In order to study moral development, kohlberg _____.
a. collected data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas
b. collected data by observing changes in moral reasoning of subjects as they aged
c. used archival data from newspapers regarding moral behavior
d. observed moral behavior in natural settings

Hannah's dad is providing positive reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement is a condition that involves the introduction of a reinforcing stimulus such as reward after a behavior which increases the likely recurrence of the same response in the future. Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior or certain response. From the question, Hannah's dad was providing positive reinforcement by treating her to a chocolate sundae each time she brings home a straight-a report card, in order to motivate Hannah and to increase her chance of getting high grades again.

The emotion of guilt is most relevant to moral development as it emerges when we breach moral norms or standards. This stimulates reflection and encourages us to rectify our behaviors, thus aiding in the moral growth.

Among the self-conscious emotion that you've listed - being scared, embarrassment, sadness, and guilt, guilt is the most relevant to the moral development. Self-conscious emotions are emotions that involve a sense of self and others' appraisal or judgment, which includes guilt. Guilt is closely associated with moral development because it can arise when we violate moral standards or norms. For example, if a person lies and feels guilt, it indicates the realisation of violating a moral norm – honesty in this case – thereby contributing to the person's moral development. Guilt makes us reflect upon our actions and stimulates us to make rectifications, signaling a key aspect in developing moral understanding.

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in psychographic terms "how you see yourself" is called Self-concept.

Psychography is a quantitative investigation of consumer lifestyles, personality characteristics and demographic characteristics. The purpose of psychographic research is usually for basic applications, which are used by market researchers to describe consumer segments that will later help organizations reach out and understand their consumers. Psychographic studies usually include questions designed to assess the lifestyle of the target market, personality characteristics, and demographic characteristics.

The concept of self is the views and attitudes of individuals towards themselves. Self-views are related to physical dimensions, individual characteristics, and self-motivation. The self-view includes not only individual strengths, but also weaknesses and even failure.

Self-concept is the essence of individual personality. The essence of personality plays an important role in determining and directing the development of personality and the positive behavior of individuals.

Dimensions of self-concept

Calhoun and Acocella (1990) explain that self-concept

consists of three dimensions which include:

1. Knowledge of yourself

Age, sex, nationality, occupation, and others, which then become a list of nicknames that place a person into social groups, age groups, ethnic groups, and certain groups.

the other.

2. Expectations about yourself

The view of the desired possibility happens to someone in the future. This expectation is an ideal self.

3. Self-assessment

Assessment and evaluation between expectations about a person with his standards that will produce self-esteem which means how much people like themselves.

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Grade: College

Subject: Social studies

keywords: Psychographics, Self-concept

Answer:

Patrilocal residence

Explanation:

Patrilocal residence is a practice in which a newly married couple stays with or near the husband's family. This is a social system that is present in various cultures all over the world. In fact, around 70% of the world's studied cultures follow this system. This appears to have been the system followed by ancient hominids as well.

Organizational culture significantly impacts employee behavior through implicit social controls that reinforce conformity to the organization's values and norms. This effect creates unintended control mechanisms that guide behavior and alignment with organizational goals.

Organizational culture can have powerful effects on employee behavior, creating inadvertent control mechanisms. These cultural norms influence employees' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, fostering conformity within the workplace. When individuals adhere to the strong underlying values and beliefs of the organization, social control occurs naturally. This control often manifests in subtle ways, such as the promotion of certain kinds of interactions, reinforcing societal tendencies like cooperation or competition, and even through nonverbal cues that signal social sanctions.

In work environments where the culture is strong, these informal mechanisms may hold more sway over employee behavior than formal rules and regulations. Such an environment encourages adaptation to the prevailing culture, which can sometimes suppress individuality but also helps in forming a cohesive workplace where shared norms are understood and followed. Because culture influences mental models and behaviors, it becomes an internalized form of control, aligning employee actions with organizational goals implicitly.

Answer:

b)In the short term, unemployment rates would drop drastically.

Explanation:

Answer:

D) In the short term, unemployment rates would depend on other market factors.

