In the illustration below, which molecules are represented by boxes A and B? Give answer in order of A, then B.

A) A-chromosomes, B-proteins

B) A-DNA, B-proteins

C) A-RNA, B-chromosomes

D) A-chromosomes, B-proteins

Answer:

1. Richter

2. Moment

Explanation: Edge 2021

The Richter scale is best used to measure the strength of small, nearby earthquakes.

The moment magnitude scale is useful for measuring the strength of earthquakes of all sizes and at all distances from a seismograph.

The Richter scale is used in measuring the magnitude of an earthquake. It calculates the magnitude of the earthquake from the earthquake's amplitude. The scale then measures the largest amplitude that's on the recording.

Also, the moment magnitude scale is useful for measuring the strength of earthquakes of all sizes. It is based on the total moment release of the earthquake.

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Explanation:

options:

Because they have different structures, they most likely-perform different functions.

The corresponding image is attached below...

Carbohydrates function to supply energy and support molecules they consist of mainly sugars or starches in long chains and rings to form monosaccharide monomers. They include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides which describes the type of bonding and the degree of complexity of the polymers.  Their structure is closely related to their function.

Basic makeup: C, H, O -with many polar OH groups

Further Explanation:

Many long chain polysaccharides are made up of glucose joined by regular α, 1-4 glycosidic bonds used as energy storage (produced through phtosynthesis) and used for ATP synthesis via respiration, ethyl alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Branched chains of α, 1-4 glycosidic bonds linked by α(1→6) glycosidic bonds make up glycogen, a storage molecule in animals. Plants are mostly comprised of structural units cellulose and lignin. However, cellulose is their main structural polysaccharide, found within cell walls.

It is made up of special β, 1-4 glycosidic bonds, which give structural polysaccharides their rigid, strong structure; cellulose is not water-soluble and is highly stable. However, if these alternating bonds aren't present, the plants would lose their main structural support, which allows larger plants, and trees to grow upwards towards sunlight despite their mass.  When arranged in α 1-4 glycosidic bonds these molecules are water-soluble; water would be able to flow readily out of the plant tissue. Thus the plant cells and tissue, would not retain their shapes and may be limited in their potential height without structural support.

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Three complex carbohydrates with distinct glucose subunit bonding likely perform different functions. Thus, option d is correct.

Carbohydrates provide energy and support molecules; they are composed primarily of sugars or starches in long chains and rings to create monosaccharide monomers. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides, based on the kind of bonding and the degree of complexity of the polymers.  Their structure is inextricably linked to their function.

The arrangement of the glucose subunits inside complex carbohydrates determines their structure and, subsequently, their function. Option (c) is unnecessary because carbohydrates are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Option (a) is incorrect since proteins have no direct tie to glucose-based carbohydrate structures.

Option (b) is incorrect since nucleotides are components of nucleic acids rather than directly involved in carbohydrate bonding. As a result, option (d) makes the most sense because different carbohydrate structures result in functional diversity, allowing them to play a wide range of roles in biological systems.

Thus, the correct option is d.

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The given question is incomplete, probably the correct answer is:

Three complex carbohydrates, the subunits of glucose are bonded together differently. Because they have different structures, they most likely-

a- from different proteins

b- carry different nucleotides

c- contain different chemical elements

d- perform different functions ​

Explanation:

The salt solution is meant to lower the ice melting point hence keep most of the water from turning into ice even at zero degrees temperatures. The salts are dissolved in the water to form a salty solution that percolates the ground and reach plant roots. Because the salty water is hypertonic (more concentrated) to the cell cytoplasm of the plant roots, water is drawn from the plant by osmosis. This is the reversal of normal plant root absorption of water from the soil. This causes the plant root to wither and subsequently the whole plant to die. Remember in osmosis, water moves from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane.

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Answer:

The atomic mass is: 17

Explanation:

The atomic mass of a compound is calculated as the sum of protons and neutrons. In this case:

Atomic mass = protons + neutrons = 8 + 9 = 17.

