Immunological memory is only observed in Helper T cells.
a. True
b. False

Answer:

The structural and functional unit of the kidney is called nephron. Nephron is made up of two parts renal corpuscles and renal tubule. The function of nephron is to filter the blood to remove waste materials from it.

Renal corpuscles

Renal corpuscles are made up of glomerulus which is a tuft of capillaries originates from incoming afferent arteriole and bowman's capsule which surrounds the glomerulus. The function of renal corpuscles is to filter blood from glomerulus and pass it to the renal tubule.

Renal tubule is made up of three parts PCT(proximal convoluted tubule), loop of Henle and DCT(distal convoluted tubule).

PCT: It is the main site of reabsorption and reabsorption of most of the ions like K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻and HCO₃⁻, water, glucose, and other essential molecules takes place in this section. Ions like H⁺ and NH⁴⁺ is secreted in the PCT.

Henle's loop: It contains descending and ascending loop. The descending loop is impermeable to ions but permeable to water and ascending loop is impermeable to water and permeable to ions like Na⁺,k⁺, Cl⁻. It plays the main function in urine concentration.

DCT: The main function of DCT is to maintain urine pH by reabsorbing ions like Na⁺, Cl⁻,HCO₃⁻ from it and secretion of ions like H⁺, K⁺ , and NH₄⁺ in it.

Answer:

The correct answer to fill in the blank for the question: At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You´re very satisfied with your meal- it´s a lot of food- and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your:____, starts letting you know you´ve had enought to eat now, would be: ventromedial nucleus of the Hypothalamus.

Explanation:

The center that has been known in the brain to be associated with the sensation of satiety when eating is the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. As the stomach distends with the contents in it, nerve centers there start firing towards the hypothalamic centers, where this ventromedial nuclei receives the message and produces the sensation that satiety has been reached, and fullness has been reached. It is this message that will stop the feeling of hunger from taking over and this is what has happened to the person who ate the huge burrito.

The satiety signals, indicating that you've eaten enough, are controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. This process is influenced by an increase in blood glucose levels, gastrointestinal passage of food, and the release of leptin by fat cells.

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, after enjoying a hearty meal, the satiety center in your hypothalamus starts signaling that you've had enough to eat. When you eat, various physiological mechanisms work in concert to regulate the feeling of fullness or satiety. The increase in blood glucose levels after eating prompts the pancreas and liver to send signals to the brain to curtail hunger. Furthermore, the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract generates satiety signals that are detected by the brain.

Additionally, the hormone leptin, released by fat cells, plays a crucial role in signaling satiety. Overall, it is the hypothalamus region of the brain that controls the signals of hunger ("time to eat") and satiety ("time to stop eating"), with high fatty acid foods promoting a greater sense of satiety compared to foods predominantly comprised of carbohydrates.

Answer:

D. Pancreas

Explanation:

The pancreas is a gland that has several functions, one of the main functions is as an exocrine gland by secreting digestive enzymes, such as amylase and lipase into the GI tract when the food is passing through the duodenum, these enzymes contribute to break down fats and proteins into small portions so these can be absorbed easily by the large intestine. The second most important function of the pancreas is as an endocrine gland during insulin secretion through the islets of Langerhans. Insulin is a hormone that is released in the bloodstream during digestion and it is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels by distributing it in the different organs.

Answer:(c)mass, Density

Explanation:

First the mass of the body is calculated using the buoyant force and then the density of the body is calculated.

[tex]F_B=mg=\rho _f\cdot v_d\cdot g[/tex]

where [tex]F_B[/tex]=buoyant force

m=mass of object

[tex]\rho _f[/tex]=density of fluid

[tex]v_d[/tex]=displaced volume

Final answer:

The statement regarding blood pressure at the union of the vena cavae and right atrium being about 80 mm Hg is false; this value is much lower and close to 0 mm Hg, while the normal systemic arterial blood pressure should be around 120/80 mm Hg.

Explanation:

The statement that in a healthy adult, blood pressure at the union of the vena cavae and right atrium is about 80 mm Hg is false. The pressure at this junction, known as the central venous pressure, is much lower than systemic arterial blood pressure and is usually close to 0 mm Hg in a healthy individual. The normal blood pressure for a healthy adult is typically stated as 120/80 mm Hg, where 120 mm Hg represents the systolic pressure and 80 mm Hg represents the diastolic pressure. The blood pressure values mentioned in the question are reminiscent of the systemic arterial pressure, not the pressure at the vena cavae and right atrium. Moreover, it is the systolic and diastolic pressures that are measured when a healthcare professional checks arterial blood pressure, not venous pressure.

Answer:

The answer to the question: What do you view as important issues within healthcare delivery, would be: the availability of more and better resources to ensure that all patients are treated with efficiency and effectiveness, depending on their individual needs, and the possibility to have more, and better-prepared office staff, like secretaries and receptionists, so that healthcare providers can focus entirely on patient care, and not on the mountains of paperwork, phone calls and documentation that insurance companies require to authorize a simple procedure that would improve a patient´s life.

Explanation:

Although there are a lot more issues that need to be addressed regarding patient care delivery, these two have proven to become real obstacles. First, although some hospitals and clinics are blessed with resources, this is not always the case, especially for public hospitals. The result of this is that patients at public hospitals are not always given the best care that could be given to them due to lack of resources and this lowers the efficiency of healthcare. The second issue is that healthcare professionals are becoming encumbered more and more with the amount of paperwork and documentation that is demanded by insurance companies simply to authorize the payment of a procedure. This also limits the effectiveness of treatment, as healthcare professionals do not have access to all the resources that are available to ensure the best treatment. This is why, to me, these two are some of the most important issues to face right now.

Answer:

The answer to fill in the blanks in the question: PCO2 is:____ in alveolar air and ____ in tissues, would be, D: 40mmHg for alveolar air and 45mmHg, for the blood that is returning from the tissues.

Explanation:

The reason for this comes from the purpose and the places that respiration takes place. Respiration has two purposes: take in oxygen from the air, and release CO2, a waste of cellular respiration processes, produced by the cells in tissues. The reason for the differences in molecules of CO2 being higher in the blood that comes from tissues, and not in the air from the alveoli is that in the alveoli, oxygen dissolves into the tissue of the alveoli and passes to the blood that is prepared to capture as many of the molecules as possible, to carry them to the cells. But in tissue blood, since oxygen has already been used in respiration, there is a high production of CO2. These molecules will dissolve in the blood and will be carried to the lungs, but this time to be released out of the body.

Final answer:

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is 40 mmHg in alveolar air and 45 mmHg in tissues, which facilitates the diffusion of CO2 from blood to the alveoli for expulsion.

Explanation:

The question pertains to the partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in different parts of the body, specifically in alveolar air compared to tissue. The correct answer is d) 40 mmHg, 45 mmHg'. Alveolar PCO2 is about 40 mmHg, which is lower than the PCO2 in the surrounding capillaries, which is about 45 mmHg. This gradient allows carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the alveoli, where it is then expelled from the body during exhalation.

Answer: lithotripsy

Explanation:

Kidney stones can be define as one of the urogenital disorders. There is no reason for the formation of kidney stones. Typically the adults which are over the age of 40 and males are more susceptible to the develop kidney stones.

The lithotripsy is a non-invasive technique which utilizes the shock waves so as to break the stones present in the kidneys into small pieces so that they can be easily pass through the body by urine.

Answer:

b. False

Explanation:

Pre-diabetes is the clinical situation that precedes the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. At this point, the body begins to show signs, mainly through blood tests, that sugar (blood glucose) levels are starting to get high, and insulin levels too. Pre-diabetes is well known for its state of insulin resistance, when the pancreas starts producing too much insulin in an attempt to control sugar levels. The patient who has pre-diabetes cannot be diagnosed with the disease, because being pre-diabetic does not mean being diabetic, but it does mean that there is a great chance that in the future (perhaps near) this patient will develop the metabolic disease.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C. abutment teeth.

Explanation:

Abutment teeth are a term that is used for teeth that are present or anchored on either side of the teeth that can be attached or removable prosthetic denture or teeth bridges.

Bridges function as a framework and can be made up of metal such as gold or porcelain that is attached to the backs of abutment teeth. In simple words, an abutment is a site in the mouth that is used to anchor a fake tooth.

Thus, the correct answer is option C. abutment teeth.

Answer:

The coreect answer is C)  release their secretions directly into body fluids.

Explanation:

Endocrine cells are found in endocrine glands which are also called ductless glands and release their secretions directly into the body fluids. The secretions are mainly hormones and they reach their target organs through blood.

The major endocrine glands are pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries and testicles. Hormones released by these glands regulate the functional activity of their target cells and organs.

Some of the glands like hypothalamus and thymus contain cells which secrete hormones also comes under endocrine system but are not called endocrine gland.

Endocrine cells secrete their products, such as hormones, directly into the bloodstream or surrounding tissues, distinguishing them from exocrine glands that use ducts.

Endocrine cells release their secretions directly into body fluids without the use of ducts, which is a defining characteristic of this type of gland. In contrast, exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to an epithelial surface or the exterior of the body. Endocrine glands are comprised of epithelial cells that have been modified for their specific secretory function, secreting hormones into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream, influencing various physiological processes. Endocrine secretions include hormones, which regulate many bodily functions and processes.

Answer:

I would say that the answer to the question: Blood viscosity is highly variable in healthy individuals under resting conditions, would be, B: False.

Explanation:

Blood viscosity is the density present in the blood due to its charge of cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) in relation to the amount of serum, or water, in the mix. This viscosity then, is highly dependent on hematocrit, or the count mostly of red blood cells. There are conditions that can make hematocrit counts rise severely, and make blood more viscous, like extreme temperature conditions, dehydration, or an illness, as well as blood loss. However, in general, under normal conditions, in a healthy person, under resting situations, the hematocrit tends to remain normally at 40%, and blood viscosity remains at a normal level. If hematocrit changes, rises, or falls, then viscosity will also change, but for this to happen, the person must not be meeting resting, and normal, conditions.

Final answer:

Muscles are indeed stronger during eccentric contractions than concentric contractions, with the former occurring when a muscle lengthens under force and the latter when it shortens.

Explanation:

The statement 'Muscles are stronger eccentrically than concentrically' is true. An eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while producing force, often acting as a braking force to protect joints. The muscle is resisting a force greater than the force it is producing, and this type of contraction is more powerful than when the muscle shortens, as in a concentric contraction.

For example, when you lower a hand weight, your biceps perform an eccentric contraction. During eccentric contractions, muscles can absorb and control more force than during concentric contractions, where the muscles shorten to move a load, like lifting the weight upwards. This difference in strength during these types of contractions is utilized in various exercises and movements that require control, balance, and resistance to opposing forces. Hence, the correct answer is a. true.