Answer:
biogeochemical cycle
Explanation:
A biogeochemical cycle is the one in which an element, molecule or compound circulate between living and non living things. It is also known as an inorganic-organic cycle. A chemical, element or molecule changes its form while moving from one biotic or abiotic component to another biotic or abiotic component. These elements in a cycle are usually converted into usable forms and then transferred from one stage to other where they remain in sink for some period of time and lastly released to the environment in their original form.
Some common biogeochemical cycles are – sulfur cycle, phosphorus cycle, nitrogen cycle etc.
According to a theory in genetics, if tall and colorful plants are crossed with short and colorless plants, four types of plants will result: tall and colorful, tall and colorless, short and colorful, and short and colorless, with corresponding probabilities of
five sixteenths
,
four sixteenths
,
one sixteenth
,
and six sixteenths
Answer:
Tall andcolorful – 1/4
Tall andcolorless– 1/4
Short andcolorful– 1/4
Short andcolorless– 1/4
Option B
Explanation:
Please see the attachment
Cyanobacteria are important to the evolution and advancements of other life on earth because they
Answer:
Cyanobacteria are microscopic organisms found in all kinds of water. They are single-celled organisms and produce their own food from sunlight via photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are important to evolution because they developed the oxygen atmosphere we live in by producing waste from cyanobacteria. Plants also evolved from Cyanobacteria.
Answer:
Cyanobacteria are blue-green algae that synthesize chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Oxygen, a byproduct of photosynthesis, was released into the atmosphere, potentially allowing the evolution of more complex forms of life.
Explanation:
bh anexp tbh
A bacterial cell that is resistant to a particular antibiotic may spend a large amount of energy, producing the modified proteins that are needed for resistance. In such a case, what would be the effect on this cell's fitness if no antibiotic was present?
Answer:
Its fitness would lower.
Explanation:
An organism has an optimal fitness when the organisms spend their energy in performing tasks that are most appropriate to survive in the given environment.Organisms that possess the traits that are best suited to survive in a given condition is termed to be the fittest in that particular environment. In the given situation the fitness of the bacteria would be lower than other strains that lack resistance because it is spending energy that the resistant strains can use for other purposes, such as reproduction this is because even though the bacteria are resistant to a particular antibiotic there is no point of producing those resistant proteins if the antibiotic is absent in the surroundings and hence, this is not the best trait it be possessed.Under ideal conditions each NADH molecule will result in three ATP molecules, and each FADH2 molecule will result in two ATP molecules during oxidative phosphorylation. Calculate the total number of ATP molecules that might be produced in this phase of cellular respiration from one glucose molecule.
Answer: 38ATP
Explanation:
In the glycolytic pathway, metabolism of one molecule of glucose will produce
Step 1. 1 ATP loss= -1ATP
Step 2. 1 ATP loss= -1ATP
Step 5. 2 NADH gain = 3*2=6ATP
Step 6. 2 ATP gain = 1*2=2ATP
Step 9. 2 ATP gain= 1*2=2ATP
Pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 2 NADH gain =3*2=6ATP
TCA Cylce
Step 3. 2 NADH gain=3*2=6ATP
Step 4. 2 NADH gain=3*2=6ATP
Step 5. 2 GTP gain=1*2=2ATP
Step 6. 2 FADH2 gain=2*2=4ATP
Step 8. 2 NADH gain=3*2=6ATP
Net ATP gain in glycolysis 10-2=8ATP
Pyruvate DH reaction = 6 ATP
TCA =24
Net ATP generated from one molecule of glucose =38 ATP
The aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule, involving glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle followed by oxidative phosphorylation, could theoretically produce a total of 34 ATP molecules (30 from NADH and 4 from FADH2). However, actual ATP production may vary due to energy used in transporting intermediates into the mitochondria.
Explanation:The process of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration involves the production of ATP molecules from NADH and FADH2. Under ideal conditions, each NADH molecule generates three ATP molecules while each FADH2 molecule contributes to the production of two ATP molecules.