Atoms with the same atomic number (Z) but different atomic mass (A) are called isotopes, that is, they differ in the number of neutrons. Example: Hydrogen, Titrio and Deuterium.

Answer:

The atomic mass is 17

Explanation:

Answer and Explanation:

The cells of the runner respire through anaerobic respiration due to inadequate oxygen leading to formation of lactic acid. Under these conditions lactic acid accumulates in the muscles which might cause fatigue and result in muscle soreness and cramps. Lack of enough oxygen makes the cells to respire anaerobically altering cell respiration.

Final answer:

During intense exercises like a long race, endurance runners' muscles switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration, producing ATP via lactic acid fermentation. The accumulation of lactic acid can cause immediate muscle fatigue and soreness.

Explanation:

During a long race, an endurance runner's muscle cells start to experience an intense demand for ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the molecule required for muscle contraction. Initially, ATP is produced via aerobic respiration, a process that efficiently generates ATP but requires oxygen.

As the race progresses, the oxygen supply to the muscles may not keep pace with demand, and the muscles switch to anaerobic respiration, specifically lactic acid fermentation, to meet their energy needs.

This process does not require oxygen and can produce ATP quickly, albeit less efficiently than aerobic respiration. One of the byproducts of lactic acid fermentation is lactic acid.

The accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle cells can lead to a decrease in pH (increasing acidity), which can impair muscle function and contribute to the sensation of muscle fatigue and soreness during and immediately after intense exercise.

Answer: Heterotroph

A heterotroph is an organism that can’t produce its own food, so it takes it from other organisms. For example, animals eating other animals.

A heterotroph is the organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.

Heterotroph is an organism that cannot take an inorganic substance and create organic matter for itself, forcing it to feed on other living things.

Therefore, we can conclude that heterotrophs always depend on another organisms for their subsistence, since they obtain their energy from an external source of organic matter.

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b) nitrogen-containing bases

Hope this helps!

The four types of nucleotides that make up DNA are named for their nitrogen-containing bases. So, the correct option is B.

Nucleotides are defined as organic molecules consisting of nucleosides and phosphates that serve as monomeric units of nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.

A nucleotide is made up of a sugar that is found in DNA, deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) or cytosine (C). The C and T bases, which have only one ring, are called pyrimidines, while the A and G bases, which have two rings, are called purines.

Thus, the four types of nucleotides that make up DNA are named for their nitrogen-containing bases. So, the correct option is B.

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Answer:

Food and shelter are the most likely limiting factors in this case.

Explanation:

In a forest, the huge trees act as a source of shelter for the animals that live in that habitat. It protects the animals from the heat of the Sun and extreme cold conditions.

The tress in the forest are the primary source of food for almost all the organisms that live in the forest. Cutting down trees will lead to food scarcity for the animals which inhabit that forest. As a result, the animals will either have to migrate or they will become die due to lack of food.

Hence, food and shelter are the limiting factors in this case.

Answer:

The correct option is Although the F1 generation will all show the dominant trait, the offspring  will all be heterozygous and increase chances of future variation.

Explanation:

The cross for the offsrings that will be produced by F1 generation is shown below:

         a          a

A      Aa       Aa

A      Aa        Aa

As we can see that all the offsprings in the F1 generation will have heterozygous genes but only the dominant trait will be seen in the phenotype of the F1 generation.

A cross between the F1 generation will give the following results:

         A          a

A      AA      Aa

a       Aa      aa

This cross shows that there will be increases genetic and phenotype variations in offsprings that will be produced by the F1 plants.

Answer:

I think the birds stopped singing because there are too many predators that found and ate them. If the predators left, or if there were less, more birds will start singing because there will be a less chance of getting eaten or preyed on.

Final answer:

Female birds might evolve the singing trait if estrogens affect their sensory capabilities, which could lead to changes in mate selection and reproductive success. This trait may be selected for if there is a preference for certain songs associated with specific beak sizes that contribute to reproductive isolation.

