RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which takes place in several phases including initiation, elongation, and termination.
The process in which RNA polymerase helps synthesize mRNA from a DNA template is known as transcription. This process begins with the binding of RNA polymerase to a DNA promoter sequence. The DNA unwinds to form a transcription bubble, where the enzyme reads the template strand of the DNA from 3' to 5', while synthesizing the complementary mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction. RNA polymerase uses ribonucleotide triphosphates (rNTPs) to add new nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, and divalent metal ions like Mg2+ are necessary for the catalysis of this reaction. Transcription continues with the elongation phase where RNA polymerase keeps adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand until it reaches a terminator sequence that signals the end of transcription. The resulting mRNA then undergoes further processing and eventually exits the nucleus to be translated into a protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Fungi, like bacteria, help to convert dead plants and animals and their wastes into ammonia (NH3) in the soil. Plants absorb nitrates from the soil to make proteins. This conversion is carried out by bacteria and fungi through the process of
Final answer:
Bacteria and fungi convert organic matter into ammonia through ammonification, which is the first step of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrifying bacteria then transform ammonia into nitrites and nitrates in a process called nitrification. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back to nitrogen gas through denitrification.
Explanation:
The process by which bacteria and fungi convert dead plants and animals and their wastes into ammonia (NH3) in the soil is known as ammonification. This is one of the several steps in the nitrogen cycle, an essential process in the ecosystem for recycling nitrogen. After ammonification, nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas convert ammonia to nitrites (NO₂), and then to nitrates (NO₃), in a process called nitrification. Finally, denitrifying bacteria, like Pseudomonas and Clostridium, turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas through denitrification. Plants utilize ammonium and nitrates to produce organic nitrogen, which supports the growth of plants and the animals that consume them.
Consider a simple food web consisting of plants, aphids, ants, and ladybird beetles. Aphids are herbivores that consume the plants, and ladybird beetles are a predator that eats aphids. The ants obtain nutritious honeydew from the aphids, and in return the ants protect the aphids from predatory insects. What is likely to happen to the ladybird beetles, aphids, and plants if the ants go extinct
Explanation:
Food web explains the feeding relationship between organisms
The given food web consists of plants,aphids,ants and ladybird beetlesAphids are herbivores which consume plants Ladybird beetles are a predator which eats aphids Ants obtain nutritious honeydew from the aphids and also protect the aphids from predatory insectsMutualism exists between ants and aphids as both are benefited from each otherIf ants go extinct then aphids population will soon start to diminish because aphids protected the ants and therefore now ladybird beetles will directly attack on aphidsIf aphids will start to decrease then plants population will increase because if aphids will decrease then they won't be able to consume plants and hence plant population will increase Ladybird beetles act as a predator and will also soon start to diminsh as ants number will decrease then ladybird beetles will soon die due to starvationFirmicutes have contrasting approaches to reproduction. Select an approach for a firmicutes that inhabits a place where substrates will run out and require relocation to the GI track allowing the microbe to access substrates and start vegetative growth again (like a rodent's GI tract):
a. Multisporulation as in Metabacterium polispora
b. One reinforced endospore as in Bacillus subtilis
c. Internal cell division as in Epulopiscium fishelsoni
d. Highly motile arthrospores as in the case of Streptomycetes
Answer:
b. One reinforced endospore as in Bacillus subtilis
Explanation:
The Firmicutes are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure. A few, however, such as Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Selenomonas and Zymophilus, have a porous pseudo-outer membrane that causes them to stain gram-negative.
Metabacterium polyspora is an unusual multiple endospore-producing bacterium isolated from the cecum of guinea pigs. This bacterium is physically similar to the phylogenetically related surgeonfish intestinal symbiont Epulopiscium fishelson.
Epulopiscium spp. are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with surgeonfish. These bacteria are known for their unusually large size, many ranging from 200–700 μm in length.
Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content.
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.
Select the statement that best describes homeostasis:
A. internal mechanisms that decrease physiological variables.
B. prevention of changes from happening within the human body.
C. maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium within the human body.
D. spontaneous induction of changes to alter the internal state of the body.
Answer: C. maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium within the human body.