For a single glucose molecule, the process of glycolysis, followed by the transition reaction and the Krebs cycle, generates 10 NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. These electron carriers then contribute to ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation. The 10 NADH molecules could theoretically produce 30 ATP molecules (10 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH), while the 2 FADH2 molecules contribute to the generation of 4 ATP molecules (2 FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2). Hence, a total of 34 ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule through oxidative phosphorylation under ideal conditions.
However, this is a theoretical maximum, and the actual ATP production may vary due to certain inefficiencies, including the use of energy for the transport of intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
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After transcription occurs, an mRNA transcript enters the cytoplasm. A short section in the middle of the transcript has the following codon sequence: GUCCCUGGG. What is the sequence of amino acids that would be translated from this section of the mRNA transcript?
Choose one:
A. CAGGGACCC
B. Gln-Gly-Pro
C. Leu-Ala-Asp
D. Val-Pro-Gly
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D
Explanation:
The process of protein synthesis is known as translation which translates the sequence of mRNA into proteins. This takes place in the ribosome in every organism where the tRNA brings the amino acids corresponding the triplet of the nitrogenous base the tRNA reads in the mRNA.
The triplet of the nitrogenous bases which codes for the specific amino acid is known as a codon. Each codons code for a specific amino acid which brought by the tRNA gets attached to the nascent peptide via peptide bonds.
Since GUC codes for Valine, CCU codes for proline and GGG codes for glycine, therefore, valine-proline-glycine is the correct answer.
The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species?
Answer:
crossing over and random fertilization
Explanation:
The bulldog ant can generate genetic diversity beyond mutations through meiotic recombination and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.
The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes, meaning that following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. Genetic diversity in this species, beyond mutations, can be generated through meiotic recombination and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and can undergo crossover, which is the exchange of genetic segments between non-sister chromatids. This recombination results in new combinations of alleles, which increases genetic variation. Additionally, the random orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I leads to different combinations of chromosomes being distributed to the daughter cells, further contributing to genetic diversity.
The fusion of two haploid gametes from different bulldog ants restores the diploid number in the offspring, ensuring a new and unique genetic makeup different from both parents. As such, even with a low chromosome number, the species maintains genetic diversity through these mechanisms.
Which of the following is true regarding brain development and aging?
a. Blood flow is increased in the brain.
b. The brain uses more oxygen.
c. The brain becomes smaller and lighter.
d. The space between the brain and skull triples between 20 and 70 years of age.
Answer:
a,c and d
Explanation:
- brain becomes smaller and lighter with age and although in absence of disease, it retains its structure and function.
- the brain shrinks, it pulls away from from the skull and the amount of amount of space between brain and skull doubles between 20 to 70 years of age.
- Blood flow reduces within the brain , which also uses less oxygen and glucose.
Hence, options a, c and d are correct.
The brain becomes smaller and lighter with age due to loss of neurons and reduction in the size of other brain cells. Other proposed changes such as increased blood flow and oxygen use, or tripling of the space between the brain and skull are not corroborated by scientific studies.
Explanation:The correct answer to the question about brain development and aging is option (c) - the brain becomes smaller and lighter. As individuals age, the brain tends to lose mass and its weight can decrease. This is a result of the loss of neurons and the reduction in the size of other brain cells.
While the changes do not mean a decrease in cognitive abilities, they may be associated with a decrease in some types of cognitive function. Options (a), (b), and (d) are not supported by research.
Blood flow and oxygen use do not necessarily increase with age, and the space between the brain and skull does not triple between the ages of 20 and 70.
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How is food transferred in flatworms without a circulatory system?
Answer:
By diffusion
Explanation:
Flatworms are acoelomates, that is, they do not have coeloms or body cavities. This results in a flattened body that is devoid of circulatory or respiratory organs.
The flattened body enables easy diffusion of much needed nutrients and oxygen from their surroundings into their bodies. Excretory products within the body are removed by diffusing the other way round.
Net primary production is: Group of answer choices the same thing as gross primary production. gross primary production plus chemosynthesis. gross primary production plus autotrophic respiration. gross primary production minus au
Answer:
Gross primary production - autotrophic respiration.
