It is proposed to use Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) to fuel spark-ignition engines. A typical sample of the fuel on a volume basis consists of: 70% propane C3H8; 5% butane C4H10; and 25% propene C3H6 The higher heating values of the fuels are 50.38 MJ/kg for propane, 49.56 MJ/kg for butane, and 48.95 MJ/kg for propene. a) Work out the overall combustion reaction for stoichiometric combustion of 1 mole of LPG with air, and determine the stoichiometric F/A and A/F ratios. b) What are the higher and lower heating values per unit mass of LPG?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

a)

The overall  balanced combustion  reaction is written as :

[tex]0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> 3.05CO_2 \ + \ 3.8H_2O \ + \ 18.612N_2[/tex]

[tex](F/A)_{stoichiometric} = 0.0424[/tex]

[tex](A/F)_{stoichiometric} = 23.562[/tex]

b)

the higher heating values [tex](HHV)_f[/tex] per unit mass of LPG = 49.9876 MJ/kg

the lower heating values [tex](LHV)_f[/tex] per unit mass of LPG = 46.4933 MJ/kg

Explanation:

a)

The stoichiometric equation can be expressed as :

[tex]0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> aCO_2 \ + \ bH_2O \ + \ cN_2[/tex]

Now, equating the coefficient of carbon; we have:

(0.7×3)+(0.05×4)+(0.25×3) = a

a = 3.05

Also, Equating the coefficient of hydrogen : we have:

(0.7 × 8) +(0.05 × 10) + ( 0.25 × 6) = 2 b

2b = 7.6

b = 3.8

Equating the coefficient of oxygen

2x = 2a + b

[tex]x = \frac{2a+b}{2} \\ \\ x = \frac{2(3.05)+3.8}{2} \\ \\ x = 4.95[/tex]

Equating the coefficient of Nitrogen

[tex]c = 3.76x \\ \\ c = 3.76 *4.95 \\ \\ c = 18.612[/tex]

Therefore, The overall  balanced combustion  reaction can now be written as :

[tex]0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> 3.05CO_2 \ + \ 3.8H_2O \ + \ 18.612N_2[/tex]

Now;  To determine the stoichiometric F/A and A/F ratios; we have:

[tex](F/A)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{n_f}{n_a } \\ \\ (F/A)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{1}{4.95*(1+3.76)} \\ \\ (F/A)_{stoichiometric} = 0.0424[/tex]

[tex](A/F)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{n_a}{n_f } \\ \\ (A/F)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{4.95*(1+3.76)}{1} \\ \\ (A/F)_{stoichiometric} = 23.562[/tex]

b)

What are the higher and lower heating values per unit mass of LPG?

Let calculate the molecular mass of the fuel in order to determine their mass fraction of the fuel components.

Molecular mass of the fuel [tex]M_f = (0.7*M_{C_3H_5} ) + (0.05 *M_{C_4H_{10}}) + (0.25*M _{C_3H_6})[/tex]

= 30.8 + 2.9 + 10.5

= 44.2 kg/mol

Mass fraction of the fuel components can now be calculated as :

[tex]m_{C_3H_8} = \frac{30.8}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_3H_8} = 0.7 \\ \\ \\ m_{C_4H_{10}} = \frac[2.9}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_4H_{10}} = 0.06 \\ \\ \\ m_{C_3H_6} = \frac{10.5}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_3H_6} = 0.24[/tex]

Finally; calculating the higher heating values [tex](HHV)_f[/tex] per unit mass of LPG; we have:

[tex](HHV)_f=(0.7 * HHV_{C_3H_8}) + (0.06 *HHV_{C_4H_{10}})+(0.24*HHV_{C_3H_6} \\ \\ (HHV)_f=(0.7*50.38)+(0.06*49.56)+(0.24*48.95) \\ \\ (HHV)_f=49.9876 \ MJ/kg[/tex]

calculating the lower heating values [tex](LHV)_f[/tex] per unit mass of LPG; we have:

[tex](LHV)_f = (HHV)_f - \delta H_w \\ \\ (LHV)_f = (HHV)_f - [\frac{m_w}{m_f}h_{vap}] \\ \\ (LHV)_f = 49.9876 \ MJ/kg - [\frac{3.8*18}{44.2}*2.258 \ MJ/kg] \\ \\ (LHV)_f = 46.4933 \ M/kg[/tex]

Answer 2

The higher heating value (HHV) per unit mass of LPG is approximately 49.91 MJ/kg, and the lower heating value (LHV) per unit mass of LPG is approximately 44.92 MJ/kg.

To solve this problem, we will first determine the overall combustion reaction for stoichiometric combustion of 1 mole of LPG with air. Then, we will calculate the stoichiometric fuel-to-air (F/A) and air-to-fuel (A/F) ratios. Finally, we will find the higher and lower heating values per unit mass of LPG.

Step 1: Determine the overall combustion reaction

First, we need to calculate the moles of each component in the LPG mixture based on the given volume percentages:

- Propane (C3H8): 70% of the mixture

- Butane (C4H10): 5% of the mixture

- Propene (C3H6): 25% of the mixture

Since the mixture is on a volume basis, we can directly use the molar percentages for the calculations. We will assume 1 mole of LPG for simplicity, which means:

- Moles of propane: 0.70 moles

- Moles of butane: 0.05 moles

- Moles of propene: 0.25 moles

Next, we write the balanced combustion reactions for each component:

Propane: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

Butane: C4H10 + 6.5O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O

Propene: C3H6 + 4.5O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O

To find the overall reaction, we sum up the reactions for each component, taking into account their respective moles in the mixture:

Overall reaction = (0.70 * Propane reaction) + (0.05 * Butane reaction) + (0.25 * Propene reaction)

This gives us:

Overall reaction = (0.70 * (C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O)) + (0.05 * (C4H10 + 6.5O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O)) + (0.25 * (C3H6 + 4.5O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O))

Combining the terms, we get:

Overall reaction = (0.70C3H8 + 0.05C4H10 + 0.25C3H6) + (3.5O2 + 0.325O2 + 1.125O2) → (2.1CO2 + 0.2CO2 + 0.75CO2) + (2.8H2O + 0.25H2O + 0.75H2O)

Simplifying the coefficients by multiplying by the least common multiple to get whole numbers, we have:

Overall reaction = (7C3H8 + C4H10 + 2.5C3H6) + (35O2 + 3.25O2 + 11.25O2) → (21CO2 + 2CO2 + 7.5CO2) + (28H2O + 2.5H2O + 7.5H2O)

Further simplifying, we get:

Overall reaction = (7C3H8 + C4H10 + 2.5C3H6) + 50O2 → (29CO2 + 2.5CO2) + (35H2O + 2.5H2O)

Finally, the overall balanced reaction is:

Overall reaction = (7C3H8 + C4H10 + 2.5C3H6) + 50O2 → 31.5CO2 + 37.5H2O

Step 2: Calculate the stoichiometric F/A and A/F ratios

The stoichiometric F/A ratio is the ratio of the mass of fuel to the mass of air required for complete combustion. The stoichiometric A/F ratio is the inverse of the F/A ratio.

First, we need to calculate the molar mass of the LPG mixture:

Molar mass of LPG = (0.70 * Molar mass of C3H8) + (0.05 * Molar mass of C4H10) + (0.25 * Molar mass of C3H6)

Molar mass of C3H8 = 3 * 12.01 (for C) + 8 * 1.008 (for H) = 44.092 g/mol Molar mass of C4H10 = 4 * 12.01 + 10 * 1.008 = 58.124 g/mol Molar mass of C3H6 = 3 * 12.01 + 6 * 1.008 = 42.08 g/mol Molar mass of LPG = (0.70 * 44.092) + (0.05 * 58.124) + (0.25 * 42.08) ≈ 47.49 g/mol

Next, we calculate the mass of air required for the combustion of 1 mole of LPG. The stoichiometric combustion of hydrocarbons with air can be represented as

CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 → xCO2 + (y/2)H2O

For 1 mole of LPG, the mass of oxygen required is:

Mass of O2 = (7 + 1 + 2.5) * 32 (molar mass of O2) = 10.5 * 32 = 336 g

The mass of air required is the mass of O2 multiplied by the ratio of the molar mass of air to the molar mass of O2 (approximately 28.97/32):

Mass of air = 336 * (28.97/32) ≈ 309.7 g

Now, we can calculate the F/A and A/F ratios:

F/A = Mass of LPG / Mass of air = 47.49 / 309.7 ≈ 0.1533 A/F = Mass of air / Mass of LPG = 309.7 / 47.49 ≈ 6.52

Step 3: Calculate the higher and lower heating values per unit mass of LPG

The higher heating value (HHV) of the LPG mixture is calculated by taking the weighted average of the HHVs of its components:

HHV of LPG = (0.70 * HHV of C3H8) + (0.05 * HHV of C4H10) + (0.25 * HHV of C3H6) HHV of C3H8 = 50.38 MJ/kg HHV of C4H10 = 49.56 MJ/kg HHV of C3H6 = 48.95 MJ/kg HHV of LPG = (0.70 * 50.38) + (0.05 * 49.56) + (0.25 * 48.95) ≈ 49.91 MJ/kg

The lower heating value (LHV) is typically about 10% less than the HHV due to the energy used to vaporize the water produced during combustion. We can estimate the LHV as follows:

LHV of LPG ≈ HHV of LPG - 0.10 * HHV of LPG LHV of LPG ≈ 49.91 - 0.10 * 49.91 ≈ 44.92 MJ/kg

Final

The overall combustion reaction for stoichiometric combustion of 1 mole of LPG with air is:

[tex]\[ (7C3H8 + C4H10 + 2.5C3H6) + 50O2 → 31.5CO2 + 37.5H2O \][/tex]

The stoichiometric F/A and A/F ratios are approximately 0.1533 and 6.52, respectively.

The higher heating value (HHV) per unit mass of LPG is approximately 49.91 MJ/kg, and the lower heating value (LHV) per unit mass of LPG is approximately 44.92 MJ/kg.


Related Questions

Triphenylmethanol is insoluble in water, but when it is treated with concentrated H2SO4, a bright yellow solution results. As this yellow solution is diluted with water, its color disappears, and a precipitate of triphenylmethanol reappears. Suggest a structure for the bright yellow species.

Answers

Answer:

The product is triphenylmethane dye

Explanation:

The H2SO4 removes the OH

Leaving triphenylmethane dye

Find attached the suggested structure

Calculate the cell potential for the galvanic cell in which the reaction Fe ( s ) + Au 3 + ( aq ) − ⇀ ↽ − Fe 3 + ( aq ) + Au ( s ) occurs at 25 ∘ C , given that [ Fe 3 + ] = 0.00150 M and [ Au 3 + ] = 0.797 M .

Answers

Final answer:

To calculate the cell potential for the given galvanic cell reaction, you can use the Nernst equation and the standard cell potential. Plug in the concentrations of Fe3+ and Au3+ and calculate the cell potential using the Nernst equation at 25°C.

Explanation:

The cell potential for the galvanic cell can be calculated using the Nernst equation, which is given by: Ecell = E°cell - (0.0592/n) * log(Q)

where E°cell is the standard cell potential, n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction, and Q is the reaction quotient.

In this case, the reaction is: Fe(s) + Au3+(aq) -> Fe3+(aq) + Au(s)

The standard cell potential can be found in Appendix L. Plugging in the concentrations of Fe3+ and Au3+, as well as the standard cell potential, into the Nernst equation will give the cell potential at 25°C.

The cell potential for the given galvanic cell at 25°C is approximately 1.589 V.

This calculation involves determining standard reduction potentials, using the Nernst equation, and considering the reaction quotient.

To calculate the cell potential for the galvanic cell with the reaction:
Fe(s) + Au³⁺ (aq) → Fe³⁺ (aq) + Au (s) at 25°C with [Fe³⁺] = 0.00150 M and [Au³⁺] = 0.797 M, we can follow these steps:

Determine the standard reduction potentials:

Fe³⁺ (aq) + 3e⁻ → Fe (s), E° = -0.037 VAu³⁺ (aq) + 3e⁻ → Au (s), E° = 1.498 V

Calculate the standard cell potential (E°cell) using the formula:

E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode

Here, E°cathode (Au) = 1.498 VE°anode (Fe) = -0.037 VE°cell = 1.498 V - (-0.037 V) = 1.535 V

Use the Nernst equation to find the cell potential under non-standard conditions:

Ecell = E°cell - (0.0591 / n) * log(Q)Where n = 3, the number of electrons transferred, and Q is the reaction quotient.Q = [Fe³⁺] / [Au³⁺] = 0.00150 / 0.797Q ≈ 0.00188

Plugging in the values:

Ecell = 1.535 V - (0.0591 / 3) * log(0.00188)log(0.00188) ≈ -2.727Ecell = 1.535 V - (0.0591 / 3) * (-2.727)Ecell = 1.535 V + (0.0591 * 2.727) / 3Ecell ≈ 1.589 V

Therefore, the cell potential for the given galvanic cell at 25°C is approximately 1.589 V.

A metal bromide, MBr_2, is converted to a molten form at high temperature. Electrolysis of this sample with a current of 6.13A for 73.1 seconds results in deposition of 0.148 g of metal M at the cathode. The other product is bromine gas, Br_2(g), which is released at the anode. Determine the identity of metal M. Enter symbol of the element into clicker.

Answers

The molar mass of the metal M was calculated using Faraday's laws of electrolysis and found to be 63.65 g/mol, which closely corresponds to copper (Cu). Therefore, the identity of metal M is likely to be copper.

To determine the identity of the metal M, we will need to use Faraday's laws of electrolysis to calculate the molar mass of the metal M.

The charge (Q) that passed through the electrode can be calculated by the formula Q = It, where I is the current in amperes and t is the time in seconds. In this case, I = 6.13 A and t = 73.1 s, so Q = 6.13 × 73.1 = 448.203 C (coulombs).

Next, we will use the equivalent weight of metal M, which is the molar mass of M divided by the number of electrons transferred per ion of M during the electrolysis. For MBr₂, there are 2 moles of electrons transferred per mole of M (since the valency is 2).

Using Faraday's constant (approximately 96500 C/mol), we can determine the number of moles of M deposited by dividing the charge by Faraday's constant multiplied by the valency, which is moles of M = Q / (2 ×96500).

From this, we can calculate the molar mass: Molar mass of M = mass of M deposited / moles of M.

Using our given data, the moles of M deposited would be 448.203 C / (2 × 96500 C/mol) = 0.002325 moles. The molar mass would then be 0.148 g / 0.002325 mol = 63.65 g/mol. This molar mass is very close to that of copper (Cu), which is 63.55 g/mol. Thus, the correct answer is Cu.

The identity of the metal M is copper, Cu.

To determine the identity of metal M, we need to follow these steps:

1. Calculate the total charge (in coulombs) that passed through the molten salt during electrolysis using the equation [tex]\( Q = I \times t \)[/tex], where [tex]\( I \)[/tex] is the current in amperes and [tex]\( t \)[/tex] is the time in seconds.

2. Use Faraday's constant to find the moles of electrons that passed through the solution. Faraday's constant is [tex]\( 96485 \text{ C/mol} \).[/tex]

3. Relate the moles of electrons to the moles of metal M deposited, since the electrolysis of [tex]\( \text{MBr}_2 \)[/tex] involves the transfer of two moles of electrons for each mole of metal M produced.

4. Calculate the molar mass of metal M using the mass of metal M deposited and the moles of metal M calculated in the previous step.

5. Identify the metal M based on its molar mass.

Let's perform the calculations:

 1. Total charge [tex]\( Q \)[/tex] is calculated as:

[tex]\[ Q = I \times t = 6.13 \text{ A} \times 73.1 \text{ s} = 448.563 \text{ C} \][/tex]

2. Moles of electrons [tex]\( n(e^-) \)[/tex] is given by:

[tex]\[ n(e^-) = \frac{Q}{F} = \frac{448.563 \text{ C}}{96485 \text{ C/mol}} \approx 4.65 \times 10^{-3} \text{ mol} \][/tex]

3. Since two moles of electrons are required to deposit one mole of metal M, the moles of metal M [tex]\( n(\text{M}) \)[/tex] is half the moles of electrons:

[tex]\[ n(\text{M}) = \frac{n(e^-)}{2} = \frac{4.65 \times 10^{-3} \text{ mol}}{2} \approx 2.325 \times 10^{-3} \text{ mol} \][/tex]

4. Molar mass [tex]\( M \)[/tex]of metal M is calculated as:

[tex]\[ M = \frac{m}{n} = \frac{0.148 \text{ g}}{2.325 \times 10^{-3} \text{ mol}} \approx 63.66 \text{ g/mol} \][/tex]

5. Based on the calculated molar mass, we can identify the metal M. The metal with a molar mass closest to [tex]\( 63.66 \text{ g/mol} \)[/tex] is copper, Cu, which has a molar mass of approximately[tex]\( 63.55 \text{ g/mol} \)[/tex].

Therefore, the identity of metal M is copper, Cu.

Why do some distances have negative values?

Answers

Answer:

distance with a negative value just means that it's going in the opposite direction.

Explanation:

example: -50m East is the just 50m west

In physics, negative values in a calculation often refer to displacement, indicating movement in the opposite direction of the chosen positive direction.

Distance itself remains a positive value as it does not account for direction.

In the context of physics, distances don't inherently have negative values, but displacement can. The term displacement refers to the change in position of an object and takes direction into account. For example, if we start at a reference point and consider east as positive, then a movement 100 meters west would be represented as -100 meters of displacement.When calculating displacement, we choose a frame of reference and a positive direction. The negative sign indicates a movement in the opposite direction to what we defined as positive.

On the other hand, distance refers to the total path length traveled and is always a positive value, since it does not take direction into account.

Aqueous aluminum sulfate is mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide

Answers

Answer:

Al2(SO4)3 + 6(NH3•H2O) → 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO

Explanation:

Aluminium sulfate react with ammonium hydroxide to produce aluminium hydroxide and ammonium sulfate.

If you are looking for the equation

Draw the arrow-pushing mechanism of a generic esterification reaction: b) From the spectral data (NMR, IR, MS) you were given, identify the structure of your ester product. c) Based on your answer to part b), what is the structure of your starting alcohol? 2) Critical analysis (6 points): a) Fully assign the 1H NMR spectrum of your product (i.e. determine which peaks in the 1H NMR correspond to which hydrogens in the product). You will not receive full marks for determination of the unknown unless you assign the 1H NMR spectrum completely. b) You will notice that we gave you the m/z value of the M+ ion of your product on the EI (electron impact) mass spectrum, but the actual peak on the spectrum is very small (or even non-existent). Read Solomons chapter 9 and explain why the M+ peak is so small.

Answers

Answer:

See explaination for detailed answer

Explanation:

In the IR spectrum, the broad peak at 3322 cm-1 corresponds to OH stretching while the peaks at 2929-2961 cm-1 correspond to C-H stretching. Thus the presence of alcohol is evident in the IR spectrum.

The 13C NMR suggests the presence of seven C-atoms in this ester. The peak corresponding to carbonyl carbon appear most downfield at ~172 ppm. The other six peaks are in the aliphatic region suggesting an aliphatic ester.

In the 1H NMR, we see a singlet at 2.0 ppm with the integral value of 3. This singlet is characteristic to the protons of the acetate (CH3CO) group as seen in ethyl acetate. This suggests that the acetic acid was employed in this esterification reaction. Using this information along with what we know from 13C NMR we can be certain that the given alcohol contains 5 carbons (total 7 carbon – 2 carbon from acetate group). Therefore the starting material must be pentyl alcohol.

The 1H NMR peaks for the pentyl group are

The most downfield triplet at 4.1 ppm corresponding to OCH2. This is due to deshielding of the CH2 by the electronegative O-atom

The most upfield triplet at 0.9 ppm corresponding to CH3.

A multiplet at 1.3 ppm corresponding to CH2 CH2 which is attached toCH3 moiety

A pentate at 1.6 ppm corresponding to CH2 which is attached toOCH3 moiety

Therefore, the given alcohol is n-pentyl alcohol and the ester is pentyl acetate (Molar mass 130.0994)

See attachment for diagram

What is the solubility in moles/liter for iron(III) hydroxide at 25 oC given a Ksp value of 2.0 x 10-39. Write using scientific notation and use 1 or 2 decimal places (even though this is strictly incorrect!)

Answers

Answer:

9.28 × 10⁻¹¹ mol/L

Explanation:

Let's consider the solution of iron(III) hydroxide.

Fe(OH)₃(s) ⇄ Fe³⁺(aq) + 3 OH⁻(aq)

We can relate the solubility (S) of the hydroxide with the solubility product (Ksp) using an ICE chart.

      Fe(OH)₃(s) ⇄ Fe³⁺(aq) + 3 OH⁻(aq)

I                              0                  0

C                            +S               +3S

E                              S                 3S

The solubility product is:

Ksp = [Fe³⁺] × [OH⁻]³ = S × (3S)³ = 27 S⁴

[tex]S=\sqrt[4]{\frac{Ksp}{27} } = \sqrt[4]{\frac{2.0 \times 10^{-39} }{27} } = 9.28 \times 10^{-11} mol/L[/tex]

Answer:

S = 9.28 E-11 M

Explanation:

Fe(OH)3 ↔ Fe3+  +  3OH-

          S                 S            3S

∴ Ksp Fe(OH)3 = 2.0 E-39

⇒ Ksp = [Fe3+]*[OH-]³ = (S)*(3S)³ = 27(S)∧4

⇒ 27(S)∧4 = 2.0 E-39

⇒ (S)∧4 = 7.407 E-41

⇒ S = (7.407 E-41)∧(1/4)

⇒ S = 9.28 E-11 M

what do you think could be happening to the sand eels​

Answers

Answer:

increasing fishing for them is thought to be causing problems for some of their natural predators, especially the auks which take them in deeper water. They are also tied as flies to catch fish.

Explanation:

Fishing and market trades. Hope this helps

You make dilutions of curcumin stock solution and measure the absorbance of each dilution to obtain the following data: Conc. (M) Abs. 1.60E-05 1.93 1.21E-05 1.62 8.09E-06 1.08 4.04E-06 0.44 2.02E-06 0.13 Which data points should you keep when making your calibration curve? Choose all that apply. (Hint: Plot the data.)

Answers

Answer:

The following data point should be kept when making your calibration.

1.21E-05 M

1.60E-05 M

8.09E-06 M

4.04 E-06 M

Explanation:

From the graph it is obvious that the reading for the concentration 2.02E-06 M does not fall on the straight line. So this point should not be taken to construct the calibration plot.

Find attached of the graph.    

Compound B, C6H12O2, was found to be optically active, and it was oxidized to an optically active carboxylic acid A, by Ag (aka, Tollens Reagent). Oxidation of B by PCC gave an optically inactive compound X that reacted with Zn amalgam/HCl to give 3-methylpentane. With Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4, compound B was oxidized to an optically inactive dicarboxylic acid C, C6H10O4. Provide the structures of A, B, and C (ignore specific configuration of any stereocenters).

Answers

Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

Acidipic Acid (which is an essential dicarboxylic acid for manufacturing purposes with about 2. 5 billion kilograms produced per year. It is mainly used for the production of nylon and its related materials.)

Going by the question, since the [tex]H_{2} CrO_{4}[/tex] is comparatively mild oxidizing agent than the [tex]CrO_{3}[/tex], it only oxidizes the carbon group

Kindly check the attached image below for the full explanation to the question above.

What was the main use of constellations in ancient times?
o locate specific stars
O help navigate at night
O determine magnitude of stars
O predict time of the year​

Answers

Answer:

the ans is option b(help navigate at night)

Name: _________________ Temperature o fwater_25_degreecent.YOU MUST SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS TO RECEIVE CREDIT FOR THEM! DATA ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR DISCUSSION1. Calculate the [OH-] from the results of your titrations. Explain your calculations2. Calculate the [Ca2+]. Explain your calculations3. Calculate the Ksp for calcium hydroxide. Explain your calculations4. Temperature affects equilibrium in one direction or the other (depending on whether the system is Exo or Endothermic). Discuss5. What does the value of Ksp tell you in terms of equilibrium?6. The theoretical value for Ksp of Ca(OH)2 at 25°C is 9.0 X 10-6, compare and suggest reasons for the difference.

Answers

Answer:

1. 0.02 M

2. 0.01 M

3. 4×10⁻⁶

Explanation:

We know that V₁S₁ = V₂S₂

1.

Concentration of HCl = 0.05 M

end point comes at = 10 ml

So, concentration of OH⁻(aq) = [OH⁻(aq)] ⇒ (0.05 × 10) ÷ 25 ⇒ 0.02 M

2.

2mol of OH⁻(aq) ≡ 1 mole of Ca²⁺(aq)

[Ca²⁺] = 0.02 ÷ 2 = 0.01 M

3.

[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = [Ca²⁺(aq)] [OH⁻(aq)]²

Ca(OH)₂ (aq) ⇄ Ca²⁺ (aq) + 2OH⁻ (aq)

[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = [0.01 × (0.02)²] = 4×10⁻⁶

4.

If reaction is exothermic which means heat energy will get evolved as a result temperature of the reaction media will get increased during the course of the reaction. If temperature is externally increased, the reaction will go backward to accumulate extra heat energy.

5.

[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] value describes the solubility of a particular ionic compound. The higher the [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] value, the higher the Solubility will be.

6.

This may be due to uncommon ion effect. The process of other ions (K⁺ or Na⁺) may increase the solubility

Select the statements below that are false and think about why they are not true.


a) If a chemical reaction is spontaneous then the ?Ssys must always be positive.

b)If a chemical reaction with a negative ?Ssys is spontaneous then ?Ssurr must be positive.

c) If a chemical reaction is spontaneous then the ?Euniv must be increasing.

d) We don\'t need to worry about spontaneous reactions because they are rare.

Answers

Final answer:

False statements include: a false notion that ∆Ssys must always be positive for a spontaneous reaction, and a misunderstanding about ∆Euniv increasing in spontaneous reactions. True comprehension of spontaneity involves ∆H and ∆S, affecting Gibbs free energy (∆G), where a negative ∆G indicates spontaneity.

Explanation:

Among the given statements regarding spontaneous chemical reactions, we need to identify those that are false. Here’s the analysis:

a) It is false that if a chemical reaction is spontaneous then the ∆Ssys must always be positive. Spontaneity can also depend on the temperature and ∆Hsys (enthalpy change) of the system, not just ∆Ssys (entropy change).

b) It is true that if a chemical reaction with a negative ∆Ssys is spontaneous, then ∆Ssurr must be positive. This balances the entropy change leading to a positive ∆Suniv (entropy change of the universe), which is a requirement for spontaneity.

c) The statement that if a chemical reaction is spontaneous then the ∆Euniv must be increasing is false. The energy of the universe remains constant; what matters for spontaneity is the entropy change of the universe (∆Suniv), not energy change.

d) The idea that we don't need to worry about spontaneous reactions because they are rare is false. Many important chemical and physical processes are spontaneous, including combustion, corrosion, and the melting of ice at room temperature.

The correct understanding of spontaneity in reactions requires knowledge of both enthalpy (∆H) and entropy (∆S) changes and their effects on the Gibbs free energy (∆G). Generally, for a process to be spontaneous, ∆G must be negative.

Consider the two reduction half-reactions: Na+(aq) + e− LaTeX: \longrightarrow⟶ Na(s) Eo = −2.71 V Cl2(g) + 2 e− LaTeX: \longrightarrow⟶ 2 Cl−(aq) Eo = 1.36 VUse the electrode potentials above to calculate Eocell and ∆Gorxn for the reaction below, and determine if it is the reaction for a voltaic cell or an electrolytic cell. 2 Na+(aq) + 2 Cl−(aq) LaTeX: \longrightarrow⟶2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)

Answers

Final answer:

The cell potential (Eocell) of the given reaction is 4.07V and the Gibbs free energy(∆Gorxn) is -785.42 KJ/mol suggesting the reaction occurs spontaneously and the cell in consideration is a voltaic cell.

Explanation:

To calculate the cell potential (Eocell), we use the formula Eocell = Eocathode - Eoanode. Here, for the reaction 2 Na+(aq) + 2 Cl−(aq)⟶2 Na(s) + Cl2(g), Na+ is being reduced to Na and Cl- is being oxidized to Cl2, therefore, Cl2 is the anode and Na+ is the cathode. So, the Eocell should be 1.36 V - (-2.71 V) = 4.07 V.

To calculate the Gibbs free energy (∆Gorxn), we use the formula ∆Gorxn = -n F Eocell, where n stands for the number of moles of electrons transferred in the redox reaction (which is 2) and F is the Faraday's constant (96500 C/mol). Therefore, ∆Gorxn = - (2 mol * 96500 C/mol * 4.07 V) = -785420 J/mol or -785.42 KJ/mol.

Since the E0cell value is positive, the reaction will occur spontaneously and represents a voltaic (or galvanic) cell which is a type of electrochemical cell where spontaneous redox reactions are used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

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How many molecules are contained in 0.500 moles of hydrogen gas?

A.

1.20 x 1024 molecules

B.

6.02 x 10-23 molecules

C.

3.01 x 10-23 molecules

D.

3.01 x 1023 molecules

Answers

Answer:

C= 3.01 x 10-23 molecules

Explanation:

n = N/NA

0.5 = N/6.02×10^23

N= 3.01×10^23

How many atoms does 32 grams of sulfur contain?

Answers

32 grams of sulfur will contain 6.022 X 1023 sulfur atoms.

A chemist fills a reaction vessel with 0.623g mercurous chloride(Hg2Cl2) solid, 0.645M mercury (I) (Hg2^2+)aqueous solution, and 0.905M chloride (Cl-) aqueous solution at a temperature of 25.0°C.

Under these conditions, calculate the reaction free energy ΔG for the following chemical reaction:
Hg2Cl2(s) ⇌ Hg2^2+ (aq) + 2Cl^- (aq)

Answers

Answer:

1.34 KJ

Explanation:

To calculate the reaction free energy for the chemical reaction, find the solution below.

In a science lab, a student heats up a chemical from 10 °C to 25 °C which requires thermal energy of 30000 J. If mass of the object is 40 g, the specific heat capacity of the chemical would be

Group of answer choices


25 J /g* °C

75 J /g* °C

100 J /g* °C

50 J /g* °C

Answers

Answer:

The specific heat capacity of the object is 50 J/g°C ( option 4 is correct)

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Initial temperature = 10.0 °C

Final temperature = 25.0 °C

Energy required = 30000 J

Mass of the object = 40.0 grams

Step 2: Calculate the specific heat capacity of the object

Q = m* c * ΔT

⇒With Q = the heat required = 30000 J

⇒with m = the mass of the object = 40.0 grams

⇒with c = the specific heat capacity of the object = TO BE DETERMINED

⇒with ΔT = The change in temperature = T2 - T2 = 25.0 °C - 10.0°C = 15.0 °C

30000 J = 40.0 g * c * 15.0 °C

c = 30000 J / (40.0 g * 15.0 °C)

c = 50 J/g°C

The specific heat capacity of the object is 50 J/g°C ( option 4 is correct)

g The reaction C(s) + CO2(g) → 2CO(g) is spontaneous only at temperatures in excess of 1100 K. We can conclude that a. ΔG° is negative for all temperatures. b. ΔH° is negative and ΔS° is negative. c. ΔH° is positive and ΔS° is positive. d. ΔH° is negative and ΔS° is positive. e. ΔH° is positive and ΔS° is negative.

Answers

Answer:

c. ΔH° is positive and ΔS° is positive.

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, as the Gibbs free energy for a reaction is defined in terms of the change in the enthalpy and entropy as shown below:

[tex]\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S[/tex]

Thus, as the reaction becomes spontaneous (ΔG°<0) at temperatures above 1100K (high temperatures), it necessary that c. ΔH° is positive and ΔS° is positive as the entropy will drive the spontaneousness as it becomes smaller than TΔS°.

Best regards.

Final answer:

The reaction C(s) + CO2(g) → 2CO(g) being only spontaneous at high temperatures above 1100K indicates that the reaction has a positive ΔH° and a positive ΔS°, corresponding to option c.

Explanation:

The reaction C(s) + CO2(g) → 2CO(g) is spontaneous only at temperatures above 1100 K. This information allows us to infer the signs of ΔH° (enthalpy change) and ΔS° (entropy change). According to Gibbs free energy equation, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, a reaction is spontaneous when ΔG is negative. Given that the reaction is only spontaneous at high temperatures, this suggests that ΔH° is positive (endothermic reaction) and ΔS° is positive (increase in disorder). At lower temperatures, the TΔS term is not sufficient to overcome the positive ΔH°, making ΔG positive and the reaction non-spontaneous. Hence, the correct conclusion is that the reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures because of a positive ΔH° and a positive ΔS°, indicating option c.

In the molecule ClF5, chlorine makes five covalent bonds. Therefore, five of its seven valence electrons need to be unpaired. The orbitals with the same energy are known as degenerate orbitals. For example, the p subshell has three degenerate orbital, namely, px, py, and pz. How many degenerate orbitals are needed to contain seven electrons with five of them unpaired

Answers

Answer:

6 orbitals

Explanation:

Each orbital holds 2 electrons so for 5 of 7 orbitals to have unpaired electrons, five orbitals will have one electron and one orbital will have two electrons making 7 total electrons and 6 total orbitals.

Final answer:

The molecule ClF5 needs five degenerate orbitals to house seven electrons, with five of them unpaired. This set of orbitals becomes the five sp³d hybrid orbitals, similar to phosphorus pentachloride, created from the hybridization of atomic orbitals. Similar hybridization happens in boron where the fifth electron occupies one of three 2p degenerate orbitals.

Explanation:

To accommodate seven electrons with five of them unpaired in the molecule ClF5, we need five degenerate orbitals. These are the 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and one 3d orbital to form the set of five sp³d hybrid orbitals, modeled after phosphorus pentachloride. They come from the hybridization of atomic orbitals, where valence electrons occupy the newly formed hybrid orbitals. In this case, with ClF5, the hybrid orbital overlaps with a fluorine orbital during the formation of the Cl-F bonds. The process is similar to how boron's fifth electron occupies one of the three degenerate 2p orbitals.

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Enter the Ksp expression for the solid AB2 in terms of the molar solubility x. AB2 has a molar solubility of 3.72×10−4 M. What is the value of the solubility product constant for AB2?

Answers

Answer:

2.06 × 10⁻¹⁰

Explanation:

Let's consider the solution of a generic compound AB₂.

AB₂(s) ⇄ A²⁺(aq) + 2B⁻(aq)

We can relate the molar solubility (S) with the solubility product constant (Kps) using an ICE chart.

      AB₂(s) ⇄ A²⁺(aq) + 2B⁻(aq)

I                      0              0

C                    +S            +2S

E                      S              2S

The solubility product constant is:

Kps = [A²⁺] × [B⁻]² = S × (2S)² = 4 × S³ = 4 × (3.72 × 10⁻⁴)³ = 2.06 × 10⁻¹⁰

The decomposition of nitramide, O2NNH2, in water has the chemical equation and rate law O2NNH2(aq)⟶N2O(g)+H2O(l)rate=k[O2NNH2][H+] A proposed mechanism for this reaction is O2NNH2(aq)⥫⥬=k−1k1O2NNH−(aq)+H+(aq)(fast equilibrium) O2NNH−(aq)−→k2N2O(g)+OH−(aq)(slow) H+(aq)+OH−(aq)−→k3H2O(l)(fast) What is the relationship between the observed value of k and the rate constants for the individual steps of the mechanism?

Answers

Answer:

It can be concluded that the third step of the reaction is very fast, in this way, it does not contribute to the rate law

Explanation:

Please, observe the solution in the attached Word document.

The rate law is defined as the molar concentration of reactants raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients. The law states the dependency of chemical reactions on reactants.

In the given decomposition of nitramide in water, it can be stated that the third step of the reaction is fast, and therefore, does not contribute to the rate law.

The rate-determining step of a reaction is a slow step.

The decomposition reaction can be written as:

O₂NNH₂ [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] O₂NNH⁻ + H⁺ (fast equilibrium)

The value of K is:

[tex]\text{K}_{\text {eq}}&=\dfrac{K_1}{K_{-1}}&=\dfrac{\text[{O}_2\text{NNH}^-][\text{H}^+]}{\text[{O}_2\text{NNH}_{-2}]}[/tex]

[tex]\begin{aligned}\text{Rate}=\text{K}_2\frac{\text{K}_1[\text{O}_2\text{NNH}_2]}{\text{K}_{-1}[\text{H}_2]}\end{aligned}[/tex]

The second step of the reaction:

O₂NNH₂ [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] O₂N + OH⁻

The rate can be given as:

Rate = K₂ [O₂NNH⁻]

Substituting equation 1, we get:

[tex]\begin{aligned} \text[{O}_2\text{NNH}^-] &= \dfrac{\text{K}_1[\text{O}_2\text{NNH}_2]}{\text{K}_{-1}[\text{H}^+]}\end{aligned}[/tex]

Now, writing the equation in the rate constant, we get:

[tex]\text {K}&=\dfrac{K_2K_1}{K_{-1}}[/tex]

Thus, it can be concluded that the third step is very fast and does not contribute to the rate law.

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3mL of cyclohexanol (density = 0.9624 g/mL, Molecular weight = 100.158 g/mol) reacts with excess sulfuric acid to produce cyclohexene (density = 0.811 g/mL, Molecular weight = 82.143 g/mol). What is the theoretical yield in Moles of cyclohexene? (hint: reaction scheme same as problem 1, 1:1 mole ratio) (10 pts)

Answers

Answer:

[tex]n_{C_6H_{10}}=0.03molC_6H_{10}[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case the undergoing chemical reaction is shown on the attached picture whereas cyclohexanol is converted into cyclohexene and water by the dehydrating effect of the sulfuric acid. Thus, for the starting 3 mL of cyclohexanol, the following stoichiometric proportional factor is applied in order to find the theoretical yield of cyclohexene in moles:

[tex]n_{C_6H_{10}}=3mLC_6H_{12}O*\frac{0.9624gC_6H_{12}O}{1mLC_6H_{12}O}*\frac{1molC_6H_{12}O}{100.158gC_6H_{12}O}*\frac{1molC_6H_{10}}{1molC_6H_{12}O} \\n_{C_6H_{10}}=0.03molC_6H_{10}[/tex]

Besides, the mass could be computed as well by using the molar mass of cyclohexene:

[tex]m_{C_6H_{10}}=0.03molC_6H_{10}*\frac{82.143gC_6H_{10}}{1molC_6H_{10}} \\\\m_{C_6H_{10}}=2.4gC_6H_{10}[/tex]

Even thought, the volume could be also computed by using its density:

[tex]V_{C_6H_{10}}=2.4gC_6H_{10}*\frac{1mLC_6H_{10}}{0.811gC_6H_{10}} \\V_{C_6H_{10}}=3mLC_6H_{10}[/tex]

Best regards.

Answer:

The theoretical yield of moles cyclohexene is 0.0288 moles

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Volume of cyclohexanol = 3 mL

Density cyclohexanol = 0.9624 g/mL

Molar mass of cyclohexanol = 100.158 g/mol

Sulfuric acid is in excess

Density of cyclohexene = 0.811 g/mL

Molar mass of cyclohexene = 82.143 g/mol

Step 2: The balanced equation

C6H12O + H2SO4 → C6H10 + H3O + HSO4

Step 3: Calculate mass cyclohexanol

Mass cyclohexanol = density cyclohexane * volume

Mass cyclohexanol = 0.9624 g/mL * 3mL

Mass cyclohexanol = 2.8872 grams

Step 4: Calculate moles cyclohexanol

Moles cyclohexanol = mass cyclohexanol / molar mass

Moles cyclohexanol = 2.8872 grams / 100.158 g/mol

Moles cyclohexanol = 0.0288 moles

Step 5: Calculate moles cyclohexene

For 1 mol cyclohexanol we need 1 mol H2SO4 to produce 1 mol cyclohexene

For 0.0288 moles cyclohexanol we'll have 0.0288 moles cyclohexene

The theoretical yield of moles cyclohexene is 0.0288 moles

An adhesive dealer receives an order for 3000 lb of an adhesive solution containing 13% polymer by weight. On hand are 500 lb of 10% solution and very large quantities of 20% solution and pure solvent. Calculate the weight of each that must be blended together to fill this order. Use all of the 10% solution.

Answers

Answer:

500 lb of 10% solution1700 lb of 20% solution800 lb of pure solvent

Explanation:

The mass of polymer in the order recieved is:

3000 lb * 13/100 = 390 lb

The mass of polymer in the 10% solution is:

500 lb * 10/100 = 50 lb

So to solve this problem, we need to add (390-50) 340 lb of polymer that comes from the 20% solution.

We calculate the mass of the 20% solution that would contain 340 lb of polymer:

340 lb * 100/20 = 1700 lb

So far, in total we have a solution that weighs (1700+500) 2200 lb and contains 390 lb of polymer.

Thus, in order to reach the required mass of solution (and percentage of polymer by weight), we add (3000-2200) 800 lb of pure solvent.

1. A scientist investigating the cell membrane concludes that a particular substance is transported
by active transport. Which observation would support this conclusion?
The substance moves along the concentration gradient toward a region of lower
concentration
O B. The transport of the substance into the cell is reduced or reversed in the absence of ATP.
The direction of transport changes when the external solution is changed from a
hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution.
Transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane assist in the transport of the
substance into the cell.
O
What’s the answer

Answers

Answer

The transport of the substance into the cell is reduced or reversed in the absence of ATP. I think........

Explanation:

completethe mass in grams of sample of carbon containing 68 atoms?

Answers

Answer:

1.356x10⁻²¹ grams.

Explanation:

mass of carbon containing 68 atoms = 12g Carbon/6.02x10²³atoms = 1.993x10⁻²³ g/atom  x  68 atoms = 1.356x10⁻²¹ grams.

In acidic solution, the sulfate ion can be used to react with a number of metal ions. One such reaction is SO42−(aq)+Sn2+(aq)→H2SO3(aq)+Sn4+(aq) Since this reaction takes place in acidic solution, H2O(l) and H+(aq) will be involved in the reaction. Places for these species are indicated by the blanks in the following restatement of the equation: SO42−(aq)+Sn2+(aq)+ –––→H2SO3(aq)+Sn4+(aq)+ ––– Part B What are the coefficients of the reactants and products in the balanced equation above? Remember to include H2O(l) and OH−(aq) in the blanks where appropriate. Your answer should have six terms. Enter the equation coefficients in order separated by commas (e.g., 2,2,1,4,4,3). Include coefficients of 1, as required, for grading purposes.

Answers

Answer:

The final balanced equation is :

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)+4H^+(aq)+Sn^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+H_2O(l)+Sn^{4+}(aq)[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)+Sn^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+Sn^{4+}(aq) [/tex]

Balancing in acidic medium:

First we will determine the oxidation and reduction reaction from the givne reaction :

Oxidation:

[tex]Sn^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow Sn^{4+}(aq)[/tex]

Balance the charge by adding 2 electrons on product side:

[tex]Sn^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow Sn^{4+}(aq)+2e^-[/tex]....[1]

Reduction :

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq) [/tex]

Balance O by adding water on required side:

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+H_2O(l) [/tex]

Now, balance H by adding [tex]H^+[/tex] on the required side:

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)+4H^+(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+H_2O(l) [/tex]

At last balance the charge by adding electrons on the side where positive charge is more:

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)+4H^+(aq)+2e^-\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+H_2O(l) [/tex]..[2]

Adding [1] and [2]:

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)+4H^+(aq)+Sn^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+H_2O(l)+Sn^{4+}(aq)[/tex]

The final balanced equation is :

[tex]SO_4^{2-}(aq)+4H^+(aq)+Sn^{2+}(aq)\rightarrow H_2SO_3(aq)+H_2O(l)+Sn^{4+}(aq)[/tex]

Final answer:

The coefficients of the reactants and products in the balanced equation for the reaction between sulfate ion and tin(II) ion in acidic solution are 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 5.

Explanation:

The balanced equation for the reaction between sulfate ion and tin(II) ion in acidic solution can be written as:

SO₄²⁻(aq) + Sn₂⁺(aq) + 10H⁺(aq) → H₂SO₃(aq) + Sn₄+(aq) + 5H₂O(l)

The coefficients of the reactants and products in the balanced equation are 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 5 respectively.

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) Consider the starting materials and reagents. What do you expect to happen at the beginning of this reaction (Boxes 1-3 on the following page)? Explain your answer. Be sure to identify the species that act as electrophiles, nucleophiles, acids, or bases in Boxes 1-3 as part of your answer. (100 words max)

Answers

Answer:

Check the explanation

Explanation:

functional group found in the major organic product = alpha -beta unsaturated ketone

Reaction used to form this functional group = Michael condensation reaction

Also other reactions are - Aldol condensation , Robinson annulation reaction.

Kindly check the attached image below to see the step by step solution to the question above.

When H2(g) reacts with O2(g) to form H2O(g) , 242 kJ of energy are evolved for each mole of H2(g) that reacts. Write a balanced thermochemical equation for the reaction with an energy term in kJ as part of the equation. Note that the answer box for the energy term is case sensitive. Use the SMALLEST INTEGER coefficients possible and put the energy term (including the units) in the last box on the appropriate side of the equation. If a box is not needed, leave it blank. 2H2 + O2 + 2H2O + An error has been detected in your answer. Check

Answers

Final answer:

The balanced thermochemical equation for the reaction where Hydrogen gas reacts with Oxygen gas to form Water with the release of 242 kJ energy is 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ΔH = -242 kJ. This indicates an exothermic reaction.

Explanation:

The balanced thermochemical equation of the reaction where Hydrogen gas (H2) reacts with Oxygen gas (O2) to form Water (H2O) and 242 kJ (kilojoules) energy is released per mole of H2, can be formulated as follows:

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ΔH = -242 kJ

The negative sign before the energy value indicates that it's an exothermic reaction, meaning that energy is released during the reaction.

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If you have 40 grams of potassium nitrate in 100 grams of water at 20 C:


a.How many grams of potassium nitrate will dissolve?


b. How many grams of potassium nitrate will fall to the bottom of the container?


c. At this temperature, 20 C, is this solution saturated, unsaturated or

supersaturated? EXPLAIN.


d. At what temperature will the amount of potassium nitrate that fell to the bottom will also dissolve?


e. If this solution was heated to 90 C, would the solution be saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated? EXPLAIN.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:The final homogenous solution, after cooling it to 40°C, will contain 47 g of potassium sulfate disolved in 150 g of water, so you can calculate the amount disolved per 100 g of water in this way:

[47 g of solute / 150 g of water] * 100 g of g of water = 31.33 grams of solute in 100 g of water.

So, when you compare with the solutiblity, 15 g of solute / 100 g of water, you realize that the solution has more solute dissolved with means that it is supersaturated.

To make a saturated solution, 15 grams of potassium sulfate would dissolve in 100 g of water.

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