Explanation:
Homeostasis is the maintenance of body equilibrium. This is done by constantly adjusting to the changes in the body system. There is a set point in the body homoestasis ensure that irrespective of the changes in the body system it goes back to the set point.
The changes in the environment is sensed by the receptor which then send signals to the brain from where the receptors picks it up and respond. The respond could either contrast or relaxes in its response.
Homoestasis is maintained by negative feed back and it is controller in the nervous system in mammals.
Answer:
C. maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium within the human body.
Explanation:
Homeostasis is a phenomenon which organisms undergo in order to maintain a dynamic state of equilibrium. Homeostasis helps mainly in the balance of the body’s temperature and fluid.
When organisms are exposed to external conditions such as heat, cold etc , the body tries to balance the internal body system for its optimal functioning and survival. Excess heat can cause dehydration and death but the body uses the sweating mechanism in which the skin excretes little water and then it cools off on the skin thereby reducing the heat content.
When the z disk moves toward the M line the muscles contract true or false
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
The sliding filament model states that, during muscular contraction, each sarcomere is shrunk, moving the Z disks closer together and towards the M line. The amplitude of the A band doesn't change, but both the I bands and the H zone almost completely disappear. This happens because the actin and myosin filaments slide against one another, thus the actin filaments occupy the A band and the H zone.
Which of these is an example of parasitism?
Your answer:
A lion defends its territory.
A squirrel stores food in a tree hole.
A polar bear kills and eats a seal.
You are studying body color in an African spider and have found that it is controlled by a single gene with four alleles: B (brown), br (red), bg (green), and by (yellow). B is dominant to all the other alleles, and by is recessive to all the other alleles. The bg allele is dominant to by but recessive to br. You cross a brown (B/by) spider with a pure-breeding green spider. Predict the phenotype of the progeny.
Answer:
50% are brown.50% are green.Explanation:
Given;
B allele is for brown color, so B = brown,
br= red,
bg= green,
by= yellow.
B is dominant over all;
bg is dominant over by;
br is dominant over bg;
by is recessive to all other alleles.
Here, cross between brown (B/by) and pure green (bg/bg).
B/by× bg/bg
progeny
Genotype= B/bg, B/bg, by/bg and by/bg.
Phenotype= B/bg= brown;
by/bg= green
So, 1/2 are brown and 1/2 are green.
In this genetics problem, we are predicting the phenotype of the progeny from a cross between a heterozygous brown spider and a homozygous green spider. Given the dominance relationships of the alleles, the offspring can be either brown (B/bg) or green (by/bg).
Explanation:This question pertains to genetics, specifically, allele dominance. In the given scenario, the B (brown) allele is dominant over all other alleles which means a spider will be brown if it has at least one B allele. The by (yellow) allele is recessive to all other alleles, indicating that a spider will only be yellow if it inherits the by allele from both parents and doesn't have any B allele. The bg (green) allele is dominant to by but recessive to br, hence, a spider will be green if it doesn't have a B or br allele and at least one bg allele.
When a brown spider (B/by) is crossed with a pure-breeding green spider (bg/bg), the offspring will inherit one allele from each parent. Thus, there are two possibilities: B/bg and by/bg. As B is dominant to all, the phenotype of B/bg spider will be brown. For by/bg, since bg is dominant to by, the phenotype will be green. Therefore, the expected phenotypes of the offspring are either brown or green.
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. Statements: (1) Collagen, the most abundant protein in humans, is both a fibrous protein and a glycoprotein. (2) Quaternary structure, the highest level of protein organization, is found in all proteins in which 80 or more amino acids are present. (3) A protein chain lacks directionality because its two ends always involve the same amino acid. a. All three statements are true. b. Two of the three statements are true. c. Only one of the statements is true. d. None of the statements are true.
Answer:
c. Only one of the statements is true
Explanation:
Quaternary structure, the highest level of protein organization in which association of several protein chains are closely arranged. The protein subunits are attached together by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds between nonpolar side chains. it is present in all the proteins which have 80 or more amino acids are present.
Collagen, is most abundant protein in the animal kingdom. It is insoluble fibrous protein present in the extracellular matrix and in connective tissue.
A protein chain has directionality consist of a free amino group at one end, and a free carboxyl group on other end.
Hence, only (2) statement is true the correct option is c.
Answer:
c. Only one of the statements is true-(2) Quaternary structure, the highest level of protein organization, is found in all proteins in which 80 or more amino acids are present.
Explanation: Quantenary structure of a protein is a closely packed or complex organization of proteins together as a result of many polypeptide or subunit of protein joined together. Each subunit has it own primary,secondary and tertiary structure. For protein to function effectively, the subunit must be arranged in an organized or patterned form. It is the highest level of protein organization. Others included primary,secondary and terrier structure.
Example of Quantenary is Heamoglobin that is located in Red blood cell and used for transportation of oxygen and DNA(deoxyribose nucleic acid) Polymerase needing for replication of DNA strand.
Nucleases are enzymes that "cut" nucleic acids by breaking the phosphodiester bonds that link neighboring nucleotides on the same strand. There are two general types of nuclease activity: endonuclease activity, which cuts within a molecule, and exonuclease activity, which removes successive nucleotides from the end of a molecule. Which type of nuclease activity is performed by DNA Polymerase (Pol III) to remove mismatched nucleotides during DNA replication?
Answer:
The correct answer is: exonuclease activity.
Explanation:
DNA Polymerase is an enzyme of critical importance for the replication of the DNA. DNA needs to be replicated so, when entering Mitosis, each daughter cell can have a copy of the genetic material they need.
DNA Polymerase has an exonuclease activity in which mismatched nucleotides are removed from the newly replicated DNA strand in order to prevent mutations that can lead to malfunctioning or harmful proteins.
Answer:
The correct answer is Exonuclease Activity
Explanation:
The DNA polymerase (Pol III) also possess an error proofreading mechanism apart from it DNA synthesis ability by which it is able to proofread and correct misplaced nucleotides during the process of replication in the cell. Upon encountering, a nucleotide that has been incorrectly incorporated, it corrects this error through the exonuclease activty which removes successive nucleotides from the end of a molecule.
To be classified as organic, a chemical’s molecules must be
Answer:
based on carbon
Explanation:
Answer:
based on carbon
Explanation:
The type of liquid is the
What are you trying to ask?
Nylon-eating bacteria were discovered growing in ponds containing waste products from a nylon manufacturer. Further study revealed that the enzymes the bacteria used to digest the waste products were different from enzymes produced by other bacteria. Also, the enzymes were not effective on any material other than the nylon waste products. Nylon is an artificial product that was invented in 1935. What does this information MOST likely suggest about the development of the bacteria?
Select one:
a. Bacteria that can digest nylon have a reproductive advantage in the pond.
b. The availability of food forced a change in the living things in the area.
c. Bacteria can create enzymes to digest anything in their environment.
d. Natural selection eliminated the other bacteria in the pond ecosystem.
Answer:
d. Natural selection eliminated the other bacteria in the pond ecosystem.
Explanation:
Natural selection is a type of selection in which nature selects the most suited species or organisms for a particular environment. In this pond environment, only nylon eating bacteria survive due to the availability of food in the form of nylon while all other bacteria die due to the unavailability of food or they are unable to consume nylon in the pond. So that's why nylon eating bacteria survived and other bacteria removed from the pond.
If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false, replace the italicized word or phrase to make it true. 9. Penicillin is a drug that comes from a fungus. Another fungus is the source of antiheadache drugs for organ transplant patients. 10. People eat fungi such as truffles, mushrooms, and the yeast in bread. Fungi also give flavor to cheeses and soda drinks. 11. Respiration produces airy bread and the alcohol in beer and wine. 12. The use of fungi and bacteria to remove pollution is called enviroremediation
Answer:
Each statement is followed by an indication for whether the statement is true or false and an explanation:
9. Penicillin is a drug that comes from a fungus. Another fungus is the source of antiheadache drugs for organ transplant patients.
The first part of this statement is true, penicillium is the fungus that produces penicillium. However, there isn't a record of antiheadache drugs being produced from a fungus for organ transplant patients, or otherwise for that matter.
10. People eat fungi such as truffles, mushrooms, and the yeast in bread. Fungi also give flavor to cheeses and soda drinks.
True. Not all types of fungi are harmful to us, there are several ways we take advantage of micro-organisms and this is just on example.
11. Respiration produces airy bread and the alcohol in beer and wine.
True. The yeast cells undergo aerobic respiration in case of making bread, it's the carbon dioxide they release that causes the bread to rise. During anaerobic respiration, the yeast cells produce alcohol - this process is also called as fermentation.
12. The use of fungi and bacteria to remove pollution is called enviroremediation
False. Environmental remediation is a general term for removing pollution in the environment. When bacteria and fungi are used to help in this process, it is referred to as Bioremediation.
Hope that answers the question, have a great day!
9. True
10. True.
11. True.
12. False.
The following information should be considered:
9. It is true because penicillium is the fungus that generated penicillium. But, there isn't a record of antiheadache drugs being generated from a fungus for organ transplant patients
10. True. As we know that Not all types of fungi should be harmful to us, there are various ways we take advantage of micro-organisms .
11. True. The yeast cells undergo aerobic respiration by making bread, it's the carbon dioxide they release that causes the bread to rise. During anaerobic respiration, the yeast cells generated alcohol - this process is also called as fermentation.
12. False. Environmental remediation is a general term for removing pollution in the environment. At the time When bacteria and fungi are used to help in this process, it is known as Bioremediation.
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How might pausing be detected? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. ResetHelp Pausing can be detected by gel electrophoresis and autoradiographyPausing can be detected by blank in experiments involving transcription blank with blank. After incubation, isolate labeled R N A products and subject to blank. Any paused species will accumulate and can be detected. in experiments involving transcription in vivoPausing can be detected by blank in experiments involving transcription blank with blank. After incubation, isolate labeled R N A products and subject to blank. Any paused species will accumulate and can be detected. with radiolabeled nucleotidesPausing can be detected by blank in experiments involving transcription blank with blank. After incubation, isolate labeled R N A products and subject to blank. Any paused species will accumulate and can be detected.. After incubation, isolate labeled RNA products and subject to gel electrophoresis and autoradiographyPausing can be detected by blank in experiments involving transcription blank with blank. After incubation, isolate labeled R N A products and subject to blank. Any paused species will accumulate and can be detected.. Any paused species will accumulate and can be detected.
RNA transcription pauses can be identified using gel electrophoresis and autoradiography in vivo experiments with radiolabeled nucleotides. The isolated RNA products are subjected to gel electrophoresis where any paused species can be detected.
Explanation:Pausing can be detected by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography in experiments involving transcription in vivo with radiolabeled nucleotides. This process allows for the identification of any paused species in the transcription process. Scientists can probe nucleic acid samples for the presence of these sequences, separating these fragments according to size using gel electrophoresis. These fragments are then subjected to autoradiography. When the RNA products are isolated after incubation, they are subjected to this process. Any paused species will accumulate over time and can be detected due to the radiolabeled nucleotides used in the process.
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ATP is a source of free energy that drives unfavorable reactions. Which of the processes are coupled to the dephosphorylation of ATP?
A. the exergonic hydrolysis of creatine phosphate
B. reversible isomerization of glucose‑6‑phosphate to fructose‑6‑phosphate during glucose catabolism
C. de novo (from scratch) anabolism of nucleotides
D. myosin action during muscle contraction
Answer:
Explanation:
ATP is a source of free energy that drives unfavorable reactions. Which of the processes are coupled to the dephosphorylation of ATP?
C. de novo (from scratch) anabolism of nucleotides
D. myosin action during muscle contraction
Scientists are studying the structure and function of receptor x, a single-polypeptide protein that is found in the membrane around certain types of cells. receptor x contains no alpha-helices or beta sheets. a specific molecule outside the cells is recognized and bound by receptor x. the binding of the molecule to receptor x causes the cells to have a particular response. identify the process used to form the covalent peptide bonds that join amino acids into a polypeptide
The process used to form the covalent peptide bonds joining amino acids into polypeptide is : Condensation reaction
Although your question is incomplete attached below is the missing data related to your question.
Covalent Peptide bonds are bonds formed between the carboxyl group of a molecule reacting with the amino group of a different molecule producing water molecule as part of its product. and this process is known as dehydration synthesis mechanism ( aka Condensation reaction )
Hence the process used to form the covalent peptide bonds joining amino acids into a polypeptide is Condensation reaction
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Final answer:
The covalent peptide bonds forming polypeptides are created during protein synthesis, specifically in the translation stage. Receptor X involves in signal transduction by binding to an external ligand and initiating an intracellular response without the ligand entering the cell.
Explanation:
The process used to form the covalent peptide bonds that join amino acids into a polypeptide is called protein synthesis. Specifically, this takes place during a stage called translation, where ribosomes translate mRNA sequences into polypeptide chains using tRNA molecules that bring the specific amino acids. These amino acids are then connected through peptide bonds, resulting in a long chain that folds into a functional protein. Regarding Receptor X, its response to a molecule binding can be thought of as part of signal transduction, a process where an extracellular signal is converted to an intracellular action. Receptor X, as described, is a cell-surface receptor that is involved in signalling without the need for the ligand to enter the cell.
A chromosomes has the following segments, where represents the centromere: M N O P Q R S T Give the chromosome sequences that would result from the following mutations: a. Deletion of MN b. Pericentric inversion of NOP c. Inversion of RS, followed by tandem duplication of QRST
Answer:
a. O | | PQRST
b. MP | | ONQRST
c. MNO | | PQSRTQRST
Explanation:
Deletion of MN: this refers to the removal of the MN segment from the seuence. thus we will have:
MNO | | PQRST - O | | PQRST
Pericentric inversion of NOP: this is a type of chromosomal rearrangement in which the order of sequence of changed through a 180 degrees orientation and this involves the centromere. thus, we will have
MNO | | PQRST - MP | | ONQRST
Inversion of RS: this does not include the centromere and is called a paracentric inversion.
MNO | | PQRST - MNO | | PQSRT
then followed by tandem duplication of QRST. Thus we will have:
MNO | | PQSRTQRST
Choose all of the following that are examples of SECONDARY SUCCESSION? a. wild fire b. volcanic eruption c. glacier melting d. flood e. tsunami f. abandoned parking lot
Answer:
i think it would be A for wild fire, D for flood and E for Tsunami
Explanation: wild fire are one of the most common ways for a secondary succession that can bring change when the environment is disturbed or damaged. For instance, by allowing fast-growing plants to grow and provide a source of food and shelter for many animals to use and eventually draw them back into the ecosystem. Both flooding and tsunamis help push older organisms and other stuff from the environment to create for room for other plants and animals to come and keep the ecosystem healthy and ongoing.
i hope this can help you with your work mate!
Secondary succession is the reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in areas where the soil is left intact. Natural disasters like wildfire and floods, or human activities causing areas to be abandoned are examples of secondary succession.
Explanation:Secondary succession refers to the series of community changes that occur in previously colonized but disturbed or damaged habitats. Examples of disturbances include fires, floods, windstorms, and human activities such as deforestation. Therefore, the correct answers from your set of options are a. wildfire, d. flood and f. abandoned parking lot. When these events occur, they eliminate or reduce the local vegetation, alter the availability of resources, and create opportunities for new species to colonize.
In the case of a wildfire, the area becomes devoid of life but the nutrients are returned to the ground in the form of ash, making the soil ready for new life. Similarly, floods and abandonment of areas such as parking lots create a void that nature quickly tries to fill, leading to secondary succession. The species that establish first (pioneer species) will change the environment in a way that either promotes or hinders the establishment of other species.
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Which of the following is an example of a scientific paradigm? A) Neo Darwinism, in ecology and evolution B) Survival of the Fittest C) The Copernican model of the solar system D) The Aquatic Ape theory of human evolution E) A and C
Answer:
A) Neo Darwinism, in ecology and evolution
Explanation:
Answer:
Option E.
A and C
Explanation:
A scientific paradigm is a framework which contains all of the distinct, established patterns, theories, common methods and standards that allow us to recognize an experimental result as belonging to a field or not.
Both options A and C fit as scientific frameworks for the building of various theories and conducting experiments.
Neo Darwinism is generally used to describe any integration of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics. This paradigm provided a robust framework from which several theories and theory-revisions of evolution were made.The Copernican model of the solar system is a paradigm that describes the planetary revolutions of the solar system following the heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.The reasoning pattern, served as framework for the development of other theories. like Kepler's laws, Theory of relativity, etcThe other options B and C are just theories or hypotheses drawn out from other paradigms they do not provide the robust framework for scientific discovery that a paradigm does.
Which of the following would have the greatest ecosystem diversity? Group of answer choices a lake a prairie the land an organic farmer uses to raise crops to feed his dairy cattle a large island in the tropics that has snowcapped mountains
Options:
a lake a prairie the land an organic farmer uses to raise crops to feed his dairy cattle a large island in the tropics that has snowcapped mountainsAnswer:
a large island in the tropics that has snowcapped mountains
Explanation:
The land a farmer uses is likely to be quite highly regulated in order to ensure that his dairy cattle thrive. That means the growth of certain plants will be controlled, and this will likely impact diversity.
A lake and a prairie could have diverse and balanced ecosystems. However, due to the limited habitat are likely only to harbour specific organisms. E.g. the lake will only harbor organisms that thrive in water environments.
A large island will, first of all, have a lot of space to support diversity. It is in the tropics, meaning it will have species suited to a hot and wet environment. Since it is an island, there will also be the involvement of sea/ocean dwelling creatures. However, there is also mountainous habitat that has snow, meaning it is high up and cold. This provides a habitat for even more species adapted to different environments.
Therefore, the island will be the most diverse.
Answer:
a large island in the tropics that has snow-capped mountains
Explanation:
A tropical land area/ecosystem will by far have the greatest diversity in the ecosystem.
Biodiversity is the variation of life forms in an area. This is usually a function of the number of lives an area can support.
The tropics have abundant energy and the net production is very high. Since there is availability of food for most organisms, different life form will find it easy to thrive in such an area. Tropical regions of the world are the most biodiverse in the world with a rich fauna and floral abundance.Thedreaded pathogenic bacterium J. grocious makes a toxin called BalD. There are two allelic forms of balD, with the balD-1 allele encoding the more potent form of the toxin, and balD-2 allele encoding the less potent form of the toxin. Every person in Champaign-Urbana is infected with one of two possible strains of J. grocious, which differ only in whether the strain carries balD-1 allele or balD-2 allele. If the allelic frequency of J. grocious strains carrying the balD-1 allele is 0.8 in Champaign (population = 80,000), and 0.6 in (Urbana = 50,000), then what is the allelic frequency of J. grocious strains carrying the less toxic balD allele within the population of the combined cities of Champaign-Urbana?
Answer:
0.27
Explanation:
Please see attachment
are nucleic acids proteins
Answer:
Proteins are polymers of amino acids while nucleotides are sugar molecules covalently bonded to nitrogenous bases, which can be either a purine or prymidine
How can you (and scientists) tell that a model is good? What kinds of tests can you run to assess the validity of a climate change model?
Model validity can be assessed by analyzing past and present data, such as glacier dimensions, water levels, tree rings, and greenhouse gas levels. Scientific research aiming to develop a deeper understanding of these factors and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere can also help improve model accuracy.
Explanation:A good model, whether physical or computer-based, is built around a hypothesis and can effectively test this hypothesis. The validity of these models, such as those used in climate change considerations, can be assessed through a variety of tests.
For example, scientists can predict the rise in Earth's temperature by analyzing previous and current data such as the dimensions and locations of glaciers, as well as the water levels in lakes, rivers, and oceans. Analysis of annual tree rings and greenhouse gas levels in the current atmosphere are also methods employed to validate climate change models.
Additionally, scientific questions that lead to an improved understanding of temperature acclimation or advancements in modeling atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can further enhance the accuracy of these models. This combination of past data, current measurements, and ongoing scientific inquiry helps ensure that models provide a realistic representation of our planet's changing climate.
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Which type of response identifies a specific pathogen in the body?
A(n)
response
Answer:
specific immune response.
Explanation:
The two divisions of immune response that identifies pathogens in the body are; The specific immune response and non-specific immune response.
The non-specific immune response acts fast as soon it recognize the pathogens, then attack and destroy it. It's action is so fast that it destroy infections within some minutes. While
specific immune response, act as post agent that attack and destroy pathogens that are could not be destroyed by the non-specific defenses response, though it takes hours for the specific immune response to respond to pathogens.
Note: A pathogen is reffers to as a biological agent that bring disease or to its host body.
Answer:
A(n) immune response.
Explanation:
I took the assesment and it said this was the answer.
Which of the following statements is(are) TRUE of pulmonary edema? I. Pulmonary edema may reduce lung compliance II. Pulmonary edema occurs when interstitial fluid accumulates in tissues of the lung III. Pulmonary edema may increase the rate of oxygen loading IV. A person with severe pulmonary edema is likely to have lower-than-normal oxygen saturation
Answer:
II. Pulmonary edema occurs when interstitial fluid accumulates in tissues of the lung
Explanation:
Pulmonary edema is a condition that occurs when excess of fluid filled in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
Symptoms of pulmonary edema include wheezing, extreme shortness of breath, Cold, clammy skin, feeling of suffocating or drowning , Anxiety, and restlessness or a sense of apprehension.
Treatment for pulmonary edema depends on the cause and generally include supplemental oxygen and medications.
Hence, the correct option is II. Pulmonary edema occurs when interstitial fluid accumulates in tissues of the lung.
Answer:II. Pulmonary edema occurs when interstitial fluid accumulates in tissues of the lung
IV. A person with severe pulmonary edema is likely to have lower-than-normal oxygen saturation
Explanation:
Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid enters into the lungs and accumulate. It a situation that occur when air do not enter into the alveoli( air sac) but fluid enters an accumulate in the air sac leading to shortage of oxygen in the blood stream.
Symptoms ranges from,
Gapsing for breath
Cold and clammy skin
Difficulty in breathing with sweat
Confusion
Pulmonary edema when in severe case lead to supplemental oxygen.
In his early work on the Citric Acid Cycle, Hans Krebs made measurements of oxygen consumption by suspensions of muscle cells. He found that addition of succinate, fumarate or malate to the cell suspension stimulated oxygen consumption, and that the amount of oxygen consumed was about 10-fold more than the amount needed for the complete oxidation of the added compound. Moreover, the succinate, fumarate or malate was not consumed by the cell suspension but was still detectable at the end of the experiment. What is the correct interpretation of these observations
Answer:
TCA sequence succinate, fumarate or malate is that the intermediary composite. separately kind that influence interruption conjointly comprises product of metabolic process (pyruvate) that is the 1st substrate of TCA sequence once it react with acetyl radical CoA and change its state. This change state particle additional regenerate into iso-citrate and alpha-keto glutarate. Throughout the adaptation of iso-citrate to alpha- keto glutarate oxygen is utilized and greenhouse emission is free. That’s the reason why oxygen utilization is increased.
D.V., a 32-year-old man, is being admitted to the medical floor from the neurology clinic with symptomsof multiple sclerosis (MS). D.V. has experienced increasing urinary frequency and urgency over the past2 months. Because his female partner was treated for a sexually transmitted infection, D.V. underwenttreatment, but the symptoms did not resolve. D.V. has also recently had two brief episodes of eye "fuzziness" associated with diplopia and flashes of brightness. He has noticed ascending numbness and weakness of the right arm with the inability to hold objects over the past few days. Now he reports rapidly progressing weakness in his legs along with blurred, patchy vision.
Required:
MS is associated with scattered, patchy demyelinization of the central nervous system (CNS). What does myelin do? What is demyelinization?
Answer:
Myelin sheath:
It is a multilayered lipid and protien covering produced by neuroglia ( Schwann cells in PNS and Oligodendrocytes in CNS). It has following functions:
It acts as an insulator thus restricting impulses within the single nerve fibres.Prevents the stimulation of neighbouring nerve fibers.Increase the speed of impulse conduction through the nerve fibres, the impulses jump from one node to another.It covers the axis cylinder from damaged and suppressed.It provides nutrients to axis cylinder.Demyelination:
Demyelination is defined as the disruption of the myelin sheath. It ma occur in both CNS and ANS. It may be inherited or acquired.
Demyelination occurs in :
Autoimmune diseasesInfectious diseasesToxinsMetabolic processesVascular process.Multiple sclerosisEncephalomyelitisAnswer:
The myelin is the component of the myelin sheath which surrounds the entire length of the axon.it is made up of water, lipid and protein It is rapped in concentric fashion or rings along the length of axon, in a process called myelination or myelinization
its major functions are to protect the axon, to maintain insulation, to speed up the rate of transmission of action potential through salutatory conduction along the nodes of Ranvier of an axon and ultimately to maintain the integrity of the action potential along the axon.
When the myelin of the myelin sheath is damaged or degenerated ( example in the axons of the brain and spinal cord) and replaced with hard patch layer demyelinization occurs. It affect the conducts and transmission of the action potentials and therefore results in loss of motor control as exemplified in the question.
Explanation:
Body fluid accounts for more than 50% of a healthy adult’s body weight and water plays a critical role in human health.
Three possible body functions are listed below. Decide which are functions of water and which are not.
Body Functions
yes or no
Acts to maintain body temperature
Protects against bacterial infections
Provides lubrication for organs
Dehydration occurs when water excretion __________________________ water intake. Individuals at risk include the elderly, infants, people exercising heavily for prolonged periods in the heat, and individuals suffering from both short and prolonged bouts of vomiting and diarrhea. Most problems associated with dehydration can be avoided if they are recognized and treated early. If left untreated, however, dehydration can lead to severe consequences including seizures, brain damage, shock, or even death.
Answer:
- These are functions of body water:
Acts to maintain body temperature (YES).Protects against bacterial infections (YES) .Provides lubrication for organs (YES).- Dehydration occurs when the excretion is higher than the intake.
Explanation:
1. One of the main functions of water in the body is to dissolve substances and facilitate their transport, which occurs in the blood flow and in the transport of transcellular substances. This allows the water to fulfill the function of:
Maintain body temperature, contributing to changes in circulation that lead to the maintenance and loss of heat. Protection against infection, by conducting leukocytes and immune system cells to the site of infection. Lubrication and cleaning of tissues and organs, where water is part of the bloodstream and other body fluids that remove waste products and can keep organic surfaces lubricated (urine, synovial fluid, serous fludi, among others).2. Water balance refers to the maintenance of an adequate amount of water in the body, which depends on intake and excretion.
When water intake decreases or excretion increases, there is a water imbalance -linked to the electrolytes dissolved in it- leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in the body.
These can be causes of dehydration:
a) Decreased intake, due to not having water or liquids to ingest.
b) Increased water loss due to:
increased sweating in hot environments. Vomiting. Diarrhea. Polyuria, or increased urine volume.1) Social media and technology have given teenagers more ways to act negatively toward each other. 2) Teens say they believe social media has a positive impact on their lives, with some reporting that it makes them feel "depressed, less popular, less confident, and worse about themselves." 3) These teens are being bullied or are judging themselves because of what they see or experience through technology. 4) Teens should be monitored when they are online to prevent them from acting negatively toward each other. Which sentence should be revised because it presents conflicting information? Which sentence should be revised because it shows bias?
Answer:
sentence 2 then 4
Explanation:
The sentence should be revised because it shows bias is
2) Teens say they believe social media has a positive impact on their lives, with some reporting that it makes them feel "depressed, less popular, less confident, and worse about themselves."
4) Teens should be monitored when they are online to prevent them from acting negatively toward each other.
What is conflicting information?Conflict is serious disagreement and argument about something important. If two people or groups are in conflict, they have had a serious disagreement or argument and have not yet reached an agreement.
Learn more about conflicting information here: https://brainly.com/question/25462203
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what happens in anaphase 2
Answer:
During anaphase II, the third step of meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles.
Explanation: