasing electronegativity difference in the compounds is NaCl > HCl > Cl2. NaCl has the highest electronegativity difference, forming an ionic compound, then HCl forms a polar covalent bond, and Cl2, made of two identical atoms, has no electronegativity difference.

The compounds Cl2, HCl, and NaCl possess varying degrees of electronegativity difference depending on the atoms involved. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a bond. In NaCl (sodium chloride), the electronegativity difference is very high as it consists of a metal (sodium) and a non-metal (chlorine).

This forms an ionic compound, which is generally formed when there is a high electronegativity difference. On the other hand, Cl2 (chlorine gas) possesses no electronegativity difference as it is a molecule composed of two identical atoms. Finally, HCl (hydrogen chloride) has a considerable but not extreme electronegativity difference because it consists of two non-metals. This forms a polar covalent bond.

In summary, the decreasing electronegativity difference would be: NaCl > HCl > Cl2.

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Nuclear reaction: ¹⁶O + p⁺ → ¹³N + α (alpha particle).
Alpha decay is radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and transforms into an atom with an atomic number that is reduced by two and mass number that is reduced by four.
When oxygen-16 gain one proton, atomic mass is 17, but when lose alpha particle atomic mass reduces by four to 13.

To calculate the new pressure of a gas when the temperature changes and volume remains constant, we apply Gay-Lussac's Law, which involves converting temperatures to Kelvin and using the relationship P1/T1 = P2/T2.

The student's question involves calculating the pressure of a sample of gas when the temperature is changed while keeping the volume constant. This is a typical problem you might encounter in a chemistry class when discussing gas laws, specifically relating to Gay-Lussac's Law, which states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, provided that the volume remains constant.

Since the volume is constant, we can use the Gay-Lussac's Law formula: P1/T1 = P2/T2, where P1 and T1 are the initial pressure and temperature, and P2 and T2 are the final pressure and temperature, respectively. Remember to convert temperatures to Kelvin. Initially, we have P1 = 100.0 torr and T1 = (27.0 + 273.15) K. The final temperature is T2 = (127 + 273.15) K. Solving for P2, we get the final pressure.

Final answer:

When bromine is added to an aqueous solution of iodide ions, the reaction that occurs is the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine and the reduction of bromine to bromide ions, as bromine has a higher standard reduction potential and will thus be reduced. Hence, the reaction that occurs is 2I⁻ + Br₂ → I₂ + 2Br⁻.

Explanation:

To determine which reaction will occur when bromine is added to an aqueous solution of iodide ions, we can compare the standard reduction potentials of the Br₂/Br⁻ and I₂/I⁻ couples. The standard reduction potential for Br₂/Br⁻ is +1.07V, and for I₂/I⁻ it is +0.54V. Given that a higher potential indicates a greater tendency to gain electrons (undergo reduction), we can infer that Br₂ will be reduced (gain electrons) rather than I₂.

Therefore, iodide ions (I-) will be oxidized by bromine (Br₂) to form iodine (I₂) and bromide ions (Br⁻). The balanced half-reactions are:

Overall, the reaction that occurs is 2I⁻ + Br₂ → I₂ + 2Br⁻, which correlates to option 4 in the list provided by the student. This is because the reaction can only occur in the direction that allows bromine to be reduced since it has a higher reduction potential.

During a redox reaction, the number of electrons gained is equal to the number of electrons lost, demonstrating the law of conservation of charge.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, also known as a redox reaction, the number of electrons gained is equal to the number of electrons lost. This principle is known as the law of conservation of charge which states that the total charge before a reaction must equal the total charge after the reaction.

So, when one substance loses electrons (oxidation), another must gain them (reduction). Therefore, the correct answer is A) equal to the number of electrons lost.

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The wavelength of a hockey of mass 0.17kg traveling at a speed of37 m/s can be calculated by using De Broglie's equation and it comes out to be  1.05m×10⁻³⁴m.

The De Broglie's equation is an equation which shows that a particle has a wave length and hence particle can show wave nature. Any matter can have two nature one is particle nature and other is wave nature.

The wave nature in a particle was given by De Broglie Particle nature of a matter can be described by the phenomenon of black body radiation. Photoelectric effect two shows particle nature nature of light.

Mathematically,

[tex]{\lambda}=\frac{h}{mv}[/tex]

where,

[tex]{\lambda}[/tex]=wavelength=?

m=mass of hockey=0.17kg

h=Plank's constant

v=velocity of hockey=37 m/s

Substituting all given values in the equation

[tex]\lambda[/tex]= (6.626×10⁻³⁴)÷(0.17kg ×37 m/s )=1.05m×10⁻³⁴m

Thus the wavelength of motorcycle is 1.05m×10⁻³⁴m.

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The number of water molecules formed when 66 molecules of ethanol react is; 132 molecules of water.

When two molecules of methanol react with oxygen.

The reaction between methanol and oxygen is as follows;

According to the equation,

Therefore,

In essence, the number of x molecules of water formed when 66 molecules of ethanol react is;

The number of water molecules formed when 66 molecules of ethanol react is; 132 molecules of water.

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Final answer:

A reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions at all temperatures when ΔH° is negative and ΔS° is positive, leading to a negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°).

Explanation:

For a reaction to be spontaneous under standard conditions at all temperatures, the signs of ΔH° (ΔH degree) and ΔS° (ΔS degree) must be negative and positive, respectively. According to the Gibbs free energy equation, ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°, where T represents the absolute temperature in Kelvin. If ΔH° is negative (exothermic reaction) and ΔS° is positive (increase in entropy), the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) will always be negative, indicating that the reaction is spontaneous. Conversely, if ΔH° were positive and ΔS° negative, ΔG° would be positive and the reaction non-spontaneous at all temperatures.

The percent yield of CO2 is calculated by dividing the actual yield (28.16 g of CO2) by the theoretical yield determined from the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation and the limiting reactant, and then multiplying by 100 to get the percentage.

The question asks for the percent yield of CO2 produced from the reaction of C8H18 with O2. First, we need to consider the balanced chemical equation:

Therefore, the percent yield can be calculated by dividing the actual yield of CO2 (28.16 g) by the theoretical yield (calculated in step 4), and then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage.

The substances with greater molar entropy in each case are: NO2(g), CH3OCH3(l), and HBr(g), due to factors such as number of atoms, molecule complexity and being heavier gases.

In predicting the substance with greater molar entropy in each pair, we have to consider the number of molecules and atoms, phase of matter and complexity of molecules. Here are the predicted substances:

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Bombardment of uranium-235 with a neutron produces tellurium-135, three neutrons, and molybdenum-98.

When uranium-235 (U-235) is bombarded with a neutron, it first forms U-236, which is unstable.

This unstable isotope undergoes nuclear fission, resulting in the production of tellurium-135 (Te-135), three neutrons, and another element, which we need to determine.

In fission reactions, the sum of the atomic masses and the number of protons must be equal on both sides of the equation.

Here’s the reaction:

U-235 + neutron ⟶ Te-135 + 3 neutrons + X

Starting with 235 (U-235) + 1 (neutron) = 236 mass units total.

The mass of Te-135 is 135 units.

Since three neutrons (3 x 1 = 3 units) are produced, the remaining mass is:

236 - 135 - 3 = 98 units.

Since tellurium (Te) has an atomic number of 52, and assuming the fission product balances the protons and neutrons in the equation, the remaining fission product is molybdenum-98 (Mo-98) with an atomic number of 42.

Completing the equation:

U-235 + neutron ⟶ Te-135 + 3 neutrons + Mo-98.

Answer : The name of the given molecule is 2-butene or but-2-ene

Explanation :

Step 1 : Find the longest carbon chain.

The longest carbon chain for the given structure contains 4 carbons.

This will help us to find out the prefix for our parent compound.

The alkane with 4 carbons is "Butane"

Therefore our parent compound will have the prefix is "but"

Step 2 : Find the functional group

The functional group is the group that gives specific characteristics to the compound. In this case, we have a double bond in the structure which behaves as a functional group.

Therefore the functional group here is "Alkene"

Functional groups helps us to find the suffix of the name. In this case it is "ene"

Therefore our parent compound is but+ene = butene

Step 3 : Find the position of the double bond

The double bond is present between second and third carbon atom.

We always select the lower number to denote the position of the bond.

So we have 2-butene OR but-2-ene

There are no substituents present in this compound.

Therefore the name of the compound is 2-butene or But-2-ene

The molecule represented by H3C-C=C-CH3 is named But-2-ene, according to the IUPAC nomenclature system.

H3C-C=C-CH3 is named But-2-ene, according to the IUPAC nomenclature system. The molecule represented by the formula H3C-C=C-CH3 is named But-2-ene. In this name, 'But' refers to the four carbon atoms that form the base of the molecule, '-2-' indicates that the double bond is between the second and third carbon atom, and 'ene' signifies the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule. This nomenclature is part of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system, which is a standardized method for naming chemical compounds.

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The pH at the equivalence point of the titration can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The pH at the equivalence point is 9.31.

The pH at the equivalence point of the titration can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is equal to the moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

In this case, the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is a weak acid, and the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. At the equivalence point, the weak acid is completely neutralized by the strong base, forming the conjugate base of the acid.

Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, we can calculate the pH at the equivalence point:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

The concentration of the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is 0.200 M, and since hydrocyanic acid is a weak acid, its concentration can be assumed to remain nearly constant during the titration. Therefore, the concentration of the conjugate base at the equivalence point is also 0.200 M.

Plugging in the values, we have:

pH = 9.31 + log(0.200/0.200) = 9.31

So, the pH at the equivalence point is 9.31.

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