Explanation:
Primary production may be defined as the process of formation of organic compound from the photosynthesis. The plants are known as producers in the ecosystem.
More than 90% of the energy is lost from the one trophic level to the next trophic level. The net primary productivity can be calculated by the groos primary productivity produced by the plant minus the productivity lost during the process of respiration of plants.
Thus, the correct answer is option (4)
Net primary productivity refers to the total energy that remains after accounting for the energy consumed by primary producers for growth and reproduction. This energy is what is available for primary consumers at the next trophic level in an ecosystem.
Explanation:Net primary productivity refers to the energy that remains after accounting for the energy consumed for processes like growth and reproduction by primary producers like plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. These entities, known as photoautotrophs, incorporate energy from the sun in a process known as gross primary productivity. However, not all this energy is available for organisms at the higher trophic levels. The primary consumers at the next trophic level can only utilize the energy remaining, which is referred to as the net primary productivity.
The calculation of net primary productivity is done by subtracting the energy utilized for cellular respiration from the gross primary productivity. This measures the net energy accumulation within an ecosystem, thus being a crucial element in the study of energy flow within ecosystems.
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The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?
A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes
Answer:
Astrocytes.
Explanation:
Astrocytes are the star shaped cells that are present in the brain and spinal cord. The exact constitution of astrocytes in the brain is not known and almost 20% to 40% astrocytes are present in brain.
The astrocytes acts as the blood brain barrier and involved in the process of brain scarring. Astrocytes also regulate ions concentration by propagating the calcium ion channels in response to the stimulus. Astrocytes also generate a response by the calcium dependent release of glutamate.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).
The following are directly needed for protein synthesis EXCEPT rRNA.a.peptidyl tRNA.b.mRNA.c.amino acyl tRNA.d.DNA
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D
Explanation:
The process of protein synthesis from DNA takes place through a process known as the translation which translates the mRNA to the amino acid sequence. The process of translation involves three different types of RNA mainly mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
The rRNA forms the structural component of the ribosomes which acts as a site for the translation. The mRNA is read by the ribosomal subunits which utilize the aminoacyl tRNA used to attach the amino acids corresponding to the codons. The peptidyl tRNA interferes with the process of the protein elongation.
Thus, option-D is the correct answer.
Cell signaling involves converting extracellular signals to specific responses inside the target cell. Different molecules are involved at each stage of the process. In this activity, you will sort items based on which stage they are involved in: reception, transduction, or response.
1. G protein-coupled receptor
2. Phosphorylation Cascade
3. Signaling Molecule
4. Protein Synthesis
5. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
6. Second Messenger
7. IP₃, Ca²⁺, cAMP
8. Adenylyl Cyclase
1. G protein-coupled receptor. Reception. G-protein-coupled receptors mediate most of our physiological responses to hormones, neurotransmitters and environmental stimulants.
2. Phosphorylation Cascade. Transduction. Phosphorylation cascade is a process of cellular transduction by which a chemical signal is transmitted through a series of phophorylations.
3. Signaling Molecule. Reception. Cells communicate between them through signaling molecules. These molecules are proteins or other molecules produced by one cell and send through the extracellular space.
4. Protein Synthesis. Transduction. A protein synthesized by ribosome is the response after the reception and transduction.
5. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Reception. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase are receptors who has highly affinity by polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. The receptor produce the phosphorylation of Tyrosine when it's stimulated.
6. Second Messenger. Transduction. Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules who are released inside the cell when a first messenger is released.
7. IP₃, Ca²⁺, cAMP. Transduction. Those are second messengers.
8. Adenylyl Cyclase. Transduction. Adenylyl Cyclase is a enzyymes which catalyzes the ciclization of ATP inside the cells.
What must happen before acetyl CoA can be formed during respiration?
A. Lactic acid formation
B. Glycolysis
C. Fermentation
D. The Krebs cycle
Answer:
The correct answer is glycolysis.
Explanation:
Glycolysis must happen before acetyl CoA can be formed during respiration.During glycolysis the precursor molecule glucose is converted to pyruvate by a series of enzyme catalyzed biochemical reactions.