Explanation:

In the short term the raising of the retirement age would not affect the unemployment rates, this is because the short term, 3 months, would not reflect most of the jobs that are being  freed by the retiring workers, in the long run, lets say, 3 years it will be perceivable in the unemployment rate because the people entering the workforce will not have does jobs or the subsequent job that someone retiring releases.

Analyzing the 113th Congress of the United States, it is clear that this is not very ethnically and culturally diverse, being formed mostly by white male individuals.

It is essential that the policy reflect the values ​​of American society, which is diverse, so that it can serve the interests of minorities, historically disadvantaged by prejudice and segregation, such as African Americans and women.

Therefore, it is essential that there is space and incentive for political inclusion, to create a more diverse Congress, reflecting the formation of American society.

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the answer is chief legislator

Sigmund Freud, in his psychoanalytic theory, proposed the concept of defense mechanisms. These are strategies employed by the unconscious mind to deal with anxiety, guilt, or shame, often arising from unacceptable impulses or painful memories. These impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious level of consciousness by defense mechanisms.

According to Sigmund Freud, an influential figure in the field of psychology, defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality. Freud proposes that defense mechanisms serve to protect the individual from feelings of anxiety, guilt, and shame, which could be a result of unacceptable impulses or painful memories. Freud's psychoanalytic theory categorized the mind into three distinct levels: the conscious, preconscious (subconscious), and unconscious. To answer your question, defense mechanisms are used to push these unacceptable impulses and painful memories into the unconscious level of consciousness. These unwanted information are pushed into the unconscious where they are inaccessible through ordinary consciousness, and they remain beyond individual's normal awareness. However, they can still influence behaviors and emotions.

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Final answer:

Freud stated that defense mechanisms push unacceptable impulses and painful memories into the unconscious level of consciousness to protect the individual from anxiety.

Explanation:

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used to push unacceptable impulses and painful memories into the unconscious level of consciousness. The concept of defense mechanisms is a central element in Freud's psychodynamic theory, which suggests that the ego, usually conscious, uses these mechanisms as unconscious protective behaviors to reduce anxiety caused by conflicts between the id's desires and the superego's moral constraints.

For instance, repression is a key defense mechanism whereby anxiety-causing memories are pushed out of conscious awareness to protect the individual from psychological discomfort.

These defense mechanisms operate in various ways that distort reality and are often used without our awareness. While everyone utilizes defense mechanisms, overreliance on them can lead to issues such as unhappiness and alienation as exemplified by the hypothetical high school football player, Joe, who unconsciously copes with his anxiety over his sexual attraction to males by exhibiting hypermasculine behavior and making disparaging jokes.

The role of profit in a free-enterprise system is to serve as an incentive for individuals and businesses to produce goods and services. Profit allows businesses to reinvest and expand, encourages competition and innovation, and rewards creativity and efficiency.

The role of profit in a free-enterprise system is to serve as an incentive for individuals and businesses to produce goods and services. Profit allows businesses to reinvest in their operations, hire more workers, and expand their activities. It also encourages competition and innovation as companies strive to maximize their profits and gain a competitive edge.

For example, in a free-enterprise system, if a company invents a new and improved product, it can sell it at a higher price than its production cost, resulting in a profit. This profit serves as a reward for their innovation and motivates other businesses to develop similar or superior products to compete.

In summary, profit in a free-enterprise system not only drives economic growth and development but also fosters innovation, competitiveness, and efficiency.

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Final answer:

The conditioned stimuli for the cat's behavior are the sound of the cabinet opening and the sound of the electric can opener as both have been associated with the act of getting fed.

Explanation:

The student asked which alternative identifies the conditioned stimuli (CS) for the cat's behavior of running to the kitchen. Based on the principles of classical conditioning in psychology, when May's cat runs to the kitchen upon hearing the electric can opener and also when May opens the cabinet to retrieve the can opener, we're looking at an example of higher-order conditioning.

The sound of the electric can opener was initially conditioned stimulus (CS), as it was paired with the unconditioned stimulus (the food) to produce a conditioned response (running to the kitchen). Over time, the sound of the cabinet opening became a new CS through its association with the original CS (the can opener's sound).

Answer: more productive workers are likely to be of greater value and earn higher wages than less Productive workers

Explanation: productivity is the effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input.  In general if a worker is more productive is more demanded and earns more money than one that is not so productive.

Final answer:

More productive workers earn higher wages as their productivity contributes more significantly to a company's output, compared to less productive workers. Factors like education, skill level, technology access, and union benefits can affect workers' productivity. High tax rates might discourage highly productive workers from working more, which is counterproductive from the perspective of societal benefit.

Explanation:

More productive workers are likely to be of greater value and earn higher wages than less productive workers. This is based on economic theory where a worker's wages are determined by their marginal revenue product. If a worker is very productive, their additional hour of work generates a significant increase in output, making them more valuable to the employer. Conversely, less productive workers contribute less to the company's output, which is reflected in their lower wages.

Moreover, the productivity of workers can be affected by several factors, including education, skill level, and the availability of technology. For instance, workers with better education and skills are obviously more effective, and when workers have access to improved technology, such as computers or power tools, their labor productivity increases. Union workers may also have higher productivity than nonunion workers, as unions tend to offer better wages, more job stability, and additional training opportunities, all of which can contribute to higher productivity levels.

However, there is also a societal aspect to consider. From the perspective of society, it is beneficial for high-ability workers to work more as they contribute more to economic productivity. But, high tax rates for higher-income individuals could discourage these highly productive workers from maximizing their work hours, which could be a disincentive to labor productivity.

Final answer:

The unconditioned stimulus in the scenario is the dinner, as it naturally causes a friend to salivate and feel hunger without prior learning, demonstrating the key concept of classical conditioning.

Explanation:

In the scenario described, where a particular song is played before serving dinner to a friend who eventually starts to salivate and experience hunger pains upon hearing the song, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the dinner itself. This is because an unconditioned stimulus refers to something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. In classical conditioning, the response to the unconditioned stimulus, known as the unconditioned response (UCR), is a reflexive reaction that occurs naturally, in this case, the hunger pains and salivation in anticipation of food. Over time, the song, which was originally a neutral stimulus, becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated associations with the unconditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response (CR) of hunger and salivation even in the absence of food.

According to the passage, the Declaration "informed the rest of the world of the American colonists' independence and shared the ideas of the rights of man." Even though the Declaration did not mention France or any other nation specifically, it was still meant to gain attention from other European powers.

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LuLu Belle Madison White is best known for helping to integrate the University of Texas at Austin. Thus, option (A) is correct.

LuLu Belle Madison White was a significant civil rights activist who worked tirelessly to promote racial equality and the integration of educational institutions. Her efforts and dedication were primarily channeled through her work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Answer:

The Nile Delta is a river delta in Egypt. The Nile's Flooded Savanna ecoregion stretches 1,100 kilometers downstream from the Aswan High Dam to the Nile's mouth when it reaches the Mediterranean Sea.

Explanation:

The delta is approximately 175 kilometers long and 260 kilometers wide (Hughes and Hughes 1992). The riverine floodplains and delta are no longer exposed to annual flooding, and the Cyprus papyrus wetlands that once existed in the wettest parts have all but vanished since the Aswan High Dam was built.

Along the delta's seaward face, the surviving marshland is linked to lakes and lagoons. The delta's outer margins are eroding, and salinity levels in certain coastal lagoons are growing as their proximity to the sea grows.

The Nile is the world's longest river, stretching 6,695 kilometers from the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika to the Mediterranean Sea, with a basin size of 3,026,000 km2. The Bahr el Jebel, Bahr el Ghazal, and Sebat River, which join to form the White Nile, as well as the Blue Nile and the Atbara River, are the Nile's principal tributaries.

The Nile is only covered by this ecoregion downstream of the Aswan High Dam, when peak floods in September result in a discharge rate of 8,100 m3/sec. The Ethiopian Highlands provide 84 percent of the water to Aswan, while Equatorial East Africa provides 16 percent. As the river flows downstream behind the high dam, it picks up a slew of ephemeral tributaries from the western hills that separate the Nile from the Gulf of Suez. The majority of the year, these seasonal rivers are dry, but during strong winter rainstorms in the highlands, torrents run down the water-worn valleys (Hughes and Hughes 1992).

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