Explanation:

In a scenario where female birds evolve to have the singing trait, we must consider several key factors related to natural selection and mate choice. Mate selection in birds is often mediated by song, and through this process, certain traits are preferentially selected as they enhance reproductive success. Should estrogens influence birds' sensory capabilities, it might make environmental cues for singing more salient, hence potentially leading to females singing if it offers a selective advantage.

One example could involve reproductive isolation, where populations of birds become separated. If beak size and shape influence song, and if females prefer songs similar to their own, singing could become a trait under sexual selection pressure in females. If this leads to preferential mating and strengthens reproductive barriers, it may result in females evolving the singing trait to ensure reproductive success and minimize detrimental hybridization.

Answer:

A. Leukocytes

Explanation:

One way to easily remember is to know the prefix and suffix of the word.

Leuko-white

Cyto-cell

Together (Leukocyte) they mean "white cell"

Answer:

A) Leukocytes

Explanation: Leukocytes are found in lots of different places, including an organ in your stomach that filters blood that helps fight infections known as the Spleen.

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Answer:

calculating waist-to-hip ratio

Explanation:

The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is the calculation from waist and hip measurements to ascertain a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is because, the higher the concentration of abdominal fat, the greater the risk of having problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure or atherosclerosis.

The presence of these diseases along with excess fat in the abdominal region of the body also increases the risk of more serious health problems such as heart attack, stroke and fat in the liver, which can lead to sequelae or lead to death. To identify early on, know what are the symptoms of infarction.

Answer:

If the liver is placed in an acidic solution, then the reaction rate will decrease.

Answer:

The correct answer is "If the liver is placed in an acidic solution, then the reaction rate will decrease".

Explanation:

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions and are active at specific environmental conditions. One important condition is the pH, where each enzyme work best at a specific pH. In the case of the enzyme catalase, if the liver is place in an acidic solution, then the reaction rate of the enzyme will decrease. At acidic conditions catalase will start to denature, which will affect its activity and will slow down the reaction rate of the enzyme.

Answer:

Incorporating radioactive nucleotide must be done to ensure DNA made is a laboratory is radioactive

Explanation:

Radioactive nucleotide are generally used in the detection of some specific nucleic acid series. These are the typically incorporated inside the DNA and RNA series for detection as well as analysis. These nucleotide involves radioactive phosphates, digoxygenin, biotin, fluorophores and enzymes. It was first used in 1935 by George de Hevesy. P32 and S35 labelled as the nucleic probes and now the phosphates is being in large use. Hydrogen can also be used in-situ hybridisation which gives greater resolution and less sensitive in long exposure.

Incorporating radioactive nucleotides

Answer:

The correct aswer is crystal size.

Explanation:

Cooling rate affects to the size of the crystal formed by cooling a molten material. A fast cooling produces small crystals whereas slow cooling produces large crystals. At a slow cooling rate, crystals have more time to grow and therefore they are larger than those are formed at a fast cooling rate.

Answer:

Crystal Size Is correct

Explanation:

Edg. 2020

Answer:

it can have elevated concentrations of dissolved substances

Explanation:

Water is widely regarded as a universals solvent. During a metamorphic process, the presence of fluids most especially water cannot be over emphasized.

Water in metamorphic processes helps to concentrate dissolve materials and moves them from one point to another within the crust. By so doing, water helps to facilitate the rate at which the reaction and transformation occurs. Water available for metamorphic processes usually have elevated temperature, this would further aid to catalyze the transformation work on the rock.

Water plays nearly the same role as pressure and temperature in a metamorphic reaction. It serves as the mobile unit to move materials from one point to the to another. The water concentrates the dissolve materials that comes in contact with it and utilizes it to further produce new metamorphic minerals. Generally, fluids allow for better mobility.

The correct option is D. It can have elevated concentrations of dissolved substances.

Water in metamorphic processes facilitates the transfer of ions between and within minerals, speeding up metamorphic reactions.

Answer:

Hypotonic solutions are those with less solute (again read as higher water potential). Isotonic solutions have equal (iso-) concentrations of substances. Water potentials are thus equal, although there will still be equal amounts of water movement in and out of the cell, the net flow is zero.

Explanation:

Google

Final answer:

The net movement of water is equal to zero when the system is in a dynamic equilibrium, where the rates of water movement in and out of a region or across a boundary are balanced, resulting in no net change in volume.

Explanation:

The net movement of water is equal to zero in a state known as dynamic equilibrium. This can occur under various conditions in different contexts, such as in biological systems (osmotic equilibrium), in weather patterns (atmospheric moisture balance), and in geophysical settings (coastal dynamics). In a biological context, this typically refers to when the rate of water moving into a cell is equal to the rate of water moving out, and there is no net change in the water volume inside the cell. Similarly, in geophysical terms, a zero net water movement might be seen where there's a balance between inflow and outflow at a coastline.

For example, in coastal zones, if wave conditions are stationary (unchanging over time), and the velocity of water at the closed boundary (coastline) is zero due to a balance between different forces, no net movement of water occurs because inflow and outflow are in equilibrium. Additionally, in atmospheric transport, a zero net movement of water vapor could be represented as a balance, where loss due to factors like evaporation is compensated by a return flow through precipitation or other means at the regional scale.

Explanation:

The neuron is part of the somatosensory pathway

The nervous system is subdivided into; the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, within the vertebral column; and the peripheral nervous system, which includes nerves that branch into the rest of the body from the brain and spinal cord. Nervous tissue responds to electrical impulses, allowing for communication between different regions of the body.

The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system responsible for carrying out sensory and motor information between the peripheral nervous system- including sensory organs like the eyes; and central nervous system; and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary bodily functions like heartbeat, breathing and blood flow. The ANS is mainly acts unconsciously and affects smooth muscle and internal organs. It is related to homeostasis- where the body maintains a constant internal balance in pH, temperature, blood pressure etc.  

Somatosensory pathways contain primary, secondary, and tertiary neurons which are capable of processing information about vibration, touch, temperature, and pain- information is passed on after receiving stimuli from the body's internal or skin receptors. Thus the precision is greater in the lips and fingers (directly involved in tactile interactions with stimuli) than on the back.

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Answer:

The answer is D

Explanation:

After gaseous exchange take place in alveoli, unwanted gases such as CO2 will move from alveoli -> bronchioles -> brochi -> trachea -> nose .

The carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) is split into carbon and oxygen during this transition. Some of the oxygen is released and the carbon molecules are mixed with water creating H2O. If you create an equation for the reaction between carbon and water you will see that the product is glucose. Therefore, plants make their food(glucose) from photosynthesis, and release oxygen.

In cellular respiration the carbon atom is split into two pyruvate molecules during glyoclysis. Then, the pyruvate is made into acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA is oxidized in the citric acid cycle to make two molecules of CO2 per cycle. In fermentation glucose, after turning into 2 pyruvate molecules, is converted into a waste product so it can create NAD+ for glycolysis.

How carbon reacts during photosynthesis(light-dependent reaction)

In the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis it converts light energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH. ATP and NADPH are both used for the light-independent reactions. This reaction occurs in the stacked thylakoids of the chloroplasts.

What happens to the carbon atom during cellular respiration & fermentation?

Photosynthesis

Carbon transferred between molecules

Carbon atoms movement between molecules

Cellular Respiration & Fermentation

What happens to carbom atoms during the transition between photosynthesis and respiration

How carbon reacts during photosynthesis(light-independent reaction)

Photosynthesis & Respiration

During the light-independent reaction of photosyntehsis synthesized ATP and NADPH are used to provide energy for the synthesis of glucose and other organic molecules from nonorganic carbon dioxide & water. The carbon atoms are "fixed" from CO2 to the carbon skeletons of existing organic molecules. This reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis

2.06 Introduction to Photosynthesis

Andre Carvajal

Ms. Melanie Joseph

Carbon atoms are transferred between molecules in a variety of different ways. First, electrons are moved in the electron transport chains within the thylakoid membrane. Every 12 of the three-carbon molecules made, two of them are removed to build organic compounds and 10 continue on in the chain. The removed molecules bond together forming six-carbon sugar like glucose. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releases oxygen gas. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Some microorganisms go through anaerobic alcoholic fermentation, producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Here is a presentation on photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other autotrophs use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. The carbon atom is transferred between molecules in a series of reactions that take place in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions.

During the light-dependent reactions, the energy from sunlight is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, and the hydrogen is used to create ATP and NADPH, which are energy-carrying molecules.

During the light-independent reactions, the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. The carbon atom is transferred from carbon dioxide to a molecule called ribulose bisphosphate, and then it is passed through a series of reactions that eventually produce glucose.

How carbon atom is transferred between molecules:

The carbon atom is transferred between molecules in a series of chemical reactions. In the light-dependent reactions, the carbon atom is transferred from carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate by a process called carbon fixation. In the light-independent reactions, the carbon atom is passed through a series of reactions that eventually produce glucose.

The molecules involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration include:

Carbon dioxide: A gas that is made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. It is the starting material for photosynthesis and the end product of cellular respiration.

Water: A liquid that is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is the starting material for photosynthesis and is used to produce oxygen.

Glucose: A sugar that is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms. It is the end product of photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for cells.

ATP: A molecule that stores energy in its chemical bonds. It is produced during photosynthesis and cellular respiration and is used to power cellular activities.

NADPH: A molecule that carries electrons. It is produced during photosynthesis and is used to power cellular reactions.

The movement of electrons and energy

The movement of electrons and energy is essential for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. During photosynthesis, the energy from sunlight is used to split water molecules and produce ATP and NADPH. These molecules are then used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce ATP and carbon dioxide. The electrons from glucose are passed through a series of reactions that eventually produce ATP. The energy from these reactions is used to power cellular activities.

Transitioning between photosynthesis and respiration

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are closely linked. The products of photosynthesis, such as ATP and NADPH, are used to power cellular respiration, and the products of cellular respiration, such as carbon dioxide, are used as a starting material for photosynthesis.

In some cases, organisms can switch between photosynthesis and respiration depending on the availability of sunlight. For example, plants can switch to respiration at night when there is no sunlight available.

Conclusion

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two essential processes that allow life to exist on Earth. These processes convert light energy into chemical energy, which is then used to power cellular activities. The movement of electrons and energy between these two processes is essential for life.

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Answer:

Three theoretical models for the replication of DNA had been proposed in the past. Out of these, the method of semi-conservative replication is most widely accepted.

Conservative replication: In this method, no DNA unwinding takes place. The parent DNA gives rise to daughter DNA.

Dispersive Method: In this method, the chains in the DNA molecule break and recombination occurs randomly. The daughter and parent strands will have segments of recombinant DNA.

Semi- conservative: In this method, the two strands of the double helix unwind. Each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand.

DNA replication is more complex in eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have a single point of origin from where the replication begins. Eukaryotes have multiple points of origin. Eukaryotic cells have a unidirectional method of replication whereas prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes just have two polymerases whereas eukaryotes have more than four. The replication rate is faster in prokaryotes.

Explanation:

B. tissue - level organization

The position of the earth relative to the sun, its atmosphere, and the huge amount of water make the Earth particularly well-suited to support life.

Therefore, the position of the earth relative to the sun, its atmosphere, and the huge amount of water make the Earth particularly well-suited to support life.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Geneticists use letters to represent alleles of different characters.

(Alleles: one of the two or more alleles  of a character.)

A single letter is used to represent both the alleles of a particular character.

A capital letter represents a dominant allele, while a small letter represents a recessive one.

The letters do not just have one standard representation. same letter can be used to represent different characters. However, the letters may relate to the allele. For example: the letter 'B' can be used to represent Brown eyes.

Answer:

           T            t

T       TT           Tt

T        TT           Tt

The punnet square shows that there will be a 50% chance that the offsrpings will have tall height and there is a 50% chance that the offsprings will have intermediate height.

Incomplete dominance can be described as a phenomenon in which the dominant trait is not completely dominant over a recessive trait. As a result, the organisms shows both the traits of the dominant and the recessive allele.

Answer: Whales have vestigial legs.  This suggests they ______.

ody ssey graded correct  C. descended from land animals

Explanation:

Yes. This ody ssey biology unit states that whales HAVE vestigial legs.

And that comparative embryology shows whales have leg buds which recede into the body before birth because scientists believe whales evolved more closely from land mammals and not fish.  *like human embryonic tails that grow into the coccyx/tailbone.

Answer:

The diagram is attached below.

Explanation:

when sodium and chlorine comes close together they form anion and cation. The compound formed is called sodium chloride.

Both atoms bonded together through ionic bond.

Ionic bond:

It is the bond which is formed by the transfer of electron from one atom to the atom of another element.  

Both bonded atoms have very large electronegativity difference. The atom with large electronegativity value accept the electron from other with smaller value of electronegativity.

For example:

Sodium chloride is ionic compound. The electronegativity of chlorine is 3.16 and for sodium is 0.93. There is large difference is present. That's why electron from sodium is transfer to the chlorine. Sodium becomes positive and chlorine becomes negative ion.

When sodium atom comes close proximity to a chlorine atom it looses an electron to form Na^+ while chlorine atom gains an electron to form Cl^-.

An ionic compound is formed when electron(s) is/are transferred from a metal to a non metal. This leads to the formation of a cation (positively charged ion) and an anion (negatively charged ion). The both are kept together by electrostatic interaction between the ions involved to give an ion pair.

Sodium and chlorine form the ionic compound sodium chloride. The compound is formed when a sodium atom approaches a chlorine atom and looses its outermost electron to chlorine as shown in the image attached to this answer. When this occurs, sodium ions and chloride ions are formed as shown.

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The type of mutation that results in the formation of  a protein with one incorrect amino acid is missene mutation.

Explanation:

Missene mutations are point mutations where there a change occurs in a single nucleotide. This results in a different codon and the production of a different amino acid. Missene mutation is one of the simplest types of mutation.

Sometimes missene mutation cause the production of  a protein that is similar to the protein which was o be produced. In this case much variations are not produced. This is called conservative mutation.  

Some amino  acids are encoded by more than one codon and if a mutation results in  a new codon which codes for the same amino acid there will be no change in the protein produced. This is called synonymous substitution.

Diseases like sickle cell anaemia are caused by missene mutation.

Yes, human activities are a significant cause of the increase in the amount of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

The increasing amount of [tex]CO_2[/tex] is a big problem in today's world for the atmosphere. Human activities are playing a vital role in the rise in [tex]CO_2[/tex]. Carbon emission is majorly happening because of pollution. The pollution by vehicle, wax factories, chemical factories, etc. also, some other kinds of Carbon emission activities are there like burning coal and plastic produces Carbon in very high amount and this Carbon directly mix into the atmosphere.

Due to the increase in [tex]CO_2[/tex], both natural and agricultural ecosystems are suffering. [tex]CO_2[/tex] causes air pollution, and because of that, the quality of crops is declining day by day. Also, the natural vegetation is struggling as the rainwater is also not pure; the amount of acidic content in natural rain is increasing per year. All these activities are leading towards global warming, which one day will bring our earth to an end. So it is imperative to take some severe legal measures to save the environment and decline the amount of [tex]CO_2[/tex] producing.