Pyruvate in aerobic condition is then converted into acetyl CoA by the help of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme
Answer:
B Glycolysis
Explanation:
Ceruminous glands are ________. Ceruminous glands are ________. saliva glands found at the base of the tongue modified taste buds modified apocrine sweat glands glands found in the lateral corners of your eye
Answer:
Modified apocrine sweat glands
Explanation:
The ceruminous glands are similar to sebaceous glands, belonging to the group of sweat glands. These glands secrete a sticky material, the ear wax, that protects the thin skin lining the ear canal.
As soon as a dust, dirt or an insect enters the ear canal at the beginning of the ear wax, the wax retains, wraps and pushes it outside the ear canal.
This secretion is lubricating as well as acidic, which helps to kill potentially harmful bacteria and fungi in the ears.
Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result __________.
a.urine volume will increase.
b.there will be more aquaporins in the membrane of cells from the distal convoluted tubule.
c.obligatory water reabsorption will decrease.d.urine is more concentrated.
a. urine volume will increase .
HOPE THIS HELPFUL
Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result urine volume will increase. Thus, option A is correct.
What is Antidiuretic hormone?Antidiuretic hormone is the major hormone that regulates the amount of water in the body which is based on electrolyte balance. The high-salt diet will increase the electrolyte concentration in the blood hence ADH hormone will increase to enable increased re-absorption of water in the kidneys.
This is achieved by increasing aquaporin 2 channels in the distal tubule and collecting tubes of the nephrons that are responsible for water reabsorption. ADH acts in conjunction with aldosterone that regulates the concentration of sodium ions in the blood.
The excretory system is well known to have a transitional epithelium required to regulate the amount and frequency of urine. Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium that has different shapes (cuboidal, squamous) depending on its relaxed state.
Therefore, Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result urine volume will increase. Thus, option A is correct.
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Gene expression in all organisms depends on protein synthesis. What is the last stage in protein synthesis
Answer: protein translocation
Explanation:
Protein translocation: Termination of protein synthesis takes place at this stage which leads to the release of completed and fully synthesized proteins into cytoplasm. These proteins are then targeted to different sites for functioning by specific type of mechanisms.
Invertebrates:
a) are not a monophyletic group.
b) are animals without a backbone.
c) have more species than vertebrates.
d) All of the above. include arthropods, mollusks, and flatworms, among others.
It is important to remember that behind every hypothesis statement, there are assumptions, knowledge, and theories. When developing their hypothesis, McCarthy and her colleagues started by considering the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 +6O2
Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Carbohydrate + Oxygen
As photosynthesis occurs, the reactants and energy on the left are used, generating the products on the right. A plant with access to more reactants can grow more than a plant with access to fewer reactants.
Suppose you are able to manipulate a plant's access to components in the photosynthesis equation. Drag each label to the appropriate bin to predict how that action will affect plant growth. For each increase or decrease, assume that every other component of the photosynthesis equation is unlimited.
Answer:
The correct answer is -
Decrease plant growth - decrease sunlight, decrease CO2, decrease H2O
NO effect - increase O2, decrease O2, increase C6H12O6, decrease C6H12O6
Increase plant growth - increase CO2, increase sunlight, increase H2O
Explanation:
Decrease in exposure of sunlight to the plant or less intense light will affect the production of oxygen and glucose negatively which affect the growth of the plant. Decrease CO2 will be affect the growth of the plant similarly as light and water molecules which is decreased in plant growth.
Increase in the in production of the products which are 02, glucose, will have no effect in plant growth though increase in the carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight will positively affect plant growth.
Thus, the correct answer is - decrease plant growth - decrease sunlight, decrease CO2, decrease H2O
no effect - increase O2, decrease O2, increase C6H12O6, decrease C6H12O6
increase plant growth - increase CO2, increase sunlight, increase H2O
Final answer:
The process of photosynthesis relies on sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen, affecting plant growth. Altering the availability of any reactant in this equation will impact the plant's ability to produce glucose and thus its growth.
Explanation:
The process of photosynthesis is fundamental to plant growth as it utilizes sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) to produce glucose and oxygen (O2). The overall reaction is summarized as 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ightarrow C6H12O6 + 6O2. In an experimental setting, manipulating the availability of these reactants would logically affect plant growth.
For instance, increasing the amount of CO2 and light energy available to a plant, while keeping water as a non-limiting factor, should theoretically promote more glucose production and hence boost plant growth. Conversely, a decrease in the availability of any one of the reactants will likely hinder the plant's ability to synthesise glucose, thus impairing its growth.
Todd was startled when the door slammed shut. What part of the brainstem is responsible for this reflex?
Answer: The cerebral córtex.
Explanation: The cerebral córtex is formed by the grey substance, wich contains the neuron brain body. It's a thin layer, the most external part of the brain, having a 1 a 4 milimiters of density.
The córtex is where happens the most sophisticated neural process on the brain, responsible for the reflex of the human body.
The reflex is an automatic body reaction to stimulation. Reflex or responding behaviors are stimulus-response (subject-environment) interactions, unconditioned, constant and imperceptible to human eyes and time, due to how fast they happen.
The reflex is an involuntary fast answer of the brain, provided by an external inducement, which helps us to protect or adapt ourselves for the environment wich we are insert.
In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?
a.a heart
b.a filter-feeding apparatus
c.a mantle
d.a body cavity
e.eyes
The presence of a MANTLE would allow for the most certain identification of the organism (Option C).
Lobsters, shrimps, crabs and barnacles are crustaceans (phylum Arthropoda), while bivalves are mollusks (phylum Mollusca).
The mantle, also known as pallium, is a soft covering formed from the body wall in brachiopods and mollusks.
In mollusks, the mantle secretes an organic matrix that mineralizes in order to form the shell.
In bivalves, this structure (i.e., the mantle) is composed of two lobes that enclose the animal within the shell.
Arthropods have no mantle, instead, they have exoskeletons that contain and protect their internal organs.
In conclusion, the presence of a MANTLE would allow for the most certain identification of the organism (Option C).
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You place a centrosome in a test tube that is a square plastic box the size of a cell. You add tubulin and GTP so that microtubules can be nucleated by the centrosome and be assembled in vitro. You initially place the centrosome in the lower right corner of your test tube box. Once microtubules have assembled to steady state where will your centrosome be located?
a) In the upper right corner of your test tube box
b) In the upper left corner of your test tube box
c) In the center of your test tube box
d) In the lower left corner of your test tube box
e) In the lower right corner of your test tube box
Answer:
c) In the center of your test tube box
Explanation:
Each of the following phrases describes the structure, function, or regulation of either the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, or anterior pituitary.
Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they describe the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, or anterior pituitary gland.
A) Releases oxytocin
B) Synthesizes and releases PRL
C) Synthesizes and releases TSH
D) Synthesizes some hormones that are released into blood vessels bound for another gland
E) Regulated by hormones released into portal blood vessels
F) Is an extension of the Hypothalamus
G) Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH
H) Integrates nervous and endocrine systems
F) Is an extension of the Hypothalamus
H) Integrates nervous and endocrine systems
D) Synthesizes some hormones that are released into blood vessels bound for another gland
E) Regulated by hormones released into portal blood vessels
Posterior Pituitary:G) Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH
A) Releases oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary:C) Synthesizes and releases TSH
B) Synthesizes and releases PRL
An outgrowth of the brain, the hypothalamus combines the functions of the neurological and endocrine systems, producing hormones and controlling their entry into portal blood arteries. It interacts with the posterior pituitary, which is responsible for the synthesis and release of oxytocin and ADH.
Hormones such as TSH and PRL are produced by the anterior pituitary and released into the bloodstream under the direction of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus also produces hormones that are directed toward other glands. Intricate synchronization between the pituitary and hypothalamic glands constitutes a pivotal pathway in regulating diverse physiological functions within the body.
How do only certain cells respond to particular signaling molecules that may be sent throughout the body?
a. They express the Ras protein.
b. They express the appropriate receptor.
c.They express the appropriate second messenger(s).
d. They express the appropriate G protein. Submit P
Answer:
b. They express the appropriate receptor.
Explanation:
The signal transductions are extraordinarily specific and sensitive. Specificity is achieved by a precise molecular complementarity between the signal molecules and the receptor. For example, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone produces a response in cells of the adenohypophysis, but not in hepatocytes, which lack the receptors to this hormone.
Mutations in the Pax6 gene causes developmental defects in the eyes of flies, mice, and humans. This suggests that:
a. Pax6 has been evolutionarily conserved.
b. Pax6 activates multiple genes.
c. Pax6 may be a master regulator of eye development.
d. All of these choices are correct.
Answer: All of these choices are correct.
Explanation:
Paired box 6 also known as Pax6 is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor that plays a major role in the development of the vertebrate eye and the central nervous system. Mutations in mammalian Pax6 are characterized by eye defects, e.g (congenital cataracts, as well as Central Nervous System disorders like microcephaly, dysgenesis, neuron to glia transformations, etc.) Many studies have demonstrated the importance of Pax6 to vertebrate cell differentiation, proliferation, patterning. etc
Pax6 have the tendency to activate multiple genes. For example, if two fly Pax6 genes, eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy), (initiate eye specification), and, eyegone (eyg) and the Notch (N) pathway, (independently regulate cell proliferation). Pax6 have the tendency to controls eye progenitor cell survival and proliferation through the activation of eyegone (eyg) , thereby indicating that Pax6 initiates both eye specification and proliferation.
Also, Pax6 is considered to be the master control gene for eye development in all seeing animals. In vertebrates, it is required not only for lens/retina formation but also for the development of the central nervous system.
In cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s).
(a) If a red solid male was crossed with a black solid female to produce a red spotted puppy, the genotypes of the parent (with male genotype first) would be?
(b) If red spotted male was crossed with a black solid female and all the offspring from several crosses, expressed only the dominant traits, the genotype of the female would be?
Answer:
a) male : bbSs , female : BbSs
b) BBSS
Explanation:
a) Male is red and solid so it can either have bbSS genotype or bbSs genotype. The puppy is spotted though (ss) which means it got one recessive s allele from male parent. Hence, male's genotype will be bbSs.
Female is black and solid. Both of these are dominant traits so she can either be homozygous for both, heterozygous for one or heterozygous for both. Since the puppy is red and spotted (bbss) it got recessive alleles b and s for both the genes from female parent too. Hence, female has genotype BbSs.
b) Black solid female can either be homozygous for both traits, heterozygous for one or heterozygous for both. She mated with a red spotted male (bbss). All the offspring will express only dominant traits when the female has dominant homozygous genotype for both traits.
BBSS X bbss :
BS
bs BbSs
As evident, resultant progeny has BbSs genotype which means all of them will be only black and solid. Hence, genotype of female would be BBSS.
Final answer:
The genotypes for the red solid male and black solid female parents are bbS- and Bb(S)(S) respectively, where the female could be SS or Ss for the solid trait. For subsequent crosses where a red spotted male (bbss) produces offspring with a black solid female showing only dominant traits, the female must be homozygous dominant, with a genotype of BBSS.
Explanation:
Genotypes of Parent Cocker Spaniels
To determine the genotypes of the parent cocker spaniels, we must consider the inheritance of coat color and patterning. Since black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s), the fact that they produced a red spotted puppy means certain things about their genotypes:
The red solid male must be homozygous recessive for coat color (bb) because he expresses the red phenotype. For his solid patterning, he must have at least one solid allele (S-).The black solid female must have one copy of the red allele (Bb) since she was able to pass it to the red spotted offspring. Being solid, she could either be homozygous (SS) or heterozygous for the solid trait (Ss).Therefore, the male's genotype must be bbS-, and the female's could be BbSS or BbSs.Genotype of Female for Subsequent Crosses
Concerning the second cross: A red spotted male (genotype bbss) when crossed with a black solid female resulted in all offspring expressing only the dominant traits. This means that the female must be homozygous for both dominant traits to avoid the expression of any recessive characteristics in any of the offspring:
Therefore, the black solid female would have to be BBSS in genotype.Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.
Answer:
Dorsal horn
Explanation:
The sensory neurons cell bodies are present in dorsal horns. The front side of spinal cord consist of two arms of it. The ventral horn is the centrally located grey matter with motor neurons cell bodies.
The dorsal horns are located at each spinal cord levels that are four in number. The sensory nuclei is present in dorsal horns that perceive somatosensory information. The information is then transferred to midbrain and diencephalon. Thus, Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the dorsal horn.
The characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that makes it different from other RNA viruses is that it:
a. inserts into the DNA of the host
b. can synthesize DNA from an RNA template
c. is infectious as a DNA single-stranded virus
d. causes hepatitis
e. synthesizes mRNA from a DNA double-stranded molecule
Answer:
Can synthesize DNA from an RNA template. (Ans. B)
Explanation:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is also known as retrovirus. Which makes it different from other RNA viruses is that, HIV stores its genetic information as ribonucleic acid rather than Deoxyribonucleic acid.
HIV's release it's RNA, when HIV enters a human cells and an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase makes a copy a deoxyribonucleic acid from the HIV ribonucleic acid. This copy of the HIV deoxyribonucleic acid is integrated into the infected cells DNA. This is known as reverse process of which is used by the human cells, that makes RNA copy of DNA.
That's why HIV is known as retrovirus, referring to the backward process.
The characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that makes it different from other RNA viruses is that it can synthesize DNA from an RNA template.
Correct option :b
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):It is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can transform into AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).HIV is called a retrovirus because it works in a back-to-front way. Unlike other viruses, retroviruses store their genetic information using RNA instead of DNA, that means they need to 'make' DNA when they enter a human cell in order to make new copies of themselves.Thus, correct option is b.
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In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?
Group of answer choices
Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.
Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.
Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.
Photosynthesis used carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide
Answer:
Photosynthesis used carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are different in how they use and produce oxygen and carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen while cellular respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
Explanation:The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are different in a few key ways. Photosynthesis is a process carried out by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, in which sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. The simple equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
On the other hand, cellular respiration is a process that occurs in all living cells, including plant cells and animal cells. It involves the conversion of glucose back into carbon dioxide and water, with the release of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. The basic equation for cellular respiration can be represented as:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
So, in short, photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, while cellular respiration does the opposite - it uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
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Extinction is a natural phenomenon. It is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why then do we say that we are now experiencing an extinction (loss of biodiversity) crisis?
A) Humans are ethically responsible for protecting endangered species.
B) Scientists have finally identified most of the species on Earth and are thus able to quantify the number of species becoming extinct.
C) The current rate of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels.
D) Humans have greater medical needs than at any other time in history, and many potential medicinal compounds are being lost as plant species become extinct.
E) Most biodiversity hot spots have been destroyed by recent ecological disasters.
Answer:
The correct answer is C) The current rate of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels.
Explanation:
Extinction is a natural process in which certain species extinct because of the lack of adaptability to the changing environment or by other reasons but today extinction rate is increased by human interference.
In a study on fossils, it was found that earlier on every 10,000 species 2 gets extinct every century and when the extinction that occurred during the last century was calculated then it was found that approximately 500 species got extinct in past 100 years which was largely high then it would be in case of natural extinction.
This extinction rate is increased because of habitat loss of species by human interference and by threatening biodiversity at all levels by human activities. So the right answer is C.
Choose which adaptation allows the trees in this forest to grow so much taller than the mosses found covering the rocks and forest floor.
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A.
Embryo formation
B.
Vascular tissue
C.
Seeds
D.
Flowers
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B
Explanation:
Forest moss species mostly belong to the plant group called Bryophytes which represent a group of plants with no vascular system and no flowers. Bryophytes represent the primitive group in the history of the evolution of the plants.
The long green trees belong to higher groups of plant kingdom called gymnosperms and angiosperms which is advanced due to the presence of the vascular tissues.
Since the trees posses vascular tissues which help them absorb and conduct water and minerals from the soil which is absent in the mosses therefore, Option-B is the correct answer.
Answer:
A. Choose the 2-cm-thick plastic because it will take longer to get warm on hot and sunny days
Explanation: