Answer:
Tetracycline was discovered in the 1940s and is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Tetracycline is an antibiotic which kills the bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of protein.
Tetracycline act by inhibiting the process of translation by preventing the binding of aminoacyl-charged tRNA to the A site of the ribosome.
Since the aminoacyl charged tRNA does not bind the A site therefore the process of translation is inhibited.
Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade. Using your knowledge of conjugation in bacteria, describe how bacterial populations can develop drug resistance in such a short time frame.
Bacterial populations can develop drug resistance in a short time by self –transferable plasmids. Few of them carries antibiotic resistance genes for metabolic functions. The overdose of antibiotics for people with a cold increases the killing of the healthy bacteria.
Explanation:Bacteria can develop resistance in the following ways.
Mutation: By cell replication, some bacteria develop mutations that makes them resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria with the resistant mutation can survive against antibiotics. These resistant bacteria continue to multiply even when they are exposed to antibiotics
Horizontal Gene Transfer: Antibiotic-resistant genetic material is transferred between different bacteria cells in three different ways: transformation, transduction or conjugation.
The process in which bacteria takes the genetic materials from the environment is transformation. The introduction of foreign DNA/ RNA into the bacterial cell is transduction .In conjugation the genetic material is transferred from the donor bacteria to the recipient by direct contact.Analyze, evaluate, and critique. The human genome consists of coding and noncoding DNA. Research and summarize current investigations into the functions of noncoding DNA.
Answer:
Explanation:
Nowadays, it is known that approximately 1% of human DNA are protein-coding genes. The other 99% are non-coding DNA. Non-coding DNA genes do not produce proteins. Non-coding DNA consists of certain sequences of vital function to the cells. The main purpose of non-coding DNA is gene activity. A large number of non-coding DNA have a role as regulatory elements. It has the function to inhibit and stimulate certain gene activity and further protein production (transcription factors). Transcription factors bind and/or activate or suppress the process of protein production (transcription). Non-coding DNA is involved in the cutting and splicing of large amounts of DNA. Further, they are involved in transposon reassembly, genome rearrangements and the production of small RNAs.
Non-coding DNA consists of promoters, enhancers, silencers and insulators. Promoters allow binding sites for the proteins. In this way, the transcription is performed. Enhancers provide binding sites for proteins to start the transcription process. They are most commonly placed either before or after the gene they control. Silencers provide binding sites for proteins that inhibit transcription. Insulators provide binding sites for proteins that regulate transcription. They may even block enhancers (enhancer-blocker insulators). The other prevent structural changes in the DNA strand (barrier insulators).
Non-coding DNA may produce specialized RNA molecules such as transfer RNA (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNAs), micro RNA (miRNAs). rRNAs and tRNAs aid in organizing protein building blocks (amino acids) into a chain named protein. miRNAs block the process of protein production. Long non-coding RNA (IncRNAs) have diverse functions in gene regulation.
Introns are also non-coding DNA. They are sequences between the exons. Intron messages are spliced by the spliceosome for the production of the coding RNAs ( mRNA, rRNA and tRNA).
Noncoding DNA in the human genome has been found to have important functions in gene regulation and chromatin structure. It contains regulatory sequences and interacts with other DNA, RNA, and proteins to control gene expression.
Explanation:The human genome consists of coding and noncoding DNA. Historically, noncoding DNA was referred to as "junk DNA" because it was thought to be irrelevant and nonfunctional. However, recent research and advancements in DNA sequencing technology have revealed that many noncoding DNA regions are involved in dynamic genetic regulatory processes, such as gene expression.
Scientists have discovered that noncoding DNA plays important roles in gene regulation, chromatin structure, and epigenetics. For example, noncoding DNA contains regulatory sequences that control when and where genes are turned on or off, and it also interacts with other DNA, RNA, and proteins to regulate gene expression. Noncoding DNA is now recognized as having vital functions in the overall functioning and regulation of the genome.
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
a. instincts
b. reflexes
c. learning
d. conditioning
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of instincts. Hence the correct option is a.
These behaviors, including birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch, are examples of instincts. Instincts are innate, inherent behaviors that are not learned or acquired through experience. They are often hard-wired in an organism's genetic code and are crucial for their survival and adaptation to their environment.
In the mentioned instances, these behaviors are instinctual responses that enhance the chances of survival and are performed without prior learning or conditioning. Birds migrate to find suitable climates, cats hunt to fulfill their predatory instincts, sea turtles navigate toward the ocean for a habitat conducive to their development, and joeys instinctively seek refuge in their mother's pouch for protection and nourishment. Hence the correct option is a.
What is fermentation? What does fermentation in plants, yeast, and bacteria produce? What does fermentation in animals produce?
Answer:
Fermentation reacts NADH with an endogenous, organic electron acceptor. Usually this is pyruvate formed from sugar through glycolysis. The reaction produces NAD+ and an organic product, typical examples being ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas (H2).
Explanation:
This is from google, but I hope this helps :))
Answer:
Explanation:
Fermentation, is a chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. In plant and yeast cells pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and a type of alcohol called ethanol. This process is called fermentation and yields only two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule broken down. Fermentation in animals actually is given a different name, anaerobic respiration. Animals produce lactic acid+2 ATP. ATP is an energy source.
White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk towards the top, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?A. bottom-up and top-down hypothesesB. competitive exclusionC. keystone speciesD. resource partitioningE. character displacement
Answer:
resource partitioning
Explanation:
If the species live in an ecological niche where there is limited availability of resources then the organisms adapt the strategy of dividing the limited resources to survive and avoid competition and such a strategy is called resource partitioning. In the given question, it has been given that the downy woodpecker moves from the bottom to the top whereas the white-breasted nuthatch moves in the opposite direction and hence they occupy different levels of the tree at different times and avoid competition. Thus, this is an example of resource partitioning.Answer:
resource partitioning
Explanation:
they are not competing food because white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down and Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk towards the top.
The striations in skeletal muscle fibers are attributable to
Answer:
The arrangement of thin and thick filaments in myofibril.
Explanation:
Myofibril is defined as the basic rod like structure present in muscle cells. They are made up of long proteins including titin, actin, and myosin, and other proteins are helping them to hold together. The organization of these proteins are thin, and thick filaments which is known as myofilaments.
Thin filaments: Contains the actin protein which is coiled with filament nebulin.
Thick filaments: Contains the myosin protein. It is also known for force generation.
Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers?
Answer:
The motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers is primary motor cortex
Explanation:
The primary motor cortex has projections for the entire human body map, or homunculus. Axons from the primary motor cortex project from the frontal lobe to the spinal cord.
The primary motor cortex both contains a representation known as a motor homunculus and has descending projection fibers, specifically the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts, which regulate motor functions.
Explanation:The motor area that has both homunculus and descending projection fibers is the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex has a topographical map of the body, creating a representation known as a motor homunculus. This topographical arrangement reflects the relative amount of cortical space designated for the different bodily regions, with greater space allotted for muscles capable of fine, agile movements. In addition to having a homunculus, the primary motor cortex also has descending projection fibers known as the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts. These tracts originate in the cortex and travel to the brain stem or spinal cord to regulate motor functions. In particular, neurons from the primary motor cortex, called Betz cells, synapse with lower motor neurons in the brain stem or spinal cord along these two descending pathways, playing a vital role in the control of musculature.
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Each of the different activation pathways for complement has advantages and disadvantages compared to the other two pathways. Which of the following correctly lists an advantage and a disadvantage of classical activation in response to a new microbial intruder?
a.Advantage: very specific. Disadvantage: slow to induce complement.
b.Advantage: fast to induce complement. Disadvantage: NOT very specific.
c.Advantage: fast to induce complement. Disadvantage: very specific.
d.Advantage: very specific. Disadvantage: fast to induce complement.
The correct answer to the question is: c. Advantage: very specific. Disadvantage: slow to induce complement.
Classical pathway of complement activation is a. very specific due to requiring antibodies for initiation, but it's slow because antibody production takes time.The classical complement activation pathway is initiated by the binding of a specific antibody to a pathogen, forming an antibody-antigen complex. This prompts the activation of the C1 complex, which in turn activates the complement cascade.
This pathway is very specific since it relies on the adaptive immune system's ability to produce antibodies that specifically target the invading microbe. However, a drawback of the classical pathway is that it is slow to induce complement because it requires time for the adaptive immune system to recognize the pathogen and produce specific antibodies, making the response slower compared to other pathways.
Part A Researchers found E. coli that had mutation rates 100 times higher than normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these results? Researchers found E. coli that had mutation rates 100 times higher than normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these results?
a. The proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase was not working properly.
b. The single-stranded binding proteins were malfunctioning.
c. The DNA polymerase was unable to add bases to the 3' end of the growing nucleic acid chain.
d. There were one or more mismatches in the RNA primer.
Answer:
The correct answer is a the proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase was not working properly.
Explanation:
Proofreading mechanism is very much important to minimize the mutation rate in a newly synthesized DNA molecule during the course of DNA replication.
The proofreading activity is mediated DNA polymerase 3 which reads the daughter DNA strands in 3" → 5" direction by exonuclease activity.If any incorrect base is found within the daughter DNA molecule then proofreading activity of DNA polymerase 3 help to excise that incorrect base and replace it with correct base .
Thus proof reading helps to minimize the mutation rate in the newly synthesized DNA molecule.
The word facilitate means ""to make easier."" ___________________ means that the transport protein makes it easier for a molecule that cannot directly cross the cell membrane to enter or exit a cell.
Answer :FACILITATED DIFFUSIION
Explanation;Generally polar molecules like glucose, amino acids and Ions such as potassium and sodium can not enter or leave the cell through the phospholipid bilayer membrane of the cell. They are assisted to pass accross this barrier with the help of (1) channel proteins 2) carrier proteins.
The process by which these proteins created hydrophilic (water loving environments) to carry out transport of the above molecules and ions accross the hydrophobic (water hating environment) phospholipid membrane layer to reach the cytoplasm of cells is called facilitated diffusion.
This transport process is not active transport, because the moleucules moved down their concentration gradients.
Water- filled pores made up Channel proteins. They allows charged ions to pass through, therefore Ion channels are example of channel proteins; for example Potassium channels, Calcium channels. They are gated, thus the protein parts can move back and front like a gate to close or open the pores like a Gate. Channels proteins are fixed.
Carrier proteins are flexible and change the shapes with respect to the direction to convey the molecules accross the membrane, they are not fixed.
The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate. True or False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Ans;true
The neural plate is one of the features exclusive to the embryonic development of chordates. It is located dorsally to the notochord. The neural plate is the rudimentary nervous system of the embryo. During early development ,the neural plate is formed from the ectodermal layer . It undergoes changes in the position and arrangement of it's cells to form the brain and the spinal cord which comprises the central nervous system. It forms tissues and eventually organs by the deepening of the groove which forms ridges which eventually folds and fuses to form the neural tube . The tube differentiates into the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon, from which the organs are formed
The statement is true; the brain and spinal cord originate from the neural plate, which curls into the neural tube, eventually differentiating into the central nervous system.
Explanation:True, the brain and spinal cord indeed begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate. This plate undergoes a series of cell movements, curling to form a tube-like structure known as the neural tube. As development progresses, the neural tube further differentiates into the brain and spinal cord. The anterior end of the neural tube develops into the various regions of the brain, while the posterior portion gives rise to the spinal cord, which retains the tube structure. The hollow center of the neural tube in the brain becomes the ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease. Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease. internal capsule red nucleus reticular formation substantia nigra.
Answer:
a. substantia nigra
b. substantia nigra (it is repeated)
Explanation:
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is caused by the death of neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine in the substantia nigra, or locus niger, -a region of the brain that regulates brain circuits that give the 'orders' to initiate voluntary movements- .
The lack of this neurotransmitter leads to the occurrence of the main symptoms suffered by patients: decreased movements, muscle stiffness, postural instability and tremor. These failures are generated by the abnormal way in which neurons work in the absence of dopamine through a mechanism that is not known in depth.
It is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer's disease, with a prevalence of 2% in people over 65 years. The characteristic symptoms of stiffness, bradykinesia and tremor are associated with losses of neurons in the substantia nigra and dopamine depletion in the striatum. There are large cytoplasmic inclusions, called Lewy bodies, which are the pathological mark of the disease and appear predominantly in neurons that contain melanin of the nigra substance. Genetic studies in a subgroup of families with Parkinson's disease with autosomal dominant inheritance found a locus on chromosome 4q-21 23 and a mutation in the gene that encodes a synaptic protein, α-synuclein.
Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of specific neurons in the brain. The ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons located in a region of the brain known as the substantia nigra.
The substantia nigra is a part of the midbrain and plays a crucial role in the control of movement and motor coordination. It contains clusters of neurons that produce and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical messenger that serves as a key player in regulating voluntary muscle movements and motor control.
In individuals with Parkinson's disease, there is a gradual loss of these dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. As these neurons degenerate and die, the brain's ability to transmit signals related to movement is significantly impaired. This results in the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease, which include tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability.
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Manufacturing vaccine proteins in plants, or "biopharming," has several advantages over using chicken eggs for vaccine production. One advantage is that allergic risks are minimized when vaccines are produced using plants such as tobacco. What is the most likely reason why people with egg allergies may have an allergic reaction when an influenza vaccine is produced using chicken eggs?
A. Vaccine production takes much longer in eggs than it does in plants; proteins that are produced more slowly often take on a shape that causes allergic reactions.
B. Chicken eggs are more likely to become contaminated with unwanted DNA, and the expression of these genes produces proteins that cause allergies.
C. In addition to producing an influenza protein from an inserted gene, the egg cells will produce proteins that cause an allergic reaction in some people.
D. When influenza proteins are produced from egg cells, the proteins are not identical to the proteins produced by the influenza virus, and the new proteins cause allergic reactions.
Answer:
The correct answer is C. In addition to producing an influenza protein from an inserted gene, the egg cells will produce proteins that cause an allergic reaction in some people.
Explanation:
Chicken eggs are full of proteins, in order to carry the embryo successfully. But, when treated genetically, some proteins can start to be produced causing some allergies, combined with the proteins that are already produced that can already cause allergies.
Carbon-based fuels from lithospheric reservoirs ________.
A. have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years
B. will be lost before the end of the decade
C. cannot be lost to the atmosphere by human processes once stabilized on Earth's surface
D. are readily lost from Earth's surface in the absence of humans
E. are formed from the deposition, partial decay, and compression of inorganic matter
Answer: A. have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years.
Explanation: Carbon-based fuels are of two main kinds, biofuels and fossil fuels. Whereas biofuels are derived from recent-growth organic matter and are typically harvested, as with logging of forests and cutting of corn, fossil fuels are of prehistoric origin and are extracted from the ground, the principal fossil fuels being oil, coal, and natural gas.
Twenty-four hours after a cesarean birth, a client elects to sign herself and her baby out of the hospital. Staff members are unable to contact her health care provider. The client arrives at the nursery and asks that her infant be given to her to take home. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
The patient would be checked thoroughly, will be provided associated planning of discharge and follow ups at home for 2 months by the nurse in care.
Explanation:
After a caesarean patient gets the consent of an early discharge after 24 hours of operation, she was thoroughly diagnosed and checked by the nurse in charge of her. Then she will be provided a discharge planning by the nurse. She will be assessed the capability to take care of herself and her baby by the nurse.
She will be made aware of the possible infections or diseases that may occur to her and her baby and will be trained to take immediate cares needed. Her home atmosphere will be evaluated for quick recovery and necessary recuperation. She will be provided follow ups at home.
There are many regions of the brain that are involved in memory. It is currently believed that the __________ is important for forming long-term memories and that these memories (the memory traces) are stored throughout the ________. *
Answer:
Explanation:
Hippocampus is important for forming long term memories, while the Prefrontal cortex is responsible for memories retrieval.
An animal with bilateral symmetrya.usually displays cephalization.b.has left and right sides and usually displays cephalization. c.produces mirror images regardless of the number of "cuts" through the central axis.d.has left and right sides, usually displays cephalization, and produces mirror images regardless of the number of "cuts" through the central axis.e.has left and right sides.
Answer:
The correct answer is option D.
Explanation:
An organism with bilateral symmetry takes place in such animals that shows the division of the animal in two-part right and left halves or mirror image through the sagittal plane.
The example of such organisms is crab, humans, butterfly and many more. The bilateral symmetry normally has an anterior and posterior end which are mouth and tail end in such animals.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.
The correct answer is b. has left and right sides and usually displays cephalization, because bilateral symmetry results in two mirror-image halves and is typically associated with the evolution of cephalization.
An animal with bilateral symmetry can be divided through a sagittal plane, resulting in two mirror-image right and left halves, characteristic of organisms like the butterfly, crab, or human. Such animals have a defined 'head' and 'tail' (anterior vs. posterior), a front and back (dorsal vs. ventral), and distinct right and left sides. Bilateral symmetry is associated with cephalization, where an organized nervous system is situated at the animal’s anterior end, facilitating streamlined and directional motion which is suitable for active lifestyles.
The correct answer to the question is: b. has left and right sides and usually displays cephalization. While bilateral symmetry does result in mirror images, this is only true for a single sagittal cut. Additionally, bilateral symmetry in animals typically leads to the development of cephalization.
Prem finds an unusual object on the forest floor. After he examines it under a microscope and performs several lab tests, he concludes that the object is a living thing. Which of the following observations most likely led to Prem 's conclusion?A. The object contained carbon.B. Prem saw cells in the object.C. The object had a green color.D. Prem saw minerals inside the object.
Answer:
B. Prem saw cells in the object.
Explanation:
According to the cell theory; the cell is the basic unit of life, all living organisms are made up of cells and cells arose from preexisting cells.
Hence, in order for Prem to have concluded the object is a living thing, he must have seen cells from the microscopic examination of the object.
The correct option is B.
Which of these is unique to flowering plants?
1) a dominant sporophyte generation
2) an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue
3) haploid gametophytes
4) pollen production
5) double fertilization
Answer:
Double fertilization. (Ans. 5)
Explanation:
Double fertilization is a complex fertilization process occurs only in flowering plants known as angiosperm. In this process two male gametes or sperm cells fertilization occurs, first one is fertilized with the egg and form the zygote and second one is fuses with the 2 polar nuclei which cause the formation of endosperm.
In double fertilization, after the process of fertilization, the tissue of ovary forming the fruit and fertilized ovule of an ovary forming the seed.
Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants. Therefore, option (5) is correct.
Only blooming plants known as angiosperm experience double fertilisation, a complex fertilisation process. This procedure involves the fertilisation of two male gametes, or sperm cells; the first one fertilises the egg to create the zygote, and the second one fuses with the two polar nuclei to create the endosperm.
In double fertilisation, the fertilised ovarian ovule and ovarian tissue work together to create the seed after the fertilisation process. Therefore, option (5) is correct.
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When lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the foothold for later rooted vegetation. These early pioneering lichens can be said to do what for species arriving in a later successional stage?
A. inhibit
B. exclude
C. facilitate
D. tolerate
E. concentrate
Answer:
The correct answer is C. facilitate.
Explanation:
As lichens promote the growth of other flora and also microorganisms, it facilitates the arrival of other species that can grow over the layer that has already been formed by the facilitation of the lichen and others.
Many sub-Saharan tribesmen of Africa regularly use the blood, milk, and fur of their livestock, without killing them. Based on this information alone we might classify this relationship as ____. However, the cattle actually derive an overall benefit because the herdsman also protect them from predators and help them find water and food. Therefore, this relationship should instead be classified as ____. a. commensalism; mutualism b. mutualism; competition c. parasitism; commensalism d. parasitism; mutualism e. predation; parasitism
Answer:
d. parasitism; mutualism
Explanation:
When an organism derives nutrition from the living tissues of other organisms, the association is called parasitism. Here, the parasite gets nutrition and/or other benefits while the host organism is harmed. When the blood, milk, and fur of livestock are used by tribesmen, the livestock is harmed and the interaction is called parasitism. The parasite (tribesmen) keep the host (livestock) alive to obtain the benefits.
Mutualism is a beneficial association between the organisms of two species wherein both the associated organisms are benefited. Since the tribesmen protect the livestock and feed them to derive benefits from them, the association is mutualism. Livestock is fed and protected while the tribesmen obtain blood, milk, and fur from them. In this way, both are benefited.
The major role meiosis plays in chromosomal inheritance is to
Answer:
Doubles the amount of DNA and reduces the chromosome number from 2N to N.
Explanation:
Meiosis is a cell division in which one cell divides into 2 cells in the first meiotic division and then these two cells divide into two more cells so overall 4 cells are produced from one cell. This division occurs in gamete cells.
First, the amount of DNA gets double by converting the single-stranded DNA into double-stranded DNA. Then the homologous chromosomes get separated into two different cells in the first meiotic division and till now the chromosome number is 2N.
After the second meiotic division, each sister chromatids of a chromosome gets separated into separate cells and the chromosome number in daughter cells becomes 1 N. So the major role of meiosis is to double the DNA mount and reduce the chromosome number by half in all daughter cells.
The major role of meiosis in chromosomal inheritance is to ensure genetic diversity and the proper distribution of chromosomes to offspring.
Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that occurs in reproducing organisms. It involves two consecutive divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) and results in the formation of haploid cells (gametes) from diploid cells.
Meiosis ensures the proper distribution of chromosomes to offspring. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the chromosome number by half.
In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, resulting in the production of four haploid cells.
Thus, this reduction in chromosome number is essential for the formation of gametes with the correct number of chromosomes, allowing for the normal development and inheritance of genetic traits in offspring.
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A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called
Answer: Motor Unit
Explanation:
Answer is a motor Unit.
A motor unit is part of the neuromuscular system that consists of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers that the axon innervates or contac. When motor units are in group they are called a motor pool and they work together. Example is the contractions of muscles, All the motor units in the muscles group together to form a motor pool and coordinate the contractions of muscles.
The pectoral girdle is formed by the articulation of the hip bones and the sacrum
Answer:
False. The pelvic girdle is formed by the articulation of the hip bones and the sacrum.
Explanation:
The pelvic girdle forms the base of the trunk, the sacrum forms the posterior wall of the pelvis and also forms joints in the hip bone called sacroiliac joints .
The pectoral girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton and is composed of the clavicle and the scapula.
Final answer:
The pelvic girdle consists of the hip bones, which are each formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These bones connect anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly at the sacroiliac joints with the sacrum and coccyx to form the stable, weight-bearing pelvis.
Explanation:
The pelvic girdle is best understood as a set of bones that lay the foundation for the lower part of the body’s skeleton. It is not formed by the articulation of the hip bones and the sacrum as suggested in the student's question. Instead, the pelvic girdle is composed primarily of the two large hip bones or coxal bones, which are each formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These hip bones join anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly at the sacroiliac joints with the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton. Together with the coccyx, they form the pelvis, a bony structure that provides stability, bears the weight of the upper body, and allows for the connection and locomotion of the lower limbs.
In contrast, the pectoral girdle relates to the upper body and consists of the clavicles and scapulae, which are designed to allow for a wide range of motion. The design of the pelvic girdle ensures stability and weight bearing necessary for upright posture and locomotion, contrasting with the high mobility of the pectoral girdle that enables arm and shoulder movement.
"Most populations demonstrate _____ growth, in which the population size increases exponentially until it levels off near the carrying capacity (K value) of the habitat for that species.
a) exponential
b) intrinsic
c) logistic
d) extrinsic
e) logarithmic"
Answer:
The correct answer is c) logistic
Explanation:
Logistic growth occurs during a population growth when the resources are limiting. During logistic growth sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve is produced when population size is placed over time.
In logistic growth first the population increases slowly then after some time it increase on the logarithmic phase until it levels off near the maximum carrying capacity due to environmental resistance. Beyond this maximum carrying capacity growth rate does not increase and becomes constant.
This generates an s-shaped curve called a sigmoid curve which shows the logistic growth. So the correct answer is c.
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors
Answer: Negative symptoms
Explanation:
Negative symptoms involves an act of reflecting noticeable decrease(s) and absence(s) in emotions, behaviors or drives. Its symptoms include motivational problem, social interactions, bad experience and responsiveness, prosody and clarity of speech, and slowed movement.
Types of negative symptoms
1 - communicative deficits
2- Affective deficits
3 - Relational deficits
4- Avolition deficits
Write a paragraph on testing probability
Explanation:
Probabilities are described as ratios of favorable event outcome to the total number of event outcomes.
This is written as...
[tex]P (E) =\frac{n(E)}{n(S)} \\[/tex]
where...
E= the number of times the event occurs
S= the number of trials
In biology experiments, hypotheses are formed based on research questions, and tested with the use of variables to provide a particular outcome. Statistics allows for testing data for consistency with the hypothesis, while statistical probability testing can be used in experiments to determine a range of outcomes, from genetic inheritance, evolutionary rates to theoretical experimental results.
In these statistical models, probability distributions are functions that give probabilities for certain event outcomes within an experiment (a set of trials). These may be either continuous, taking a value within a range of two numbers; or discrete, which may be either of two specified values. Discrete probability distributions list each value that a random variable may possibly take on.
Further Explanation:
For example, two types of probability distributions are employed in experimental biology:
Binomial distributions, which are discrete distributions, provide probability of a certain number of successful events for x a random variable, in a specific number of trials, n; here, the probability of success of an individual trial is constant at P and only one of two outcomes are possible- this is sampling with replacement.
where...
b(x; n, P)-the probability that an experiment of n trials results in x successes
nCx- the number of combinations of n things at r time
[tex]b(x; n, P) = [ nCx ]* P^{x} * (1-P)^{n-x}\\[/tex]
This is often used in determining potential outcomes before data collection.
A type of continuous distribution, the student's t-test, compares standard deviations and means from two sets of samples or groups to check for significant differences between them.
[tex]t= \frac{(x_{1} - x_{2}) }{\sqrt{(\frac{(S_{1}) ^{2} }{n1} }+ (\frac{(S_{2}) ^{2} }{n2 }}[/tex]
where...
x1 and s1 are the mean and standard deviation of sample 1 respectivelyx2 and s2 are the mean and standard deviation of sample 1 respectively n1 and n2 are sample sizes in samples 1 and 2 respectivelyThe null and alternate hypotheses typically theorize the likelihood and significance of certain event outcome probabilities. Critical values of t, along with degrees of freedom are used to determine a range of probable outcomes; probability or p- values along with this range, are used to determine whether either hypothesis is rejected or accepted.
For instance, significant differences between an experimental control and a specific treatment group would show that these occurrences are not due to sampling errors or random chance...
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A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene can lead to a change in _______, which can lead to a change in in the amino acid sequence of a protein. A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene can lead to a change in _______, which can lead to a change in in the amino acid sequence of a protein. the central dogma translation a codon transcription
Answer:
Codon transcription
Explanation:
The DNA, present in the nucleus, is the stored form of the genetic material i.e. a segment of it is called a gene. DNA is one of the two types of Nucleic acids made up of nucleotide sequences. A nucleotide is a combination of a five-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA), nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. These nucleotides are arranged in sequence to form the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
The information stored in this gene has to be expressed, and this is done via transcription and translation processes.
Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA. In transcription, a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a strand of DNA is formed. Transcription occurs in three steps viz: Initiation, elongation and termination where RNA polymerase uses sequence of bases in DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. The mRNA undergoes additional processing including spicing, editing and polyadenylation before it leaves the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Each three successive nucleotide base stretch of mRNA is known as CODON and each coding contains information for a specific amino acid. These codons direct protein synthesis with assistance of tRNA in a process called translation.
In translation, the mRNA sequence is used as a template to assemble, in order, the chain of amino acids that form a protein.
If there is a change in the nucleotide sequence in the gene (segment of DNA), it will lead to a change in the sequence of the three-base mRNA (codon) formed, which may ultimately cause a change in sequence of amino acids (proteins)
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene can lead to a change in "transcription," which can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.which can lead to a change in in the amino acid sequence of a protein. A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene can lead to a change in mRNA sequence, which can lead to a change in in the amino acid sequence of a protein. the central dogma translation a codon transcription.
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system, and it consists of three main processes:
1. Transcription: In this process, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into a complementary RNA sequence. The RNA molecule produced is known as messenger RNA (mRNA), and it carries the genetic information from the gene to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
2. Translation: Translation is the process in which the information encoded in the mRNA is used to assemble a sequence of amino acids, ultimately forming a protein. This process involves the reading of the mRNA sequence in groups of three nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid.
3. Codon: A codon is a set of three nucleotides in the mRNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid or serves as a start or stop signal during translation.
when there is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, it can affect the process of transcription, leading to a change in the mRNA sequence. This altered mRNA sequence, in turn, can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein produced during translation.
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A shrew requires about 4.2 kcal per day to simply exist. If you add in activity, the shrew needs about twice that amount. Which of the following would provide the shrew the highest number of kcal for the least amount of food in grams? A. protein B. vegetables C. carbohydrate D. fiber E. fat
Answer:
E. Fat
Explanation:
Fats are the derivatives of fatty acids which in turn are the derivatives of hydrocarbons. The breaking down of long hydrocarbon chains by oxidation produces a large amount of energy. Fats serve as a stored form of energy. Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrates provides 4 kilocalories while the complete oxidation of one gram of fats provides 9 kilocalories. Similarly, the oxidation of one gram of protein provides 4 calories. This means that the oxidation of fats provides the largest amount of energy for the least amount of food.
Moderate temperatures and precipitation, as well as nutrient-rich soil due to annual leaf fall, characterize this biome.
a) temperate grassland
b) taiga
c) deciduous forest
d) temperate coniferous forest
e) savannah
Answer:
The correct answer is c) deciduous forest
Explanation:
Deciduous forest is the forest that is dominated by deciduous trees that shed their leaves annually. These forests are found in temperate climates having moderate temperature. They are found in eastern Canada and United States, Europe, China, and Japan.
In deciduous forest, precipitation is moderate and quite constant overall which ranges between 75-150 cm. The soil in deciduous forest is nutrient-rich as the decomposition of fallen leaves release all the nutrients into the soil. So the correct answer is c) deciduous forest.