Jeremy's brain, affected by Parkinson's disease, is likely producing less dopamine than it needs, leading to motor symptoms, mood changes, and an increased need to smoke.
Explanation:Jeremy's brain is probably producing less of a neurotransmitter called dopamine than it needs to. Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, primarily affects the motor skills due to degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra. Dopamine plays a key role in controlling movement, but also affects mood and addictive behaviors.
The shortage of dopamine may explain not only Jeremy's motor symptoms, but also his mood changes and increased need to smoke. Smoking is often used as a form of self-medication, as nicotine temporarily boosts dopamine levels, providing transient relief from symptoms.
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A phenotypically normal prospective couple seeks genetic counseling because the man knows that he has a translocation of a portion of his chromosome 4, which has been exchanged with a portion of his chromosome 12. Although his translocation is balanced, he and his wife want to know the probability that his sperm will be abnormal. What is your prognosis regarding his sperm?
Final answer:
A translocation between chromosome 4 and chromosome 12 in the man's genetic makeup can affect his sperm by increasing the likelihood of producing abnormal sperm. Consulting with a genetic counselor is recommended to assess the specific risks and make informed decisions.
Explanation:
A translocation occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome. In the case of the prospective couple, the man has a balanced translocation between chromosome 4 and chromosome 12. This means that the genetic material is exchanged between these two chromosomes without any material being lost or gained.
However, translocations can still affect fertility because they can cause problems during meiosis, the process of cell division that produces sperm and eggs. During meiosis, chromosomes need to pair up and separate properly to produce healthy gametes. In the case of a translocation, the rearrangement of genetic material can disrupt the pairing of chromosomes, leading to a higher likelihood of producing abnormal sperm or eggs.
Therefore, while the translocation itself may not cause any noticeable physical abnormalities in the man, there is a higher chance that his sperm might be abnormal due to the rearrangement of chromosomes. It is important for the couple to consult with a genetic counselor to assess the specific risks and make informed decisions about their reproductive options.
Over time, some plants growing in an area are crowded out by other plants. The new plants use up water and nutrients needed by the previous plants. The disappearance of the first plants is due to:
Answer:
Competitive exclusion
Explanation:
According to competitive exclusion principle two species cannot exist together if these species share the same habitat and resources. This principle was given by the scientist Georgy Gause.
Some plants that are growing in an area are crowded by other plants over time. The new plants use water, nutrients and the first plants are disappeared because both plant species share same resources and habitat. These two species cannot co exist and the second plant causes the disappearance of plant because of competitive exclusion.
Please answer the following question with at least 5-6 sentences.
Compare and contrast the 19th-century treatment of those living with an STI and 20th/21st-century treatment of those living with HIV/AIDS.
Are we able to interrupt this pattern in the US? If so, how?
Answer:
The battle against sexually transmitted illnesses, except for the relatively recent HIV/AIDS, has been one that has been present in humanity almost from its beginning. Infections caused by syphilis, ghonorrea, clamydia, among others, have been a part of humans since sexual activity has been around us. However, since the appearance of antibiotics, and other chemical agents to combat them, the scenario changes for mankind, as now, a diagnosis of such diseases was not basically a death sentence, or, a reason to be socially isolated. Another thing that changed, was the pattern and incidence of transmission, as now, with treatment, the pathogens could be stopped.
However, during the 19th century, with the appearance of medically more advanced technologies, better antibiotic treatments, and other public health measures, many of these STI´s, especially those that were most frequent, like syphilis, were no longer taken as certain death. However, it also became a reason for people to act more rashly and not think about transmission.
But in the 20th century, and especially since the appearance of the most deadly HIV virus, particularly in homosexual populations, things began to look bad for humans again. People died, and the only measure that could be taken as science learned about the pathogen, was isolation of those infected. Just as in the middle ages those infected with plague, were left aside, HIV-infected people became isolated. But during the 20th century, virology, the science that studies viruses and the possible treatments to it, and the adventure of DNA discoveries, led to a huge change. It was seen that there were a series of chemical components, that were able to completely detain, and in some cases eliminate, those viruses and bacteria that caused deadly STIs. But probably one of the biggest advances in the 20th century was the realization of the importance of education of people, campaigns to educate the people about contagion, ways of prevention and possible treatments.
In this question let's compare and contrast 19th century treatment for those living with an STD and 20th/21st century treatment for those living with HIV/AIDS.
STD in the 19th century and HIV 21st centurySyphilis came and stayed, spreading, especially in times of war. With modern medicine, the bacterium that causes the disease was identified in 1905. And five years later, the first effective treatment was discovered. But it was only in 1943, with the discovery of penicillin, that a cure for the disease was found.
Treatment for HIV infection is done through antiretroviral drugs that prevent the virus from multiplying in the body, helping to fight the disease and strengthen the immune system, despite not being able to eliminate the virus from the body.
With this information, we can conclude that we are able to interrupt this pattern in the USA, with the increase in specificity in the treatment for these diseases and information, more and more these diseases ended up.
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3)
If a population lacks variation (fixed), no individual has any advantageous trait, and the environment changes for the worse. What will most likely happen to the population in terms of natural selection?
The entire population will still survive and adapt to the new environment.
A portion of the population will still survive and adapt to the new environment.
The entire population will go extinct.
Artificial selection will occur since natural selection cannot.
Some individuals in the population will automatically mutate in response to the environmental change so that variation will exist.
Explanation:
the entire population will go extinct
In evolutionary biology, the importance of genetic variation and natural selection in populations facing environmental changes is crucial for survival.
Natural selection is a process where organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous traits. In a population lacking variation, if the environment changes negatively, the entire population may go extinct as they lack the genetic diversity to adapt. Genetic variation is crucial for species to survive changing environments through natural selection.
You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude that the cells A) are plant cells. B) could be either plant or bacterial. C) are animal cells. D) could be plant, animal, or bacterial. E) are bacteria.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
I think it is A because of there being cell walls
In guinea pigs, black fur is an autosomal dominant trait, and white is the alternative recessive trait. A Hardy-Weinberg population of 400 guinea pigs was found to contain 64 white individuals. In this population, what percentage of BLACK animals is expected to be HETEROZYGOUS?
Answer:
49.14%
Explanation:
The frequency of the heterozygous individuals in the population is therefore: 64/400 = 0.32
Using the Hardy Weingburg equation of a population is equilibrium = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
q2 = 0.32; Therefore q = 0.5657 –> alellic frequencies
If p + q = 1; Then p 1 – q = 1 – 0.5657 = 0.4343
Heterozygous individuals are represented by 2pq = 2 * 0.4343 * 0.5657 = 0.4914
0.4914 * 100 = 49.14% of the population which translates to 0.4914 * 400 = 196.56 (197) individuals
In bones, a layer of osteoblasts and osteoclasts line the interior of the bone (this cellular layer covers all trabeculae, is adjacent to the medullary cavity and lines the inside of osteons). This layer is called the endosteum. What is its role in bone?
Answer:
Endosteum plays an important role in bone repair, bone remodelling and appositional bone growth.
Explanation:
Endosteum consists of a soft and thin connective tissue that lines the cavity of femur and humerus. Some of the major functions of endosteum are as follows:
Bone remodelling: Endosteum can stimulate the bone resorption that leads to the formation of new bone from the outside.
Bone repair: Hematoma, at the time of bone injury causes the division of endosteal cells and helps in bone repair.
Appositional bone growth: Endosteum that line the osteoblast cell can secrete bone matrix and increases the bone diameter.
2. Why is differential media typically inoculated with isolated colonies that have been previously cultured on general growth media?
General growth media serves the purpose of generating more bacteria colonies to create enough samples to identify to perform other tests. Differential media is used to differentiate species or subspecies of bacteria by how they differentially react to the dyes of chemicals in the media due to differences in metabolic properties of the different bacteria species. An example of differential media is MacConkey agar.
Differential media enable the differentiation of bacteria based on their metabolic activities. Isolated colonies are used to avoid mixing different types, with initial growth on general media enhancing bacterial cultivation. Subsequent inoculation onto differential media allows for identification through unique characteristics exhibited.
Explanation:Differential media are typically inoculated with isolated colonies that have been previously cultured on general growth media to ensure the accuracy of the identification process. This is done primarily because some media, particularly differential media, are designed to differentiate between different types of bacteria based on their metabolic activities. The appearance of the bacterial colonies on differential media, such as change in color, can provide crucial insights into the identity of the bacteria.
It's important that only isolated colonies are used to prevent a mix-up of different types of bacteria, which could make interpretation of results challenging. Initially cultivating these bacteria on general growth media also helps enhance the growth of the bacteria, as it provides all the necessary nutrients required for bacterial growth. Their subsequent transfer to the differential media then allows for easy identification based on the unique characteristics they exhibit on these media.
For example, on MacConkey agar, a type of differential medium, bacteria that ferment lactose will cause the medium to turn pink due to acid production. This acid production causes a pH change, which is demonstrated by a color change because of a pH indicator in the medium. Such visible changes make it easier to identify specific types of bacteria.
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Walking alone late one night, you are startled by a moving shadow that you glimpse out of the corner of your eye. The _______ division of the autonomic nervous system is activated. When you realize it is just the neighbor’s pet, the _______ division lessens your physiological arousal.
Answer:
Walking alone late one night, you are startled by a moving shadow that you glimpse out of the corner of your eye. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated. When you realize it is just the neighbor’s pet, the parasympathetic division lessens your physiological arousal.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system activates when you're startled, initiating the 'fight or flight' response. Once the danger has passed, the parasympathetic division lessens physiological arousal, returning the body to a restful state.
Explanation:The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that acts primarily unconsciously and regulates bodily functions. When you were startled by a moving shadow, the sympathetic division of the ANS was activated, stimulating your 'fight or flight' response and increasing your heart rate, dilating the pupils, and halting digestion. Then, after realizing it was just the neighbor's pet, the parasympathetic division stepped in, reducing your physiological arousal by slowing your heart rate, constricting your pupils, and resuming digestion, thus restabalizing your body conditions.
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Is Mycobacterium plei gram positive or gram negative or not either or?
Answer:
The correct answer is they show weak positive gram staining reaction.
Explanation:
Mycobacterium phlei is a rod-shaped species of the genus Mycobacterium. They are acid-fast bacteria with mycolic acids rich cell wall due to which gram stain cannot penetrate easily and show light purple color while staining.
When gram staining is performed on the M.phlei , they take light purple color which indicates that it is a gram-positive bacteria and is related to Actinobacteria phylum of the gram-positive bacteria.
Thus, M. phlei is a gram-positive bacteria.
Mycobacterium plei cannot be accurately classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative due to its unique cell wall composition; instead, it is categorized as acid-fast. This differentiation is important for understanding the bacterium's structural and resistance properties. The acid-fast characteristic suggests a lipid-rich cell wall, distinct from typical Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.
Explanation:The question about whether Mycobacterium plei is Gram-positive, Gram-negative, or neither is rooted in the practice of Gram staining, which is a vital technique used in microbiology to classify bacteria. Mycobacterium spp., pertaining to the question, are better classified as acid-fast rather than strictly Gram-positive or Gram-negative due to their unique cell wall composition. This classification reveals that their cell walls contain mycolic acids and are thicker than typical Gram-positive bacteria, which contributes to their resistance to the Gram stain procedure and necessitates a different staining method, known as the acid-fast stain, for proper visualization.
Understanding the distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is crucial because it involves the bacteria's cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, which retains the crystal violet dye used in the Gram stain, turning them purple. Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that does not retain the crystal violet dye but takes up the safranin counterstain, appearing pink. The unique lipid-rich cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. prevents both the uptake and the retention of these dyes, making the acid-fast staining necessary.
In summary, recognizing the staining characteristics of bacteria, such as Mycobacterium plei, aids in their identification and provides insight into their structure and potential resistance mechanisms. The acid-fast quality of Mycobacterium indicates a cell wall composition distinct from the general categories of Gram-positive or Gram-negative, demonstrating the diversity and complexity of bacterial cell wall structures.
Can someone help me on this?
Answer:
Do you have any more information other than the photo? Such as notes?
Frutose’s molecular weight is 180 g/mole. A can of coke cola (330ml) contains 35 g fructose. The molar concentration fructose in coke cola is
Answer:
The molar concentration of [tex]35[/tex] g fructose in [tex]330 ml[/tex] solution is [tex]0.589[/tex]moles/litre
Explanation:
Given -
Molecular weight of fructose [tex]= 180 \frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
Can of coka coal has fructose [tex]= 35[/tex] gram
Volume of can of coke [tex]= 330[/tex] ml
Number of moles in [tex]35[/tex] grams of Fructose
[tex] = \frac{35}{180} \\= 0.194[/tex]
Molar concentration
[tex] = \frac{0.194}{0.33l} \\= 0.589\\[/tex] moles/litre
Hence, the molar concentration of [tex]35[/tex] g fructose in [tex]330 ml[/tex] solution is [tex]0.589[/tex]moles/litre
Final answer:
The molar concentration of fructose in a can of Coca-Cola is determined by dividing the mass of fructose by its molecular weight to find the moles, and then dividing by the volume in liters to find the concentration, which is 0.589 mol/L.
Explanation:
The molar concentration of fructose in coke cola can be calculated using the formula for molarity, which is moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). The moles of fructose are found by dividing the mass of fructose by its molecular weight. In this case, 35 g of fructose is divided by 180 g/mole to find the moles of fructose. To find the volume in liters, we convert 330 mL to liters by dividing by 1000, since there are 1000 mL in a liter.
We calculate the moles of fructose:
moles of fructose = 35 g / 180 g/mole = 0.1944 moles.
Then we convert the volume of Coca-Cola to liters:
volume in liters = 330 mL / 1000 = 0.33 L.
Finally, the molar concentration of fructose in Coca-Cola is:
molar concentration = 0.1944 moles / 0.33 L = 0.589 mol/L.
The growth of skeletal bones is controlled by a hormone from the:
Answer:
a hormone from the pituitary gland, or part of the brain.
Explanation:
the pituitary gland in the brain and the thyroid gland contribute 2 growth between the age of 13-25...
Compare parasympathetic nervous system vs sympathetic nervous system
Answer:
The nervous system together with the endocrine system enables the organism to perceive the variations of the (internal and external) to disseminate modifications that these variations produce and execute the answers appropriate to maintain the internal body balance (homeostasis). The autonomic nervous system divides into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. In general, these two systems have opposite (antagonistic) functions, they correct the excesses of the other.
For example, if the sympathetic system speeds up too much the heartbeat, the parasympathetic system kicks in, slowing down the heart rate. If the sympathetic system speeds up stomach work and intestines, the parasympathetic comes into action to reduce the contractions of these organs. The sympathetic generally stimulate actions that mobilize energy, allowing the body to respond to stressful situations. For example, the sympathetic system is responsible for the acceleration of heart rate, by increasing the blood pressure, the concentration of blood sugar and by activating the general metabolism of the body. On the other hand, parasympathetic mainly stimulates relaxing activities, such as reductions in the heart rate pace and blood pressure. One of the main differences between the sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic is that the postganglionic fibers of the two systems usually secrete different hormones.
The mitotic spindle consists of two types of microtubules: kinetochore microtubules and nonkinetochore microtubules. In animal cells, these two types of microtubules function differently in the stages of mitosis.
Complete the sentences by dragging the labels to the appropriate locations. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
OPTIONS: Shorten, Lengthen, Disassemble
1) During prophase, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle________.
2) During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules _______ and move past each other, and the kinetochore microtubules________.
3) During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules______.
Answer:
The correct answer will be
1. Lengthen
2. Lengthen, shortens
3. Disassemble
Explanation:
There are three types of microtubules present during cell division: kinetochore, aster and polar microtubules.
1. During prophase: all types of microtubules grow out at their positive(+) ends which functions to pull and push the sister chromatids apart towards opposite poles so they lengthen.
2. During anaphase : non-kinetochore microtubules- polar microtubules polymerization takes place at their (+) ends which causes the spindle fibres to move apart while kinetochore microtubules which have been attached to the kinetochores of chromosomes shorten at their (+) ends and motor proteins travel to (-) end because of which sister chromatids move towards the spindle poles.
3. During telophase: non-kinetochore microtubules depolymerize or disassembles.
Thus, 1. Lengthen, 2. Lengthen, shortens and 3. Disassemble are the correct options.
In mitosis, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle lengthen during prophase. In anaphase, nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen while kinetochore microtubules shorten. During telophase, nonkinetochore microtubules disassemble.
Explanation:The mitotic spindle plays crucial roles during the process of cell division called mitosis in animal cells. The spindle consists of two types of microtubules, namely, kinetochore and nonkinetochore microtubules, each having unique functions during different stages of mitosis. Let's understand these functions to complete your sentences:
During prophase, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle lengthen.During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen and move past each other, and the kinetochore microtubules shorten.During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules disassemble.Learn more about Microtubules Functions in Mitosis here:https://brainly.com/question/22044734
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3. Suppose I need to transport a solution containing a nucleic acid polymer from Washington DC to Chicago. Explain why I can carry a DNA sample in my shirt-pocket, whereas I would need to keep a comparable RNA sample under dry ice. Be chemically specific.
Answer:
Just incase. they need to identify you acid can burn its a very dangerous solution to move state to state.It can kill you
Imagine two populations of a fish species, one in the Mediterranean Sea and one in the Caribbean Sea. Now imagine two scenarios: (1) The populations breed separately, and (2) adults of both populations migrate yearly to the North Atlantic to interbreed. Which scenario would result in a greater loss of genetic diversity if the Mediterranean population were harvested to extinction? Explain your answer.
Answer: (1) The populations breed separately.
Explanation:
The genetic diversity can be define as the total number of different types of genes is present in a particular species. Genetic diversity makes the way suitable for the survival of the population of species in changing environment.
According to the given situation, if the two population breed separately then then no new genes will be added to the gene pool of the species and hence, the genetic diversity will be lost.
What is Grave's disease?
Answer:
Graves´ disease is an autoinmmune disease that is caused when the immune system attacks the cells of the thyroid gland, which leads to an overproduction of the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. This constant attack and destruction on the part of the immune cells causes the thyroid to increase in size, a condition that is commonly known as hyperthyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism can become a really serious issue because the excessive production of the hormones of the thyroid gland will increase the metabolic activity of all parts of the body and can, if left untreated, cause such serious conditions as blood clotting problems, type 1 diabetes, among others.
List the 5 basic elements of a reflex arc.
Answer:
Five basic element of reflex arc are receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, effector and motor neuron.
Explanation:
Reflex arc may be defined as the neural pathway of reflex action. Reflex may be defined as a response against a particular stimulus that returns the body to homeostasis.
Five basic elements of reflex arc are as follows:
Receptor: Receptor is present at the end of a sensory neuron and they respond against a stimuli.
Sensory neuron: The neuron carries nerve impulse from the receptor to the brain or spinal cord.
Integration center: This center consists of more than one synapse in brain or spinal cord.
Motor neuron: This neuron conducts nerve impulse from the central nervous system to the effector organ.
Effector: Effector respond against a nerve impulse and may contract or secrete a product depending upon the effect.
15. In horses, three coat-color patterns are termed cremello (beige), chestnut (brown), and palomino (golden with light mane and tail). If two palomino horses are mated, they produce about 1/4 cremello, 1/4 chestnut, and 1/2 palomino offspring. In contrast, cremello horses and chestnut horses breed true. (In other words, two cremello horses will produce only cremello offspring and two chestnut horses will produce only chestnut offspring.) Explain this pattern of inheritance.
To know what happens here, we need to see how alleles work.
You have three species: cremello, chestnut, and palomino all will be homozygotes with two alleles each.
One of these will be recessive (aa), one will be dominant (AA), and one will be a mixture (Aa).
You know the offsprin, so Cremello and Chestnut are the recessive and dominant ones. If you draw the Punnett square, you'll find out all breeding are pure.
Now, if you draw de Palomino Punnett square having one recessive allele and one dominant allele from each paren, you'll found 1/4 cremello (aa), 1/4 chestnut (AA) and 1/2 palomino (Aa).
Final answer:
The coat-color patterns in horses are a result of multiple alleles. When two palomino horses are mated, they can produce offspring with any of the three coat-color patterns, including cremello, chestnut, and palomino.
Explanation:
The coat-color patterns in horses are a result of multiple alleles. In this case, there are three alleles for the coat-color gene: cremello, chestnut, and palomino. When two palomino horses are mated, they can produce offspring with any of the three coat-color patterns.
If two palomino horses are mated:
There is a 1/4 chance of producing cremello offspring.There is a 1/4 chance of producing chestnut offspring.There is a 1/2 chance of producing palomino offspring.However, if cremello horses or chestnut horses are mated, they will only produce offspring with the same coat-color pattern as themselves. This pattern of inheritance is due to the different combinations of alleles that can be inherited from each parent.
9. GenBank is a a. monophyletic group of organisms. b. replacement for the principle of parsimony. c. proposed universal system to classify organisms. d. type of molecular clock. e. large database of genetic information.
Answer:
Option (e).
Explanation:
Genbank may be defined as a sequence database that can be used to identify the evolutionary relationship between an organisms. Genbank contains the nucleotide sequences and information for the translation of protein.
Original sequences can directly be submitted to the genbank. Genbank stores the large database that contains the genetic information of an organism.
Thus, the correct answer is option (e).
7. Which of the following is true about YAC vectors?
it is highly stable
it is used in physical mapping
All of these choices are correct
it is a great choice to clone DNA fragments more than 100 kb
Answer:
All these choices are correct
Explanation:
YACs stands for Yeast artificial chromosomes. These chromosomes are derived from a fungus species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. YACs are genetically modified and a 100—1000 kb fragments of DNA are inserted into a bacterial plasmid. The inserted DNA fragment can be cloned and physically mapped. In the presence of this fragment, the chromosome will be stable during extracellular replication and easily can be differentiated from colonies without the vector.
Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false? Alleles are alternate forms of a gene. The expressed physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype. The genetic makeup of an organism constitutes its genotype. An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Homozygous mean a pair of alleles that are the same. Hence the root word homo- which means same. If the alleles were different, we would call this pairing a heterozygous pair, with the root word hetero- meaning different. An example of a homozygous pair would be AA, two dominant allele, or aa, two recessive alleles, while a heterozygous pair would be Aa, one dominant and one recessive allele.
Answer:
An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be hom-ozygous for that trait. This is the correct answer.
Hetero means having two or more properties while hom-o means having one property.
An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be heterozygous for that trait while an organism with only one type of allele is referred to as being homzygous.
Alleles are referred to as alternate forms of a gene. Phenotype can be defined as the expressed physical traits of an organism while Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism which makes these options True
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Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be
Select one:
a. impotent.
b. virulent.
c. pathogenic.
Explanation:
thats all that I could find I hope it helps a little bit :)
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
a.bone marrow and thymus
b.appendix and spleen
c.lymph nodes and tonsils
d.spleen and thymus
Answer:
a.bone marrow and thymus
Final answer:
The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes mature and are selected. The secondary lymphoid organs, such as tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes, store lymphocytes and filter lymph for pathogen encounters and immune responses.
Explanation:
The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus. B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus. These organs are where lymphocytes go through maturation and selection processes to enable them to attack pathogens without harming the body's own cells.
The secondary lymphoid organs include the tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes. Tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes store lymphocytes and filter lymph, allowing for pathogen encounters and initiation of adaptive immune responses.
The correct option is a. bone marrow and thymus.
Where is the origin of the rectus femoris?
Answer:
Explanation:
Rectus femoris can be define as a bulk of muscle that is located in the anterior and superior compartment of the thigh. These muscles originates from the anterior illiac spine and from the parts of the alar illium that is superior to the acetabulum that is the part of the hip bone.
Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra
Answer:
Vertebral body
Explanation:
The vertebral body serves as weight-bearing part of a vertebra. The vertebral body is the thick and disc-shaped structure and forms the anterior portion of the vertebrae. A vertebral body has rough inferior and superior surfaces. Being disc-shaped, the vertebral bodies of subsequent vertebrae are stacked upon each other and thereby, serve to carry the weight.
The major weight bearing part of a vertebra is the vertebral body, which progressively increases in size and thickness going down the vertebral column. Lumbar vertebrae carry the greatest amount of body weight and have specific characteristics to support this.
Explanation:The major weight bearing part of a vertebra is the vertebral body. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness going down the vertebral column, with the lumbar vertebrae supporting the greatest amount of body weight due to their large size and thickness. They have short transverse processes and a short, blunt spinous process that projects posteriorly.
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A student wanted to look at germination of five different seeds in vermiculite (a soil additive). He planted the seeds in identical containers and left them together in full sunlight. He gave each seed the same amount of water and charted the germination of each seed type. What is the independent variable in this experiment? (a) vermiculite (b) germination rate (c) seed type (d) light (e) amounts of water
Answer: (c) seed type
Explanation:
An independent variable is the one which can be altered or manually manipulated in an experiment. The effect of such manipulation can be examined on the dependent variable of the experiment. The dependent variable cannot be manipulated in an experiment instead it is the outcome of the experiment.
The seed type is the correct answer because the seed type can vary and the effect of which can be examined on the seed germination process and rate of seed germination.
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?
They return lymph to circulation.
They produce lymph.
They filter lymph.
They produce red blood cells.
Answer: They filter lymph.
Explanation: Lymph nodes filter lymph, a fluid that comes from the blood plasma and passes through the lymph nodes; small structures that consist of immune cells. Their function is to engulf foreign parcticles. They prevent these foreign matters from circulating in the blood stream, playing a very important role in the immune system.
The role of lymph nodes is primarily to filter lymph, wherein harmful substances such as bacteria and waste products are removed. This helps in building and maintaining the body's immunity.
Explanation:Among the given options, the most accurate role of lymph nodes is that they filter lymph. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. The lymphatic fluid, containing white blood cells, passes through the lymph nodes where harmful substances like bacteria and waste products are filtered out. This process is essential in building immunity in the body. They do not return lymph to circulation, or produce lymph or red blood cells. The function of producing red blood cells is primarily done by the bone marrow.
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How does each of the following molecule pass through the plasma membrane in the described scenarios?
A. Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. active transport
D. simple diffusion
selectABCD 1.
Molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) traveling down their concentration gradient.
selectABCD 2.
inorganic ions traveling down their concentration gradient
selectABCD 3.
glucose traveling against its concentration gradient
selectABCD 4.
water molecules (H2O) traveling down their concentration gradient
Answer:
1. simple diffusion.
2. facilitated diffusion.
3. active transport.
4. both simple and facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:
1. Simple diffusion can be defined as transport of small, non-polar, uncharged molecules, such as urea, gases, water through the lipid bilayer without the help of transport proteins.
As molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide are gases, these molecules would be transported by simple diffusion.
Thus, statement 1 correctly matches with option (D).
2. Facilitated diffusion involves transport of polar, charged, and large molecules, such as ions, glucose, and amino acids with the help of membrane proteins, known as transport proteins.
Passive transport is an example of of facilitated diffusion, which includes transport of molecules from higher to lower concentration (along their concentration gradient) without use of energy.
As ions are travelling down their concentration gradient, it is an example of facilitated transport.
Thus, statement 2 correctly matches with option (B).
3. Active transport is a type of facilitated diffusion that involves transport of molecules against their concentration (from lower to higher) with the help of energy. As glucose is travelling against its concentration, it is an example of active transport.
Thus, statement 3 correctly matches with option (C).
4. Water molecules are small, charged molecules that can be transported by both simple diffusion through lipid bilayer or facilitated diffusion through transport proteins, aquaporins.
Thus, statement 4 correctly matches with option (A).
Final answer:
The transport methods for various molecules across the plasma membrane are specific to their nature and include simple diffusion for O2 and CO2 (D), facilitated diffusion for inorganic ions (B), active transport for glucose against its concentration gradient (C), and osmosis/simple diffusion or through aquaporins for water (A).
Explanation:
Transport across the plasma membrane includes various mechanisms such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. These mechanisms depend on the nature of the molecule being transported and the direction relative to the concentration gradient.
Molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) traveling down their concentration gradient can move through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion (Choice D).
Inorganic ions traveling down their concentration gradient typically require facilitated diffusion through channel or carrier proteins (Choice B).
Glucose, when traveling against its concentration gradient, is transported by active transport mechanisms that require energy (Choice C).
Water molecules (H2O) traveling down their concentration gradient generally pass through the membrane by means of osmosis, which can occur via simple diffusion or through aquaporins (Choice A).